1
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Yang M, Li Z, Ren H, Lu C, Gao X, Xu H. PEG modification increases thermostability and inhibitor resistance of Bst DNA polymerase. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2024; 88:768-775. [PMID: 38734885 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbae059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Polyethylene glycol modification (PEGylation) is a widely used strategy to improve the physicochemical properties of various macromolecules, especially protein drugs. However, its application in enhancing the performance of enzymes for molecular biology remains underexplored. This study explored the PEGylation of Bst DNA polymerase, determining optimal modification reaction conditions. In comparison to the unmodified wild-type counterpart, the modified Bst DNA polymerase exhibited significantly improved activity, thermal stability, and inhibitor tolerance during loop-mediated isothermal amplification. When applied for the detection of Salmonella in crude samples, the modified enzyme demonstrated a notably accelerated reaction rate. Therefore, PEGylation emerges as a viable strategy for refining DNA polymerases, helping in the development of novel molecular diagnostic reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxia Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Zhixing Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Hongjie Ren
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
- Jiangsu BestEnzymes Biotech Co. Ltd, Lianyungang, China
| | - Chen Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
- Jiangsu Institute of Marine Resources Development, Lianyungang, China
| | - Xinyu Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Henghao Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
- Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
- Jiangsu BestEnzymes Biotech Co. Ltd, Lianyungang, China
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2
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Li HY, Chen WA, Lin HY, Tsai CW, Chiu YT, Yun WY, Lee NC, Chien YH, Hwu WL, Cheng WC. A practical synthesis of nitrone-derived C5a-functionalized isofagomines as protein stabilizers to treat Gaucher disease. Commun Chem 2024; 7:91. [PMID: 38643239 PMCID: PMC11032326 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01164-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Isofagomine (IFG) and its analogues possess promising glycosidase inhibitory activities. However, a flexible synthetic strategy toward both C5a-functionalized IFGs remains to be explored. Here we show a practical synthesis of C5a-S and R aminomethyl IFG-based derivatives via the diastereoselective addition of cyanide to cyclic nitrone 1. Nitrone 1 was conveniently prepared on a gram scale and in high yield from inexpensive (-)-diethyl D-tartrate via a straightforward method, with a stereoselective Michael addition of a nitroolefin and a Nef reaction as key steps. A 268-membered library (134 × 2) of the C5a-functionalized derivatives was submitted to enzyme- or cell-based bio-evaluations, which resulted in the identification of a promising β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase) stabilizer demonstrating a 2.7-fold enhancement at 25 nM in p.Asn370Ser GCase activity and a 13-fold increase at 1 μM in recombinant human GCase activity in Gaucher cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang-Yi Li
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Wei-An Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yi Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Wei Tsai
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Chiu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yi Yun
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Ni-Chung Lee
- Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, 8 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, 10041, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Hsiu Chien
- Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, 8 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, 10041, Taiwan
| | - Wuh-Liang Hwu
- Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, 8 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, 10041, Taiwan
- Center for Precision Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, 2, Yude Road, Taichung, 404327, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chieh Cheng
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
- Department of Chemistry, National Cheng-Kung University, 1, University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, 300, Xuefu Road, Chiayi, 600, Taiwan.
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung, 807, Taiwan.
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3
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Verma VS, Pandey A, Jha AK, Badwaik HKR, Alexander A, Ajazuddin. Polyethylene Glycol-Based Polymer-Drug Conjugates: Novel Design and Synthesis Strategies for Enhanced Therapeutic Efficacy and Targeted Drug Delivery. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12010-024-04895-6. [PMID: 38519751 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-024-04895-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Due to their potential to enhance therapeutic results and enable targeted drug administration, polymer-drug conjugates that use polyethylene glycol (PEG) as both the polymer and the linker for drug conjugation have attracted much research. This study seeks to investigate recent developments in the design and synthesis of PEG-based polymer-drug conjugates, emphasizing fresh ideas that fill in existing knowledge gaps and satisfy the increasing need for more potent drug delivery methods. Through an extensive review of the existing literature, this study identifies key challenges and proposes innovative strategies for future investigations. The paper presents a comprehensive framework for designing and synthesizing PEG-based polymer-drug conjugates, including rational molecular design, linker selection, conjugation methods, and characterization techniques. To further emphasize the importance and adaptability of PEG-based polymer-drug conjugates, prospective applications are highlighted, including cancer treatment, infectious disorders, and chronic ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Sagar Verma
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shri Shankaracharya Technical Campus, Junwani, Bhilai, 490020, Chhattisgarh, India
- Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Kohka, Bhilai, Durg, Chhattisgarh, 490023, India
| | - Aakansha Pandey
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shri Shankaracharya Technical Campus, Junwani, Bhilai, 490020, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Arvind Kumar Jha
- Shri Shankaracharya Professional University, Junwani, Bhilai, 490020, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Hemant Kumar Ramchandra Badwaik
- Shri Shankaracharya College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Junwani, Bhilai, 490020, Chhattisgarh, India.
- Shri Shankaracharya Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Shri Shankaracharya Technical Campus, Junwani, Bhilai, 490020, Chhattisgarh, India.
| | - Amit Alexander
- Department of Pharmaceuticals, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ministry of Chemical and Fertilizers, Guwahati, 781101, Assam, India
| | - Ajazuddin
- Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Kohka, Bhilai, Durg, Chhattisgarh, 490023, India.
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4
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Slezak A, Chang K, Hossainy S, Mansurov A, Rowan SJ, Hubbell JA, Guler MO. Therapeutic synthetic and natural materials for immunoengineering. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:1789-1822. [PMID: 38170619 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00805c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Immunoengineering is a rapidly evolving field that has been driving innovations in manipulating immune system for new treatment tools and methods. The need for materials for immunoengineering applications has gained significant attention in recent years due to the growing demand for effective therapies that can target and regulate the immune system. Biologics and biomaterials are emerging as promising tools for controlling immune responses, and a wide variety of materials, including proteins, polymers, nanoparticles, and hydrogels, are being developed for this purpose. In this review article, we explore the different types of materials used in immunoengineering applications, their properties and design principles, and highlight the latest therapeutic materials advancements. Recent works in adjuvants, vaccines, immune tolerance, immunotherapy, and tissue models for immunoengineering studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Slezak
- The Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Kevin Chang
- The Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Samir Hossainy
- The Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Aslan Mansurov
- The Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Stuart J Rowan
- The Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Hubbell
- The Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Mustafa O Guler
- The Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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5
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Kehrein J, Sotriffer C. Molecular Dynamics Simulations for Rationalizing Polymer Bioconjugation Strategies: Challenges, Recent Developments, and Future Opportunities. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:51-74. [PMID: 37466304 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
The covalent modification of proteins with polymers is a well-established method for improving the pharmacokinetic properties of therapeutically valuable biologics. The conjugated polymer chains of the resulting hybrid represent highly flexible macromolecular structures. As the dynamics of such systems remain rather elusive for established experimental techniques from the field of protein structure elucidation, molecular dynamics simulations have proven as a valuable tool for studying such conjugates at an atomistic level, thereby complementing experimental studies. With a focus on new developments, this review aims to provide researchers from the polymer bioconjugation field with a concise and up to date overview of such approaches. After introducing basic principles of molecular dynamics simulations, as well as methods for and potential pitfalls in modeling bioconjugates, the review illustrates how these computational techniques have contributed to the understanding of bioconjugates and bioconjugation strategies in the recent past and how they may lead to a more rational design of novel bioconjugates in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Kehrein
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Christoph Sotriffer
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg 97074, Germany
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6
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Li C, Jin K. Chemical Strategies towards the Development of Effective Anticancer Peptides. Curr Med Chem 2024; 31:1839-1873. [PMID: 37170992 DOI: 10.2174/0929867330666230426111157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is increasingly recognized as one of the primary causes of death and has become a multifaceted global health issue. Modern medical science has made significant advancements in the diagnosis and therapy of cancer over the past decade. The detrimental side effects, lack of efficacy, and multidrug resistance of conventional cancer therapies have created an urgent need for novel anticancer therapeutics or treatments with low cytotoxicity and drug resistance. The pharmaceutical groups have recognized the crucial role that peptide therapeutic agents can play in addressing unsatisfied healthcare demands and how these become great supplements or even preferable alternatives to biological therapies and small molecules. Anticancer peptides, as a vibrant therapeutic strategy against various cancer cells, have demonstrated incredible anticancer potential due to high specificity and selectivity, low toxicity, and the ability to target the surface of traditional "undruggable" proteins. This review will provide the research progression of anticancer peptides, mainly focusing on the discovery and modifications along with the optimization and application of these peptides in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuicui Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
| | - Kang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China
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7
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Gao Y, Joshi M, Zhao Z, Mitragotri S. PEGylated therapeutics in the clinic. Bioeng Transl Med 2024; 9:e10600. [PMID: 38193121 PMCID: PMC10771556 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The covalent attachment of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to therapeutic agents, termed PEGylation, is a well-established and clinically proven drug delivery approach to improve the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs. Specifically, PEGylation can improve the parent drug's solubility, extend its circulation time, and reduce its immunogenicity, with minimal undesirable properties. PEGylation technology has been applied to various therapeutic modalities including small molecules, aptamers, peptides, and proteins, leading to over 30 PEGylated drugs currently used in the clinic and many investigational PEGylated agents under clinical trials. Here, we summarize the diverse types of PEGylation strategies, the key advantages of PEGylated therapeutics over their parent drugs, and the broad applications and impacts of PEGylation in clinical settings. A particular focus has been given to the size, topology, and functionalities of PEG molecules utilized in clinically used PEGylated drugs, as well as those under clinical trials. An additional section has been dedicated to analyzing some representative PEGylated drugs that were discontinued at different stages of clinical studies. Finally, we critically discuss the current challenges faced in the development and clinical translation of PEGylated agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Gao
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard UniversityAllstonMassachusettsUSA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Present address:
Department of BioengineeringThe University of Texas at DallasRichardsonTXUSA
| | - Maithili Joshi
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard UniversityAllstonMassachusettsUSA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Zongmin Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard UniversityAllstonMassachusettsUSA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
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8
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Jahan S, Doyle C, Ghimire A, Combita D, Rainey JK, Wagner BD, Ahmed M. Elucidating the Role of Optical Activity of Polymers in Protein-Polymer Interactions. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 16:65. [PMID: 38201730 PMCID: PMC10781056 DOI: 10.3390/polym16010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteins are biomolecules with potential applications in agriculture, food sciences, pharmaceutics, biotechnology, and drug delivery. Interactions of hydrophilic and biocompatible polymers with proteins may impart proteolytic stability, improving the therapeutic effects of biomolecules and also acting as excipients for the prolonged storage of proteins under harsh conditions. The interactions of hydrophilic and stealth polymers such as poly(ethylene glycol), poly(trehalose), and zwitterionic polymers with various proteins are well studied. This study evaluates the molecular interactions of hydrophilic and optically active poly(vitamin B5 analogous methacrylamide) (poly(B5AMA)) with model proteins by fluorescence spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy analysis. The optically active hydrophilic polymers prepared using chiral monomers of R-(+)- and S-(-)-B5AMA by the photo-iniferter reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization showed concentration-dependent weak interactions of the polymers with bovine serum albumin and lysozyme proteins. Poly(B5AMA) also exhibited a concentration-dependent protein stabilizing effect at elevated temperatures, and no effect of the stereoisomers of polymers on protein thermal stability was observed. NMR analysis, however, showed poly(B5AMA) stereoisomer-dependent changes in the secondary structure of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samin Jahan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada; (S.J.); (C.D.); (D.C.); (B.D.W.)
| | - Catherine Doyle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada; (S.J.); (C.D.); (D.C.); (B.D.W.)
| | - Anupama Ghimire
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (A.G.); (J.K.R.)
| | - Diego Combita
- Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada; (S.J.); (C.D.); (D.C.); (B.D.W.)
| | - Jan K. Rainey
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada; (A.G.); (J.K.R.)
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Brian D. Wagner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada; (S.J.); (C.D.); (D.C.); (B.D.W.)
| | - Marya Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada; (S.J.); (C.D.); (D.C.); (B.D.W.)
- Faculty of Sustainable Design Engineering, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada
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9
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Schwarz R, Diesendruck CE. Semi-Telechelic Polymers from Mechanochemical C─C Bond Activation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2304571. [PMID: 37870199 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Unstrained C─C bond activation is attained in homopolymers through mechanochemical bond scission followed by functionalization to yield mostly semi-telechelic polymer chains. Ball milling poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) in the presence of 1-(bromoacetyl)pyrene (BAPy) yields the pyrene terminated PEO. Similarly, milling with 2,4'-dibromoacetophenone followed by Suzuki coupling allows the introduction of various aryl end groups. PEOs with a molecular weight below 20 kDa show no functionalization, supporting a mechanochemical mechanism. The protocol is also tested with doxorubicin, yielding the drug-polymer conjugate. PEO halogenation is also demonstrated by milling PEO with iodine, N-bromosuccinimide, or N-iodosuccinimide, which can then be reacted with an amine substituted anthracene. Grinding additional carbon polymers with BAPy indicates that this functionalization method is general for different polymer chemistries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rony Schwarz
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and the Resnick Sustainability Center for Catalysis, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200008, Israel
| | - Charles E Diesendruck
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and the Resnick Sustainability Center for Catalysis, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200008, Israel
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10
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Alfei S. Cationic Materials for Gene Therapy: A Look Back to the Birth and Development of 2,2-Bis-(hydroxymethyl)Propanoic Acid-Based Dendrimer Scaffolds. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16006. [PMID: 37958989 PMCID: PMC10649874 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242116006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy is extensively studied as a realistic and promising therapeutic approach for treating inherited and acquired diseases by repairing defective genes through introducing (transfection) the "healthy" genetic material in the diseased cells. To succeed, the proper DNA or RNA fragments need efficient vectors, and viruses are endowed with excellent transfection efficiency and have been extensively exploited. Due to several drawbacks related to their use, nonviral cationic materials, including lipidic, polymeric, and dendrimer vectors capable of electrostatically interacting with anionic phosphate groups of genetic material, represent appealing alternative options to viral carriers. Particularly, dendrimers are highly branched, nanosized synthetic polymers characterized by a globular structure, low polydispersity index, presence of internal cavities, and a large number of peripheral functional groups exploitable to bind cationic moieties. Dendrimers are successful in several biomedical applications and are currently extensively studied for nonviral gene delivery. Among dendrimers, those derived by 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propanoic acid (b-HMPA), having, unlike PAMAMs, a neutral polyester-based scaffold, could be particularly good-looking due to their degradability in vivo. Here, an overview of gene therapy, its objectives and challenges, and the main cationic materials studied for transporting and delivering genetic materials have been reported. Subsequently, due to their high potential for application in vivo, we have focused on the biodegradable dendrimer scaffolds, telling the history of the birth and development of b-HMPA-derived dendrimers. Finally, thanks to a personal experience in the synthesis of b-HMPA-based dendrimers, our contribution to this field has been described. In particular, we have enriched this work by reporting about the b-HMPA-based derivatives peripherally functionalized with amino acids prepared by us in recent years, thus rendering this paper original and different from the existing reviews.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Alfei
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
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11
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Ghéczy N, Tao S, Pour-Esmaeil S, Szymańska K, Jarzębski AB, Walde P. Performance of a Flow-Through Enzyme Reactor Prepared from a Silica Monolith and an α-Poly(D-Lysine)-Enzyme Conjugate. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2200465. [PMID: 36598452 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202200465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is covalently bound in aqueous solution to polycationic α-poly(D-lysine) chains of ≈1000 repeating units length, PDL, via a bis-aryl hydrazone bond (BAH). Under the experimental conditions used, about 15 HRP molecules are bound along the PDL chain. The purified PDL-BAH-HRP conjugate is very stable when stored at micromolar HRP concentration in a pH 7.2 phosphate buffer solution at 4 °C. When a defined volume of such a conjugate solution of desired HRP concentration (i.e., HRP activity) is added to a macro- and mesoporous silica monolith with pore sizes of 20-30 µm as well as below 30 nm, quantitative and stable noncovalent conjugate immobilization is achieved. The HRP-containing monolith can be used as flow-through enzyme reactor for bioanalytical applications at neutral or slightly alkaline pH, as demonstrated for the determination of hydrogen peroxide in diluted honey. The conjugate can be detached from the monolith by simple enzyme reactor washing with an aqueous solution of pH 5.0, enabling reloading with fresh conjugate solution at pH 7.2. Compared to previously investigated polycationic dendronized polymer-enzyme conjugates with approximately the same average polymer chain length, the PDL-BAH-HRP conjugate appears to be equally suitable for HRP immobilization on silica surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Ghéczy
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zürich, CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Siyuan Tao
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zürich, CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Sajad Pour-Esmaeil
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zürich, CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Katarzyna Szymańska
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Process Design, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, 44-100, Poland
| | - Andrzej B Jarzębski
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Gliwice, 44-100, Poland
| | - Peter Walde
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, Zürich, CH-8093, Switzerland
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12
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Li HY, Lee NC, Chiu YT, Chang YW, Lin CC, Chou CL, Chien YH, Hwu WL, Cheng WC. Harnessing polyhydroxylated pyrrolidines as a stabilizer of acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA) to enhance the efficacy of enzyme replacement therapy in Pompe disease. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 78:117129. [PMID: 36542959 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.117129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To discover small molecules as acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA) stabilizers for potential benefits of the exogenous enzyme treatment toward Pompe disease cells, we started from the initial screening of the unique chemical space, consisting of sixteen stereoisomers of 2-aminomethyl polyhydroxylated pyrrolidines (ADMDPs) to find out two primary stabilizers 17 and 18. Further external or internal structural modifications of 17 and 18 were performed to increase structural diversity, followed by the protein thermal shift study to evaluate the GAA stabilizing ability. Fortunately, pyrrolidine 21, possessing an l-arabino-typed configuration pattern, was identified as a specific potent rh-GAA stabilizer, enabling the suppression of rh-GAA protein denaturation. In a cell-based Pompe model, co-administration of 21 with rh-GAA protein significantly improved enzymatic activity (up to 5-fold) compared to administration of enzyme alone. Potentially, pyrrolidine 21 enables the direct increase of ERT (enzyme replacement therapy) efficacy in cellulo and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang-Yi Li
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001, University Road, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Ni-Chung Lee
- Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, 8 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 10041, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Chiu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Chang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Chung Lin
- AnHorn Medicines Co., Ltd. National Biotechnology Research Park C522, 99, Lane 130, Academia Road, Section 1, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Li Chou
- AnHorn Medicines Co., Ltd. National Biotechnology Research Park C522, 99, Lane 130, Academia Road, Section 1, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Hsiu Chien
- Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, 8 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 10041, Taiwan
| | - Wuh-Liang Hwu
- Department of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, 8 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 10041, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Chieh Cheng
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128, Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Cheng Kung University, 1, University Road, Tainan 70101, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National University of Kaohsiung, 700, Kaohsiung University Road, Nanzih District, Kaohsiung 81148, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Chiayi University, 300, Syuefu Road, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan.
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13
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Díaz-Hernández M, Chang-Calderón J, Álvarez MA, Ramírez IR, Saez OLF, Medinilla AL, Castillo CYG, Borges CD, Chang SLL, León K, Carmenate T. PEGylation Strategy for Improving the Pharmacokinetic and Antitumoral Activity of the IL-2 No-alpha Mutein. Curr Pharm Des 2023; 29:3579-3588. [PMID: 38083887 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128279062231204110410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a previous work, an IL-2Rβγ biased mutant derived from human IL-2 and called IL-2noα, was designed and developed. Greater antitumor effects and lower toxicity were observed compared to native IL-2. Nevertheless, mutein has some disadvantages, such as a very short half-life of about 9-12 min, propensity for aggregation, and solubility problems. OBJECTIVE In this study, PEGylation was employed to improve the pharmacokinetic and antitumoral properties of the novel protein. METHODS Pegylated IL-2noα was characterized by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, size exclusion chromatography, in vitro cell proliferation and in vivo cell expansion bioassays, and pharmacokinetic and antitumor studies. RESULTS IL-2noα-conjugates with polyethylene glycol (PEG) of 1.2 kDa, 20 kDa, and 40 kDa were obtained by classical acylation. No significant changes in the secondary and tertiary structures of the modified protein were detected. A decrease in biological activity in vitro and a significant improvement in half-life were observed, especially for IL-2noα-PEG20K. PEGylation of IL-2noα with PEG20K did not affect the capacity of the mutant to induce preferential expansion of T effector cells over Treg cells. This pegylated IL-2noα exhibited a higher antimetastatic effect compared to unmodified IL-2noα in the B16F0 experimental metastases model, even when administered at lower doses and less frequently. CONCLUSION PEG20K was selected as the best modification strategy, to improve the blood circulation time of the IL-2noα with a superior antimetastatic effect achieved with lower doses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janoi Chang-Calderón
- Department of Immune-regulation, Center of Molecular Immunology (Cuba), Havana, Cuba
| | - Miguel Angel Álvarez
- Department of Immune-regulation, Center of Molecular Immunology (Cuba), Havana, Cuba
| | - Ingrid Ruiz Ramírez
- Department of Quality Control, Center of Molecular Immunology (Cuba), Havana, Cuba
| | | | | | | | - Claudia Diaz Borges
- Department of Immune-regulation, Center of Molecular Immunology (Cuba), Havana, Cuba
| | - Sum Lai Lozada Chang
- Department of Product Development, Center of Molecular Immunology (Cuba), Havana, Cuba
| | - Kalet León
- Department of Research, Development and Bussines Direction, Center of Molecular Immunology (Cuba), Havana, Cuba
| | - Tania Carmenate
- Department of Immune-regulation, Center of Molecular Immunology (Cuba), Havana, Cuba
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14
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Pritzlaff A, Ferré G, Mulry E, Lin L, Pour NG, Savin DA, Harris M, Eddy MT. Atomic-Scale View of Protein-PEG Interactions that Redirect the Thermal Unfolding Pathway of PEGylated Human Galectin-3. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203784. [PMID: 35922375 PMCID: PMC9529833 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
PEGylation is a promising approach to address the central challenge of applying biologics, i.e., lack of protein stability in the demanding environment of the human body. Wider application is hindered by lack of atomic level understanding of protein-PEG interactions, preventing design of conjugates with predicted properties. We deployed an integrative structural and biophysical approach to address this critical challenge with the PEGylated carbohydrate recognition domain of human galectin-3 (Gal3C), a lectin essential for cell adhesion and potential biologic. PEGylation dramatically increased Gal3C thermal stability, forming a stable intermediate and redirecting its unfolding pathway. Structural details revealed by NMR pointed to a potential role of PEG localization facilitated by charged residues. Replacing these residues subtly altered the protein-PEG interface and thermal unfolding behavior, providing insight into rationally designing conjugates while preserving PEGylation benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Pritzlaff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Guillaume Ferré
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Emma Mulry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Ling Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | | | - Daniel A. Savin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Michael Harris
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Matthew T. Eddy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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15
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Bai X, Smith ZL, Wang Y, Butterworth S, Tirella A. Sustained Drug Release from Smart Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy: A Comprehensive Review. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13101623. [PMID: 36295976 PMCID: PMC9611581 DOI: 10.3390/mi13101623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Although nanomedicine has been highly investigated for cancer treatment over the past decades, only a few nanomedicines are currently approved and in the market; making this field poorly represented in clinical applications. Key research gaps that require optimization to successfully translate the use of nanomedicines have been identified, but not addressed; among these, the lack of control of the release pattern of therapeutics is the most important. To solve these issues with currently used nanomedicines (e.g., burst release, systemic release), different strategies for the design and manufacturing of nanomedicines allowing for better control over the therapeutic release, are currently being investigated. The inclusion of stimuli-responsive properties and prolonged drug release have been identified as effective approaches to include in nanomedicine, and are discussed in this paper. Recently, smart sustained release nanoparticles have been successfully designed to safely and efficiently deliver therapeutics with different kinetic profiles, making them promising for many drug delivery applications and in specific for cancer treatment. In this review, the state-of-the-art of smart sustained release nanoparticles is discussed, focusing on the design strategies and performances of polymeric nanotechnologies. A complete list of nanomedicines currently tested in clinical trials and approved nanomedicines for cancer treatment is presented, critically discussing advantages and limitations with respect to the newly developed nanotechnologies and manufacturing methods. By the presented discussion and the highlight of nanomedicine design criteria and current limitations, this review paper could be of high interest to identify key features for the design of release-controlled nanomedicine for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bai
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Zara L. Smith
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Yuheng Wang
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Sam Butterworth
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Annalisa Tirella
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- BIOtech-Center for Biomedical Technologies, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Via delle Regole 101, 38123 Trento, Italy
- Correspondence:
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16
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Liang Y, Zhang C, Wei H, Du H, Zhang G, Yang Y, Zhang H, Gong H, Li P, Song F, Xu Z, He R, Zhou W, Zheng H, Sun L, Luo X. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties and short-term outcome of a novel once-weekly PEGylated recombinant human growth hormone for children with growth hormone deficiency. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:922304. [PMID: 36034448 PMCID: PMC9405430 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.922304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To investigate the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of Y-shape branched PEGylated recombinant human growth hormone (YPEG-rhGH) and evaluate its short-term efficacy and safety in children with growth hormone deficiency (GHD). Methods A total of 43 children with GHD from 12 sites in China were enrolled in this randomized, multicenter, active-controlled, double-blind (YPEG-rhGH doses) trial. Patients were randomized 1:1:1:1 to 100, 120, and 140 μg/kg/week of YPEG-rhGH groups and daily rhGH 35 μg/kg/day groups. The treatment lasted 12 weeks. The primary outcome was the area under the curve of the change of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). The secondary outcome was the height velocity (HV) increment at week 12. Results A dose-dependent response of maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the concentration-time curves from 0 to 168 hours (AUC0-168h) were observed for YPEG-rhGH. The ratio of Cmax and the ratio of AUC0-168h from the first to the last dosing were 1.09~1.11 and 1.22~1.26 respectively. A YPEG-rhGH dose-dependent increase in area under effect curve (AUEC) of IGF-1 fold change was observed. Model-derived mean IGF-1 SDS was in the normal range for all three YPEG-rhGH doses. At week 12, HV was 7.07, 10.39, 12.27 cm/year, and 11.58 cm/year for YPEG-rhGH 100, 120, and 140 μg/kg/week and daily rhGH respectively. Adherence and safety were consistent with the profile of daily rhGH. No related serious adverse events were reported. Conclusion The PK/PD suggests that YPEG-rhGH is suitable for the once-weekly treatment of pediatric GHD. YPEG-rhGH 120 ~ 140 μg/kg/week provides the closest HV increment with similar safety and tolerability compared to daily rhGH 35 μg/kg/day in children with GHD. Clinical Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier [NCT04513171].
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cai Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Haiyan Wei
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Children’s Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou Children’s Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Du
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Gaixiu Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Shanxi Provincial Children’s Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Jiangxi Provincial Children’s Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Sanya Central Hospital, Sanya, China
| | - Haihong Gong
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pin Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fuying Song
- Department of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuangjian Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Wuxi Fourth People’s Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Ruoyi He
- Office of General Manager, Xiamen Amoytop Biotech Co., Ltd, Xiamen, China
| | - Weidong Zhou
- Office of General Manager, Xiamen Amoytop Biotech Co., Ltd, Xiamen, China
| | - Heng Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Sun
- Office of General Manager, Xiamen Amoytop Biotech Co., Ltd, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaoping Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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17
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Montgomery HR, Messina MS, Doud EA, Spokoyny AM, Maynard HD. Organometallic S-arylation Reagents for Rapid PEGylation of Biomolecules. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:1536-1542. [PMID: 35939764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bioconjugation techniques for biomolecule-polymer conjugation are numerous; however, slow kinetics and steric challenges generally necessitate excess reagents or long reaction times. Organometallic transformations are known to circumvent these issues; yet, harsh reaction conditions, incompatibility in aqueous media, and substrate promiscuity often limit their use in a biological context. The work reported herein demonstrates a facile and benign organometallic Au(III) S-arylation approach that enables the synthesis of poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether (mPEG)-protein conjugates with high efficiency. Isolable and bench-stable 2, 5, and 10 kDa mPEG-Au(III) reagents were synthesized via oxidative addition into terminal aryl iodide substituents installed on mPEG substrates with a (Me-DalPhos)Au(I)Cl precursor. Reaction of the isolable mPEG-Au(III) oxidative addition complexes with a cysteine thiol on a biomolecule resulted in facile and selective cysteine arylation chemistry, forging covalent S-aryl linkages and affording the mPEG-biomolecule conjugates. Notably, low polymer reagent loadings were used to achieve near quantitative conversion at room temperature in 1 min due to the rapid kinetics and high chemoselectivity of this Au-based bioconjugation approach. Therefore, this work represents an important addition to the protein-polymer conjugation chemical toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden R Montgomery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Marco S Messina
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Evan A Doud
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Alexander M Spokoyny
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States.,California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Heather D Maynard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 607 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States.,California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 570 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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18
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Pritzlaff A, Ferré G, Mulry E, Lin L, Pour NG, Eddy M, Savin DA, Harris M. Atomic‐Scale View of Protein–PEG Interactions that Redirect the Thermal Unfolding Pathway of PEGylated Human Galectin‐3. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emma Mulry
- University of Florida Department of Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Ling Lin
- University of Florida Department of Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | | | - Matthew Eddy
- University of Florida Chemistry 126 Sisler Hall 32611 Gainesville UNITED STATES
| | | | - Michael Harris
- University of Florida Department of Chemistry UNITED STATES
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19
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Shi X, Chen D, Liu G, Zhang H, Wang X, Wu Z, Wu Y, Yu F, Xu Q. Application of Elastin-Like Polypeptide in Tumor Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153683. [PMID: 35954346 PMCID: PMC9367306 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Elastin-like Polypeptide (ELP) are widely applied in protein purification, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and even tumor therapy. Recent studies show that usage of ELP has made great progress in combination with peptide drugs or antibody drugs. The combination of ELP and photosensitizer in cancer therapy or imaging has made more progress and needs to be summarized. In this review, we summarize the specific application of ELP in cancer therapy, especially the latest developments in the combined use of ELP with photosensitizers. We seek to provide the most recent understanding of ELP and its new application in combination with Photosensitizer. Abstract Elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) are stimulus-responsive artificially designed proteins synthesized from the core amino acid sequence of human tropoelastin. ELPs have good biocompatibility and biodegradability and do not systemically induce adverse immune responses, making them a suitable module for drug delivery. Design strategies can equip ELPs with the ability to respond to changes in temperature and pH or the capacity to self-assemble into nanoparticles. These unique tunable biophysicochemical properties make ELPs among the most widely studied biopolymers employed in protein purification, drug delivery, tissue engineering and even in tumor therapy. As a module for drug delivery and as a carrier to target tumor cells, the combination of ELPs with therapeutic drugs, antibodies and photo-oxidation molecules has been shown to result in improved pharmacokinetic properties (prolonged half-life, drug targeting, cell penetration and controlled release) while restricting the cytotoxicity of the drug to a confined infected site. In this review, we summarize the latest developments in the application methods of ELP employed in tumor therapy, with a focus on its conjugation with peptide drugs, antibodies and photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianggang Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (X.S.); (D.C.); (Y.W.)
| | - Dongfeng Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (X.S.); (D.C.); (Y.W.)
| | - Guodong Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Suqian First People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suqian 223800, China; (G.L.); (H.Z.); (X.W.)
| | - Hailing Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Suqian First People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suqian 223800, China; (G.L.); (H.Z.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Suqian First People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suqian 223800, China; (G.L.); (H.Z.); (X.W.)
| | - Zhi Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225306, China;
| | - Yan Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (X.S.); (D.C.); (Y.W.)
| | - Feng Yu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (X.S.); (D.C.); (Y.W.)
- Correspondence: (F.Y.); (Q.X.); Tel.: +86-139-5292-3250 (F.Y.); +86-159-5281-6017 (Q.X.)
| | - Qinggang Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (X.S.); (D.C.); (Y.W.)
- Correspondence: (F.Y.); (Q.X.); Tel.: +86-139-5292-3250 (F.Y.); +86-159-5281-6017 (Q.X.)
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20
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Zuma LK, Gasa NL, Makhoba XH, Pooe OJ. Protein PEGylation: Navigating Recombinant Protein Stability, Aggregation, and Bioactivity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:8929715. [PMID: 35924267 PMCID: PMC9343206 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8929715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes play a powerful role as catalysts with high specificity and activity under mild environmental conditions. Significant hurdles, such as reduced solubility, reduced shelf-life, aggregate formation, and toxicity, are still ongoing struggles that scientists come across when purifying recombinant proteins. Over the past three decades, PEGylation techniques have been utilized to significantly overcome low solubility; increased protein stability, shelf-life, and bioactivity; and prevented protein aggregate formation. This review seeks to highlight the impact of PEG-based formulations that are significantly utilized to obtain favourable protein physiochemical properties. The authors further discuss other techniques that can be employed such as coexpression studies and nanotechnology-based skills to obtaining favourable protein physiochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindiwe Khumbuzile Zuma
- Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Westville, 3629 KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Nothando Lovedale Gasa
- Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Westville, 3629 KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Xolani Henry Makhoba
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice Campus, Alice, 5700 Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | - Ofentse Jacob Pooe
- Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Westville, 3629 KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
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21
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Moncalvo F, Lacroce E, Franzoni G, Altomare A, Fasoli E, Aldini G, Sacchetti A, Cellesi F. Selective Protein Conjugation of Poly(glycerol monomethacrylate) and Poly(polyethylene glycol methacrylate) with Tunable Topology via Reductive Amination with Multifunctional ATRP Initiators for Activity Preservation. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Moncalvo
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, Milano 20131, Italy
| | - Elisa Lacroce
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, Milano 20131, Italy
| | - Giulia Franzoni
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, Milano 20131, Italy
| | - Alessandra Altomare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Fasoli
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, Milano 20131, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Aldini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sacchetti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, Milano 20131, Italy
| | - Francesco Cellesi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “G. Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, Milano 20131, Italy
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22
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Walles M, Berna MJ, Jian W, Hauri S, Hengel S, King L, Tran JC, Wei C, Xu K, Zhu X. A Cross Company Perspective on the Assessment of Therapeutic Protein Biotransformation. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:846-857. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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23
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Saha-Shah A, Sun S, Kong J, Zhong W, Mann BF. Design and Study of PEG Linkers That Enable Robust Characterization of PEGylated Proteins. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:1280-1286. [PMID: 34423265 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.1c00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Several PEGylated therapeutic proteins are approved drugs, and more are under development. However, the synthesis and characterization of these bioconjugates, especially heterogeneous mixtures of PEGylated proteins, are challenging. The present study focuses on the development of PEG linkers that can be installed through biocatalytic route and render much simpler and insightful analytical characterization of PEG-protein conjugates. This linker enables traditional peptide mapping assay to determine protein sequence coverage, natural PTMs, and PEG attachment sites. Novel PEG linkers are cleavable during traditional sample preparation, leaving behind reporter amino acids to allow the determination of PEG attachment sites by peptide mapping. Products of transglutaminase-catalyzed bioconjugation of 5K PEG to Interferon α-2b were analyzed, and K31, K134, and K164 were identified as the PEGylation sites; the former two being newly determined sites demonstrates the sensitivity of the approach. In another instance, conjugation sites on Interleukin-2-PEG conjugation were found to be K31, K47, K48, and K75.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anumita Saha-Shah
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co. Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Shuwen Sun
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co. Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - John Kong
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co. Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Wendy Zhong
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co. Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Benjamin F Mann
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co. Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Ave, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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Lai X, Tang J, ElSayed MEH. Recent advances in proteolytic stability for peptide, protein, and antibody drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 16:1467-1482. [PMID: 34187273 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1942837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: To discover and develop a peptide, protein, or antibody into a drug requires overcoming multiple challenges to obtain desired properties. Proteolytic stability is one of the challenges and deserves a focused investigation.Areas covered: This review concentrates on improving proteolytic stability by engineering the amino acids around the cleavage sites of a liable peptide, protein, or antibody. Peptidases are discussed on three levels including all peptidases in databases, mixtures based on organ and tissue types, and individual peptidases. The technique to identify cleavage sites is spotlighted on mass spectrometry-based approaches such as MALDI-TOF and LC-MS. For sequence engineering, the replacements that have been commonly applied with a higher chance of success are highlighted at the beginning, while the rarely used and more complicated replacements are discussed later. Although a one-size-fits-all approach does not exist to apply to different projects, this review provides a 3-step strategy for effectively and efficiently conducting the proteolytic stability experiments to achieve the eventual goal of improving the stability by engineering the molecule itself.Expert opinion: Improving the proteolytic stability is a spiraling up process sequenced by testing and engineering. There are many ways to engineer amino acids, but the choice must consider the cost and properties affected by the changes of the amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyin Lai
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jason Tang
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mohamed E H ElSayed
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Dutta K, Das R, Medeiros J, Thayumanavan S. Disulfide Bridging Strategies in Viral and Nonviral Platforms for Nucleic Acid Delivery. Biochemistry 2021; 60:966-990. [PMID: 33428850 PMCID: PMC8753971 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled nanostructures that are sensitive to environmental stimuli are promising nanomaterials for drug delivery. In this class, disulfide-containing redox-sensitive strategies have gained enormous attention because of their wide applicability and simplicity of nanoparticle design. In the context of nucleic acid delivery, numerous disulfide-based materials have been designed by relying on covalent or noncovalent interactions. In this review, we highlight major advances in the design of disulfide-containing materials for nucleic acid encapsulation, including covalent nucleic acid conjugates, viral vectors or virus-like particles, dendrimers, peptides, polymers, lipids, hydrogels, inorganic nanoparticles, and nucleic acid nanostructures. Our discussion will focus on the context of the design of materials and their impact on addressing the current shortcomings in the intracellular delivery of nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kingshuk Dutta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Ritam Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- The Center for Bioactive Delivery- Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Jewel Medeiros
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- The Center for Bioactive Delivery- Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - S. Thayumanavan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- The Center for Bioactive Delivery- Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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26
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Boto A, González CC, Hernández D, Romero-Estudillo I, Saavedra CJ. Site-selective modification of peptide backbones. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00892g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Exciting developments in the site-selective modification of peptide backbones are allowing an outstanding fine-tuning of peptide conformation, folding ability, and physico-chemical and biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Boto
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206-La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Concepción C. González
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206-La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Dácil Hernández
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206-La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Iván Romero-Estudillo
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos. Av. Universidad 1001, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, Mexico
- Catedrático CONACYT-CIQ-UAEM, Mexico
| | - Carlos J. Saavedra
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206-La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- Programa Agustín de Betancourt, Universidad de la Laguna, 38200 Tenerife, Spain
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27
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Pelosi C, Tinè MR, Wurm FR. Main-chain water-soluble polyphosphoesters: Multi-functional polymers as degradable PEG-alternatives for biomedical applications. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.110079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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28
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Matthews AA, Ee PLR, Ge R. Developing inhaled protein therapeutics for lung diseases. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2020; 1:11. [PMID: 34765995 PMCID: PMC7595758 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-020-00014-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Biologic therapeutics such as protein/polypeptide drugs are conventionally administered systemically via intravenous injection for the treatment of diseases including lung diseases, although this approach leads to low target site accumulation and the potential risk for systemic side effects. In comparison, topical delivery of protein drugs to the lung via inhalation is deemed to be a more effective approach for lung diseases, as proteins would directly reach the target in the lung while exhibiting poor diffusion into the systemic circulation, leading to higher lung drug retention and efficacy while minimising toxicity to other organs. This review examines the important considerations and challenges in designing an inhaled protein therapeutics for local lung delivery: the choice of inhalation device, structural changes affecting drug deposition in diseased lungs, clearance mechanisms affecting an inhaled protein drug’s lung accumulation, protein stability, and immunogenicity. Possible approaches to overcoming these issues will also be discussed.
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Cui Q, Xu QJ, Liu L, Guan LL, Jiang XY, Inam M, Kong LC, Ma HX. Preparation, Characterization and Pharmacokinetic Study of N-Terminal PEGylated D-Form Antimicrobial Peptide OM19r-8. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:1111-1119. [PMID: 33129837 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, new cationic antibacterial peptide OM19R has been designed with low minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values against some gram-negative bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Shigella. However, this hybrid peptide, like most antibacterial peptides, has low enzyme stability and short half-life, which, in turn, increases the drug's cost. In this study, an antibacterial peptide (OM19r-8) was obtained containing some D-Arg amino acids. The new preparations were carried out through the replacement of l-Arginine by d-Arginine and the addition of PEG chains. Firstly, eight OM19r series of antibacterial peptides were obtained by designing D-Arg. Then, a polyethylene glycol-modified product mPEG5-butyrALD-OM19r-8 (mPEG5-OM19r-8) was isolated and purified by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RT-HPLC). The enzyme stability test showed that the resistance of antibacterial peptide OM19r-8 to protease degradation increased by 4-32-fold. Moreover, the Time-kill studies showed that the germicidal kinetics curves of mPEG5-OM19r-8 and OM19r-8 to Escherichia coli had a similar trend, thus suggesting that PEG modification has an acceptable effect on the activity of the original peptide. Furthermore, the elimination of half-life (28.09 ± 2.81min) of mPEG5-OM19r-8, and the area under the drug concentration-time curve (2686.48 ± 651.36min∗ug/ml) was significantly prolonged. The current study demonstrates an example that optimizes the AMP by utilizing L-to-D amino acid replacement and including PEG chains. These results provide useful data for the clinical application of the mPEG5-OM19r-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No.2888, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Qi-Jun Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No.2888, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Lei Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No.2888, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Li-Li Guan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No.2888, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Xiu-Yun Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No.2888, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Muhammad Inam
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No.2888, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Ling-Cong Kong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No.2888, Changchun 130118, China; The Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No.2888, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| | - Hong-Xia Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No.2888, Changchun 130118, China; The Key Laboratory of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No.2888, Changchun, Jilin, China.
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A Diamine-PEGylated Oleanolic Acid Derivative Induced Efficient Apoptosis through a Death Receptor and Mitochondrial Apoptotic Pathway in HepG2 Human Hepatoma Cells. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10101375. [PMID: 32998255 PMCID: PMC7601263 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer. Our recent studies have shown that the diamine-(PEG)ylated oleanolic acid (OADP) has strong anti-tumor effects in HCCs. In this study, we evaluated the anti-tumor mechanisms of OADP in the HepG2 HCC cell line. The cytotoxicity results showed that HepG2 cell viability was markedly reduced, with a very low 50% of cell growth inhibitory concentration (IC50, 0.14 µg/mL). We then investigated the anti-tumor mechanisms of OADP in HepG2 cells. The flow-cytometry analysis was used to evaluate cell apoptosis, indicating that 74–95% of cells were apoptotic. OADP caused cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase and the loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Western blot analysis was performed to assess the expression levels of key proteins associated with the underlying molecular mechanism. The results showed the clear upregulation of caspase-8, caspase-9, caspase-3, Bak, p21, and p53, accompanied by the downregulation of Bcl-2. Similar results were obtained by the cotreatment with OADP and the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) inhibitor SP600125. Agents such as OADP, which are capable of activating extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways, may represent potential HCC cancer therapies.
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31
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Tamshen K, Wang Y, Jamieson SMF, Perry JK, Maynard HD. Genetic Code Expansion Enables Site-Specific PEGylation of a Human Growth Hormone Receptor Antagonist through Click Chemistry. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:2179-2190. [PMID: 32786367 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of human growth hormone (GH) signaling has important applications in the remediation of several diseases including acromegaly and cancer. Growth hormone receptor (GHR) antagonists currently provide the most effective means for suppression of GH signaling. However, these small 22 kDa recombinantly engineered GH analogues exhibit short plasma circulation times. To improve clinical viability, between four and six molecules of 5 kDa poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) are nonspecifically conjugated to the nine amines of the GHR antagonist designated as B2036 in the FDA-approved therapeutic pegvisomant. PEGylation increases the molecular weight of B2036 and considerably extends its circulation time, but also dramatically reduces its bioactivity, contributing to high dosing requirements and increased cost. As an alternative to nonspecific PEGylation, we report the use of genetic code expansion technology to site-specifically incorporate the unnatural amino acid propargyl tyrosine (pglY) into B2036 with the goal of producing site-specific protein-polymer conjugates. Substitution of tyrosine 35 with pglY yielded a B2036 variant containing an alkyne functional group without compromising bioactivity, as verified by a cellular assay. Subsequent conjugation of 5, 10, and 20 kDa azide-containing PEGs via the copper-catalyzed click reaction yielded high purity, site-specific conjugates with >89% conjugation efficiencies. Site-specific attachment of PEG to B2036 is associated with substantially improved in vitro bioactivity values compared to pegvisomant, with an inverse relationship between polymer size and activity observed. Notably, the B2036-20 kDa PEG conjugate has a molecular weight comparable to pegvisomant, while exhibiting a 12.5 fold improvement in half-maximal inhibitory concentration in GHR-expressing Ba/F3 cells (103.3 nM vs 1289 nM). We expect that this straightforward route to achieve site-specific GHR antagonists will be useful for GH signal regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Tamshen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Yue Wang
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1203, New Zealand
| | - Stephen M F Jamieson
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland 1023, New Zealand.,Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Jo K Perry
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland 1203, New Zealand.,Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Heather D Maynard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States.,California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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