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Huang Z, Zhi Y, Cao H, Bian Z, He M. Exosomes Derived from Human Palatal Mesenchymal Cells Mediate Intercellular Communication During Palatal Fusion by Promoting Oral Epithelial Cell Migration. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:3109-3121. [PMID: 38567379 PMCID: PMC10986629 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s451491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Exosomes are important "messengers" in cell-cell interactions, but their potential effects on palatal fusion are still unknown. This study aimed to explore the role and mechanism of exosomes derived from palatal mesenchymal cells in epithelial-mesenchymal communication during palatogenesis. Methods The expression of exosome marker CD63 and CD81 in palatal cells during palatogenesis was detected by immunofluorescence staining. After being purified from the supernatant of human embryonic palatal mesenchymal (HEPM) cells, exosomes (HEPM-EXO) were characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Western blot. HEPM-EXO were co-cultured with human immortalized oral epithelial cells (HIOEC). The effects of HEPM-EXO on the cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of HIOEC were evaluated. The proteins encapsulated in HEPM-EXO were analyzed by proteomic analysis. Results The extensive expression of CD63 and CD81 in palatal epithelial and mesenchymal cells were continuously detected during E12.5~E14.5, suggesting that exosomes were involved in the process of palatal fusion. The expression of CD63 was also observed in the acellular basement membrane between the palatal epithelium and the mesenchyme in vivo, and HEPM-EXO could be internalized by HIOEC in vitro, suggesting that exosomes are potent to diffuse through the cellular tissue boundary to mediate palatal cell-cell communication. Exposure of HEPM-EXO to HIOEC substantially inhibited the proliferation and stimulated the migration of HIOEC, but had no significant effect on cell apoptosis and EMT. Proteomic analysis revealed the basic characteristics of the proteins in HEPM-EXO and that exosomal THBS1 may potentially regulate the cell behaviors of HIOEC, which needs further verification. Gene ontology (GO) analysis uncovered that the proteins highly expressed in HEPM-EXO are closely related to wound healing, implying a promising therapeutic opportunity of HEPM-EXO in tissue injury treatment with future studies. Conclusion HEPM-EXO mediated cell-cell communication by regulating cell proliferation and migration of oral epithelial cells during palatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yusheng Zhi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhuan Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Miao He
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
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Yan F, Suzuki A, Iwaya C, Pei G, Chen X, Yoshioka H, Yu M, Simon LM, Iwata J, Zhao Z. Single-cell multiomics decodes regulatory programs for mouse secondary palate development. Nat Commun 2024; 15:821. [PMID: 38280850 PMCID: PMC10821874 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45199-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Perturbations in gene regulation during palatogenesis can lead to cleft palate, which is among the most common congenital birth defects. Here, we perform single-cell multiome sequencing and profile chromatin accessibility and gene expression simultaneously within the same cells (n = 36,154) isolated from mouse secondary palate across embryonic days (E) 12.5, E13.5, E14.0, and E14.5. We construct five trajectories representing continuous differentiation of cranial neural crest-derived multipotent cells into distinct lineages. By linking open chromatin signals to gene expression changes, we characterize the underlying lineage-determining transcription factors. In silico perturbation analysis identifies transcription factors SHOX2 and MEOX2 as important regulators of the development of the anterior and posterior palate, respectively. In conclusion, our study charts epigenetic and transcriptional dynamics in palatogenesis, serving as a valuable resource for further cleft palate research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Yan
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Akiko Suzuki
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
- Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri - Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, 64108, USA
| | - Chihiro Iwaya
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
- Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Guangsheng Pei
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xian Chen
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Hiroki Yoshioka
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
- Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77054, USA
| | - Meifang Yu
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Lukas M Simon
- Therapeutic Innovation Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Junichi Iwata
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77054, USA.
- Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77054, USA.
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Robinson K, Mosley TJ, Rivera-González KS, Jabbarpour CR, Curtis SW, Adeyemo WL, Beaty TH, Butali A, Buxó CJ, Cutler DJ, Epstein MP, Gowans LJ, Hecht JT, Murray JC, Shaw GM, Uribe LM, Weinberg SM, Brand H, Marazita ML, Lipinski RJ, Leslie EJ. Trio-based GWAS identifies novel associations and subtype-specific risk factors for cleft palate. HGG ADVANCES 2023; 4:100234. [PMID: 37719664 PMCID: PMC10502411 DOI: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2023.100234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cleft palate (CP) is one of the most common craniofacial birth defects; however, there are relatively few established genetic risk factors associated with its occurrence despite high heritability. Historically, CP has been studied as a single phenotype, although it manifests across a spectrum of defects involving the hard and/or soft palate. We performed a genome-wide association study using transmission disequilibrium tests of 435 case-parent trios to evaluate broad risks for any cleft palate (ACP) (n = 435), and subtype-specific risks for any cleft soft palate (CSP), (n = 259) and any cleft hard palate (CHP) (n = 125). We identified a single genome-wide significant locus at 9q33.3 (lead SNP rs7035976, p = 4.24 × 10-8) associated with CHP. One gene at this locus, angiopoietin-like 2 (ANGPTL2), plays a role in osteoblast differentiation. It is expressed both in craniofacial tissue of human embryos and developing mouse palatal shelves. We found 19 additional loci reaching suggestive significance (p < 5 × 10-6), of which only one overlapped between groups (chromosome 17q24.2, ACP and CSP). Odds ratios for the 20 loci were most similar across all 3 groups for SNPs associated with the ACP group, but more distinct when comparing SNPs associated with either subtype. We also found nominal evidence of replication (p < 0.05) for 22 SNPs previously associated with orofacial clefts. Our study to evaluate CP risks in the context of its subtypes and we provide newly reported associations affecting the broad risk for CP as well as evidence of subtype-specific risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Robinson
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Trenell J. Mosley
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Kenneth S. Rivera-González
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Christopher R. Jabbarpour
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Sarah W. Curtis
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Wasiu Lanre Adeyemo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos 101017, Nigeria
| | - Terri H. Beaty
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Azeez Butali
- Department of Oral Biology, Radiology, and Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Carmen J. Buxó
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR 00925, USA
| | - David J. Cutler
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | - Lord J.J. Gowans
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Jacqueline T. Hecht
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School University of Texas Health at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jeffrey C. Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Gary M. Shaw
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lina Moreno Uribe
- Department of Orthodontics & The Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Seth M. Weinberg
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, and Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Harrison Brand
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Mary L. Marazita
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, and Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Robert J. Lipinski
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Robinson K, Mosley TJ, Rivera-González KS, Jabbarpour CR, Curtis SW, Adeyemo WL, Beaty TH, Butali A, Buxó CJ, Cutler DJ, Epstein MP, Gowans LJ, Hecht JT, Murray JC, Shaw GM, Uribe LM, Weinberg SM, Brand H, Marazita ML, Lipinski RJ, Leslie EJ. Trio-based GWAS identifies novel associations and subtype-specific risk factors for cleft palate. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.03.01.23286642. [PMID: 37066311 PMCID: PMC10104215 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.01.23286642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Orofacial clefts (OFCs) are the most common craniofacial birth defects and are often categorized into two etiologically distinct groups: cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) and isolated cleft palate (CP). CP is highly heritable, but there are still relatively few established genetic risk factors associated with its occurrence compared to CL/P. Historically, CP has been studied as a single phenotype despite manifesting across a spectrum of defects involving the hard and/or soft palate. We performed GWAS using transmission disequilibrium tests using 435 case-parent trios to evaluate broad risks for any cleft palate (ACP, n=435), as well as subtype-specific risks for any cleft soft palate (CSP, n=259) and any cleft hard palate (CHP, n=125). We identified a single genome-wide significant locus at 9q33.3 (lead SNP rs7035976, p=4.24×10 -8 ) associated with CHP. One gene at this locus, angiopoietin-like 2 ( ANGPTL2 ), plays a role in osteoblast differentiation. It is expressed in craniofacial tissue of human embryos, as well as in the developing mouse palatal shelves. We found 19 additional loci reaching suggestive significance (p<5×10 -6 ), of which only one overlapped between groups (chromosome 17q24.2, ACP and CSP). Odds ratios (ORs) for each of the 20 loci were most similar across all three groups for SNPs associated with the ACP group, but more distinct when comparing SNPs associated with either the CSP or CHP groups. We also found nominal evidence of replication (p<0.05) for 22 SNPs previously associated with cleft palate (including CL/P). Interestingly, most SNPs associated with CL/P cases were found to convey the opposite effect in those replicated in our dataset for CP only. Ours is the first study to evaluate CP risks in the context of its subtypes and we provide newly reported associations affecting the broad risk for CP as well as evidence of subtype-specific risks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Trenell J Mosley
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
- Current address: Chief Officer for Scientific Workforce Diversity Office, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Kenneth S Rivera-González
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Christopher R Jabbarpour
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Sarah W Curtis
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Wasiu Lanre Adeyemo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Terri H Beaty
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Azeez Butali
- Department of Oral Biology, Radiology, and Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Carmen J Buxó
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - David J Cutler
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Lord Jj Gowans
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Jacqueline T Hecht
- Department of Pediatrics, McGovern Medical School University of Texas Health at Houston, Houston, TX
| | | | - Gary M Shaw
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Lina Moreno Uribe
- Department of Orthodontics & The Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Seth M Weinberg
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, and Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Harrison Brand
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Mary L Marazita
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, and Department of Human Genetics, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Robert J Lipinski
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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Liu W, Lu Y, Shi B, Li C. Transcriptome sequencing analysis of the role of β-catenin in F-actin reorganization in embryonic palatal mesenchymal cells. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2022; 10:1332. [PMID: 36660634 PMCID: PMC9843408 DOI: 10.21037/atm-22-5772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Palatogenesis is a highly regulated and coordinated developmental process that is coordinated by multiple transcription factors and signaling pathways. Our previous studies identified that defective palatal shelf reorientation due to aberrant mesenchymal β-catenin signaling is associated with Filamentous actin (F-actin) dysregulation. Herein, the underlying mechanism of mesenchymal β-catenin in regulating F-actin cytoskeleton reorganization is further investigated. Methods Firstly, β-catenin silenced and overexpressed mouse embryonic palatal mesenchymal (MEPM) cells were established by adenovirus-mediated transduction. Subsequently, we compared transcriptomes of negative control (NC) group, β-catenin knockdown (KD) group, or β-catenin overexpression group respectively using RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq), and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) screened were further identified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Finally, in vivo experiments further verified the expression change of critical molecules. Results We discovered 184 and 522 DEGs in the knockdown and overexpression groups compared to the NC group, respectively (adjusted P<0.05; |fold change| >2.0). Among these, 106 DEGs were altered in both groups. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis relating to biological functions identified cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, and positive modulation of cellular migration. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment assessment indicated that these DEGs were chiefly linked by the regulation of signaling receptor activity and chemokine signaling pathways. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) results showed that the similar expression trend of serum amyloid A3 (Saa3) and CXC-chemokine ligand 5 (Cxcl5) possibly involved in cytoskeletal rearrangement with RNA-seq data. Experiments in vivo displayed that no significant expression change of Saa3 and Cxcl5 was observed in β-catenin knockout and overexpressed mouse models. Conclusions Our study provides an expression landscape of DEGs in β-catenin silenced and overexpressed MEPM cells, which emphasizes the important role of processes such as chemotactic factor and cell migration. Our data gain deeper insight into genes associated with F-actin reorganization that is regulated by β-catenin either directly or by another route, which will contribute to further investigation of the exact mechanism of mesenchymal β-catenin/F-actin in palatal shelf reorientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilong Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Lu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chenghao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Vaivads M, Akota I, Pilmane M. Immunohistochemical Evaluation of BARX1, DLX4, FOXE1, HOXB3, and MSX2 in Nonsyndromic Cleft Affected Tissue. Acta Med Litu 2022; 29:271-294. [PMID: 37733420 PMCID: PMC9799009 DOI: 10.15388/amed.2022.29.2.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nonsyndromic craniofacial clefts are relatively common congenital malformations which could create a significant negative effect on the health status and life quality of affected individuals within the pediatric population. Multiple cleft candidate genes and their coded proteins have been described with their possible involvement during cleft formation. Some of these proteins like Homeobox Protein BarH-like 1 (BARX1), Distal-Less Homeobox 4 (DLX4), Forkhead Box E1 (FOXE1), Homeobox Protein Hox-B3 (HOXB3), and Muscle Segment Homeobox 2 (MSX2) have been associated with the formation of craniofacial clefts. Understanding the pathogenetic mechanisms of nonsyndromic craniofacial cleft formation could provide a better knowledge in cleft management and could be a possible basis for development and improvement of cleft treatment options. This study investigates the presence of BARX1, DLX4, FOXE1, HOXB3, and MSX2 positive cells by using immunohistochemistry in different types of cleft-affected tissue while determining their possible connection with cleft pathogenesis process. Materials and Methods Craniofacial cleft tissue material was obtained during cleft-correcting surgery from patients with nonsyndromic craniofacial cleft diagnosis. Tissue material was gathered from patients who had unilateral cleft lip (n=36), bilateral cleft lip (n=13), and cleft palate (n=26). Control group (n=7) tissue material was received from individuals without any craniofacial clefts. The number of factor positive cells in the control group and patient group tissue was evaluated by using the semiquantitative counting method. Data was evaluated with the use of nonparametric statistical methods. Results Statistically significant differences were identified between the number of BARX1, FOXE1, HOXB3, and MSX2-containing cells in controls and cleft patient groups but no statistically significant difference was found for DLX4. Statistically significant correlations between the evaluated factors were also notified in cleft patient groups. Conclusions HOXB3 could be more associated with morphopathogenesis of unilateral cleft lip during postnatal course of the disorder. FOXE1 and BARX1 could be involved with both unilateral and bilateral cleft lip morphopathogenesis. The persistence of MSX2 in all evaluated cleft types could indicate its possible interaction within multiple cleft types. DLX4 most likely is not involved with postnatal cleft morphopathogenesis process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mārtiņš Vaivads
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Ilze Akota
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
- Cleft Lip and Palate Centre, Institute of Stomatology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Māra Pilmane
- Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
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Liao C, Lu M, Hong Y, Mao C, Chen J, Ren C, Lin M, Chen W. Osteogenic and angiogenic profiles of the palatal process of the maxilla and the palatal process of the palatine bone. J Anat 2022; 240:385-397. [PMID: 34569061 PMCID: PMC8742962 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hard palate consists anteriorly of the palatal process of the maxilla (ppmx) and posteriorly of the palatal process of the palatine (ppp). Currently, palatal osteogenesis is receiving increasing attention. This is the first study to provide an overview of the osteogenesis process of the mouse hard palate. We found that the period in which avascular mesenchymal condensation becomes a vascularized bone structure corresponds to embryonic day (E) 14.5 to E16.5 in the hard palate. The ppmx and ppp differ remarkably in morphology and molecular respects during osteogenesis. Osteoclasts in the ppmx and ppp are heterogeneous. There was a multinucleated giant osteoclast on the bone surface at the lateral-nasal side of the ppmx, while osteoclasts in the ppp were more abundant and adjacent to blood vessels but were smaller and had fewer nuclei. In addition, bone remodeling in the hard palate was asymmetric and exclusively occurred on the nasal side of the hard palate at E18.5. During angiogenesis, CD31-positive endothelial cells were initially localized in the surrounding of palatal mesenchymal condensation and then invaded the condensation in a sprouting fashion. At the transcriptome level, we found 78 differentially expressed genes related to osteogenesis and angiogenesis between the ppmx and ppp. Fifty-five related genes were up/downregulated from E14.5 to E16.5. Here, we described the morphogenesis and the heterogeneity in the osteogenic and angiogenic genes profiles of the ppmx and ppp, which are significant for subsequent studies of normal and abnormal subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyu Liao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryFujian Medical University Union HospitalFuzhouFujianChina
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and UniversitySchool and Hospital of StomatologyFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
| | - Meng Lu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryFujian Medical University Union HospitalFuzhouFujianChina
| | - Yuhang Hong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryFujian Medical University Union HospitalFuzhouFujianChina
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and UniversitySchool and Hospital of StomatologyFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
| | - Chuanqing Mao
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryFujian Medical University Union HospitalFuzhouFujianChina
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and UniversitySchool and Hospital of StomatologyFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
| | - Jiangping Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryFujian Medical University Union HospitalFuzhouFujianChina
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and UniversitySchool and Hospital of StomatologyFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
| | - Chengyan Ren
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryFujian Medical University Union HospitalFuzhouFujianChina
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and UniversitySchool and Hospital of StomatologyFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
| | - Minkui Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and UniversitySchool and Hospital of StomatologyFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
| | - Weihui Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial SurgeryFujian Medical University Union HospitalFuzhouFujianChina
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and UniversitySchool and Hospital of StomatologyFujian Medical UniversityFuzhouFujianChina
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Chen M, Xie Y, Luo Y, Xie Y, Wu N, Peng S, Chen Q. Exosomes-a potential indicator and mediator of cleft lip and palate: a narrative review. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1485. [PMID: 34734037 PMCID: PMC8506753 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-4198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective This article summarizes the recent literature on noncoding ribonucleic acids (ncRNAs) in relation to cleft lip with or without palate and exosomes and their usage in craniofacial diseases. Background Cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) is a common congenital malformation with genetic and environmental risk factors that affects numerous children and families. Surgical procedures can correct deformations; however, residual sequelae remain after surgery. Studies exploring the pathogenesis of CL/P are crucial for its early diagnosis and treatment and can inform treatment strategy decisions, etiology searches, and treatment during pregnancy. Recently, research has shown that most disease-related genes are ncRNAs, which are important transcripts in the human transcriptome. ncRNAs include microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, and circular RNAs. These ncRNAs play essential roles in various pathophysiological processes, including cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Previous studies on protein-coding genes have identified a number of genes related to CL/P; however, the pathogenesis of CL/P has not yet been thoroughly explained. Exosomes are vehicles that transfer various bioactive molecules between cells and represent a new method of intercellular communication. Research has shown that exosomes are related to some craniofacial diseases. Methods We searched the PubMed database for recently published English-language articles using the following keywords: “cleft lip with or without palate,” “noncoding RNA,” “exosomes,” and “craniofacial diseases”. We then reviewed the retrieved articles. Conclusions As exosomes serve as cellular communicators and the palate consists of epithelial and mesenchymal cells, communication between the two cell types may affect its formation. Thus, exosomes could represent a new indicator and mediator of CL/P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Chen
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Xie
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yarui Luo
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China.,Department of Outpatient, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Yimin Xie
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Na Wu
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Shulei Peng
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China.,Department of Sleep Medicine Centre, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Chongqing University Three Gorges Hospital, Chongqing, China
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9
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Denault WRP, Romanowska J, Haaland ØA, Lyle R, Taylor J, Xu Z, Lie RT, Gjessing HK, Jugessur A. Wavelet Screening identifies regions highly enriched for differentially methylated loci for orofacial clefts. NAR Genom Bioinform 2021; 3:lqab035. [PMID: 33987535 PMCID: PMC8092375 DOI: 10.1093/nargab/lqab035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation is the most widely studied epigenetic mark in humans and plays an essential role in normal biological processes as well as in disease development. More focus has recently been placed on understanding functional aspects of methylation, prompting the development of methods to investigate the relationship between heterogeneity in methylation patterns and disease risk. However, most of these methods are limited in that they use simplified models that may rely on arbitrarily chosen parameters, they can only detect differentially methylated regions (DMRs) one at a time, or they are computationally intensive. To address these shortcomings, we present a wavelet-based method called 'Wavelet Screening' (WS) that can perform an epigenome-wide association study (EWAS) of thousands of individuals on a single CPU in only a matter of hours. By detecting multiple DMRs located near each other, WS identifies more complex patterns that can differentiate between different methylation profiles. We performed an extensive set of simulations to demonstrate the robustness and high power of WS, before applying it to a previously published EWAS dataset of orofacial clefts (OFCs). WS identified 82 associated regions containing several known genes and loci for OFCs, while other findings are novel and warrant replication in other OFCs cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R P Denault
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0473, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, 5006, Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Fertility and Health (CeFH), Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0473, Oslo, Norway
| | - Julia Romanowska
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, 5006, Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Fertility and Health (CeFH), Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0473, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øystein A Haaland
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, 5006, Bergen, Norway
| | - Robert Lyle
- Centre for Fertility and Health (CeFH), Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0473, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, 0450, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jack A Taylor
- Epidemiology Branch and Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIH/NIEHS), 27709, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Zongli Xu
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIH/NIEHS), 27709, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rolv T Lie
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, 5006, Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Fertility and Health (CeFH), Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0473, Oslo, Norway
| | - Håkon K Gjessing
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, 5006, Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Fertility and Health (CeFH), Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0473, Oslo, Norway
| | - Astanand Jugessur
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0473, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, 5006, Bergen, Norway
- Centre for Fertility and Health (CeFH), Norwegian Institute of Public Health, 0473, Oslo, Norway
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10
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Ohki S, Oka K, Ogata K, Okuhara S, Rikitake M, Toda-Nakamura M, Tamura S, Ozaki M, Iseki S, Sakai T. Transforming Growth Factor-Beta and Sonic Hedgehog Signaling in Palatal Epithelium Regulate Tenascin-C Expression in Palatal Mesenchyme During Soft Palate Development. Front Physiol 2020; 11:532. [PMID: 32581832 PMCID: PMC7287209 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During palatogenesis, the palatal shelves first grow vertically on either side of the tongue before changing their direction of growth to horizontal. The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays an important role in these dynamic changes in palatal shelf morphology. Tenascin-C (TNC) is an ECM glycoprotein that shows unique expression in the posterior part of the palatal shelf, but little is known about the regulation of TNC expression. Since transforming growth factor-beta-3 (TGF-β3) and sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling are known to play important roles in palatogenesis, we investigated whether TGF-β3 and SHH are involved in the regulation of TNC expression in the developing palate. TGF-β3 increased the expression of TNC mRNA and protein in primary mouse embryonic palatal mesenchymal cells (MEPM) obtained from palatal mesenchyme dissected at embryonic day 13.5-14.0. Interestingly, immunohistochemistry experiments revealed that TNC expression was diminished in K14-cre;Tgfbr2 fl/fl mice that lack the TGF-β type II receptor in palatal epithelial cells and exhibit cleft soft palate, whereas TNC expression was maintained in Wnt1-cre;Tgfbr2 fl/fl mice that lack the TGF-β type II receptor in palatal mesenchymal cells and exhibit a complete cleft palate. SHH also increased the expression of TNC mRNA and protein in MEPM cells. However, although TGF-β3 up-regulated TNC mRNA and protein expression in O9-1 cells (a cranial neural crest cell line), SHH did not. Furthermore, TGF-β inhibited the expression of osteoblastic differentiation markers (osterix and alkaline phosphatase) and induced the expression of fibroblastic markers (fibronectin and periostin) in O9-1 cells, whereas SHH did not affect the expression of osteoblastic and fibroblastic markers in O9-1 cells. However, immunohistochemistry experiments showed that TNC expression was diminished in the posterior palatal shelves of Shh-/+ ;MFCS4 +/- mice, which have deficient SHH signaling in the posterior palatal epithelium. Taken together, our findings support the proposal that TGF-β and SHH signaling in palatal epithelium co-ordinate the expression of TNC in the posterior palatal mesenchyme through a paracrine mechanism. This signal cascade may work in the later stage of palatogenesis when cranial neural crest cells have differentiated into fibroblast-like cells. The spatiotemporal regulation of ECM-related proteins by TGF-β and SHH signaling may contribute not only to tissue construction but also to cell differentiation or determination along the anterior-posterior axis of the palatal shelves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirabe Ohki
- Section of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Growth and Development, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kyoko Oka
- Section of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Growth and Development, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan.,Oral Medicine Research Center, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kayoko Ogata
- Oral Medicine Research Center, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan.,Section of Functional Structure, Department of Morphological Biology, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shigeru Okuhara
- Section of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School of Dental and Medical Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mihoko Rikitake
- Section of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Growth and Development, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masako Toda-Nakamura
- Section of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Growth and Development, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shougo Tamura
- Section of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Growth and Development, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masao Ozaki
- Section of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Growth and Development, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sachiko Iseki
- Section of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology, Graduate School of Dental and Medical Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Sakai
- Department of Oral-Facial Disorders, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka, Japan
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11
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Oboli G, Chukwuma D, Fagbule O, Abe E, Adisa A. MOLECULAR GENETICS OF CLEFT LIP AND PALATE: A REVIEW. Ann Ib Postgrad Med 2020; 18:S16-S21. [PMID: 33071691 PMCID: PMC7513377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- G.O. Oboli
- College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan
| | - D.I. Chukwuma
- Department of Periodontology and Community Dentistry, University College Hospital, Ibadan
| | - O.F. Fagbule
- Department of Periodontology and Community Dentistry, University College Hospital, Ibadan
| | - E.O. Abe
- Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan
| | - A.O. Adisa
- College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan
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12
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Paiva KBS, Maas CS, dos Santos PM, Granjeiro JM, Letra A. Extracellular Matrix Composition and Remodeling: Current Perspectives on Secondary Palate Formation, Cleft Lip/Palate, and Palatal Reconstruction. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:340. [PMID: 31921852 PMCID: PMC6923686 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniofacial development comprises a complex process in humans in which failures or disturbances frequently lead to congenital anomalies. Cleft lip with/without palate (CL/P) is a common congenital anomaly that occurs due to variations in craniofacial development genes, and may occur as part of a syndrome, or more commonly in isolated forms (non-syndromic). The etiology of CL/P is multifactorial with genes, environmental factors, and their potential interactions contributing to the condition. Rehabilitation of CL/P patients requires a multidisciplinary team to perform the multiple surgical, dental, and psychological interventions required throughout the patient's life. Despite progress, lip/palatal reconstruction is still a major treatment challenge. Genetic mutations and polymorphisms in several genes, including extracellular matrix (ECM) genes, soluble factors, and enzymes responsible for ECM remodeling (e.g., metalloproteinases), have been suggested to play a role in the etiology of CL/P; hence, these may be considered likely targets for the development of new preventive and/or therapeutic strategies. In this context, investigations are being conducted on new therapeutic approaches based on tissue bioengineering, associating stem cells with biomaterials, signaling molecules, and innovative technologies. In this review, we discuss the role of genes involved in ECM composition and remodeling during secondary palate formation and pathogenesis and genetic etiology of CL/P. We also discuss potential therapeutic approaches using bioactive molecules and principles of tissue bioengineering for state-of-the-art CL/P repair and palatal reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katiúcia Batista Silva Paiva
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Biology and Cellular Interaction, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clara Soeiro Maas
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Biology and Cellular Interaction, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pâmella Monique dos Santos
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Biology and Cellular Interaction, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Mauro Granjeiro
- Clinical Research Laboratory in Dentistry, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, Brazil
- Directory of Life Sciences Applied Metrology, National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - Ariadne Letra
- Center for Craniofacial Research, UTHealth School of Dentistry at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Pediatric Research Center, UTHealth McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Diagnostic and Biomedical Sciences, UTHealth School of Dentistry at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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13
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Xu J, Wang L, Li H, Yang T, Zhang Y, Hu T, Huang Z, Chen Y. Shox2 regulates osteogenic differentiation and pattern formation during hard palate development in mice. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:18294-18305. [PMID: 31649032 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
During mammalian palatogenesis, cranial neural crest-derived mesenchymal cells undergo osteogenic differentiation and form the hard palate, which is divided into palatine process of the maxilla and the palatine. However, it remains unknown whether these bony structures originate from the same cell lineage and how the hard palate is patterned at the molecular level. Using mice, here we report that deficiency in Shox2 (short stature homeobox 2), a transcriptional regulator whose expression is restricted to the anterior palatal mesenchyme, leads to a defective palatine process of the maxilla but does not affect the palatine. Shox2 overexpression in palatal mesenchyme resulted in a hyperplastic palatine process of the maxilla and a hypoplastic palatine. RNA sequencing and assay for transposase-accessible chromatin-sequencing analyses revealed that Shox2 controls the expression of pattern specification and skeletogenic genes associated with accessible chromatin in the anterior palate. This highlighted a lineage-autonomous function of Shox2 in patterning and osteogenesis of the hard palate. H3K27ac ChIP-Seq and transient transgenic enhancer assays revealed that Shox2 binds distal-acting cis-regulatory elements in an anterior palate-specific manner. Our results suggest that the palatine process of the maxilla and palatine arise from different cell lineages and differ in ossification mechanisms. Shox2 evidently controls osteogenesis of a cell lineage and contributes to the palatine process of the maxilla by interacting with distal cis-regulatory elements to regulate skeletogenic gene expression and to pattern the hard palate. Genome-wide Shox2 occupancy in the developing palate may provide a marker for identifying active anterior palate-specific gene enhancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China; West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118
| | - Linyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118; Southern Center for Biomedical Research and Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neuro Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117 Fujian, China
| | - Tianfang Yang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118
| | - Yanding Zhang
- Southern Center for Biomedical Research and Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neuro Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117 Fujian, China
| | - Tao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan, China.
| | - Zhen Huang
- Southern Center for Biomedical Research and Fujian Key Laboratory of Developmental and Neuro Biology, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117 Fujian, China.
| | - YiPing Chen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118.
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14
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Janečková E, Feng J, Li J, Rodriguez G, Chai Y. Dynamic activation of Wnt, Fgf, and Hh signaling during soft palate development. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223879. [PMID: 31613912 PMCID: PMC6793855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The soft palate is a key component of the oropharyngeal complex that is critical for swallowing, breathing, hearing and speech. However, complete functional restoration in patients with cleft soft palate remains a challenging task. New insights into the molecular signaling network governing the development of soft palate will help to overcome these clinical challenges. In this study, we investigated whether key signaling pathways required for hard palate development are also involved in soft palate development in mice. We described the dynamic expression patterns of signaling molecules from well-known pathways, such as Wnt, Hh, and Fgf, during the development of the soft palate. We found that Wnt signaling is active throughout the development of soft palate myogenic sites, predominantly in cells of cranial neural crest (CNC) origin neighboring the myogenic cells, suggesting that Wnt signaling may play a significant role in CNC-myogenic cell-cell communication during myogenic differentiation in the soft palate. Hh signaling is abundantly active in early palatal epithelium, some myogenic cells, and the CNC-derived cells adjacent to the myogenic cells. Hh signaling gradually diminishes during the later stages of soft palate development, indicating its involvement mainly in early embryonic soft palate development. Fgf signaling is expressed most prominently in CNC-derived cells in the myogenic sites and persists until later stages of embryonic soft palate development. Collectively, our results highlight a network of Wnt, Hh, and Fgf signaling that may be involved in the development of the soft palate, particularly soft palate myogenesis. These findings provide a foundation for future studies on the functional significance of these signaling pathways individually and collectively in regulating soft palate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Janečková
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jifan Feng
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jingyuan Li
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Gabriela Rodriguez
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Yang Chai
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Watanabe M, Kawasaki M, Kawasaki K, Kitamura A, Nagai T, Kodama Y, Meguro F, Yamada A, Sharpe PT, Maeda T, Takagi R, Ohazama A. Ift88 limits bone formation in maxillary process through suppressing apoptosis. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 101:43-50. [PMID: 30878609 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The development of the maxillary bone is under strict molecular control because of its complicated structure. Primary cilia play a critical role in craniofacial development, since defects in primary cilia are known to cause congenital craniofacial dysmorphologies as a wide spectrum of human diseases: the ciliopathies. The primary cilia also are known to regulate bone formation. However, the role of the primary cilia in maxillary bone development is not fully understood. DESIGN To address this question, we generated mice with a mesenchymal conditional deletion ofIft88 using the Wnt1Cre mice (Ift88fl/fl;Wnt1Cre). The gene Ift88 encodes a protein that is required for the function and formation of primary cilia. RESULTS It has been shown thatIft88fl/fl;Wnt1Cre mice exhibit cleft palate. Here, we additionally observed excess bone formation in the Ift88 mutant maxillary process. We also found ectopic apoptosis in the Ift88 mutant maxillary process at an early stage of development. To investigate whether the ectopic apoptosis is related to the Ift88 mouse maxillary phenotypes, we generated Ift88fl/fl;Wnt1Cre;p53-/- mutants to reduce apoptosis. The Ift88fl/fl;Wnt1Cre;p53-/- mice showed no excess bone formation, suggesting that the cells evading apoptosis by the presence of Ift88 in wild-type mice limit bone formation in maxillary development. On the other hand, the palatal cleft was retained in the Ift88fl/fl;Wnt1Cre;p53-/- mice, indicating that the excess bone formation or abnormal apoptosis was independent of the cleft palate phenotype in Ift88 mutant mice. CONCLUSIONS Ift88 limits bone formation in the maxillary process by suppressing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoko Watanabe
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan; Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Health Science, Course for Oral science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Maiko Kawasaki
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan; Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Dental Institute, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London Bridge, London, UK
| | - Katsushige Kawasaki
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan; Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Dental Institute, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London Bridge, London, UK; Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Department of Oral Life Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kitamura
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan; Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Health Science, Course for Oral science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nagai
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan; Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Health Science, Course for Oral science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yasumitsu Kodama
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Health Science, Course for Oral science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Fumiya Meguro
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Akane Yamada
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan; Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Health Science, Course for Oral science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Paul T Sharpe
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Dental Institute, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London Bridge, London, UK
| | - Takeyasu Maeda
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan; Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Department of Oral Life Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan; Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Ritsuo Takagi
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Health Science, Course for Oral science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ohazama
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan; Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Dental Institute, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London Bridge, London, UK.
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16
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Coupling between dynamic 3D tissue architecture and BMP morphogen signaling during Drosophila wing morphogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:4352-4361. [PMID: 30760594 PMCID: PMC6410814 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1815427116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue morphogenesis is a dynamic process often accompanied by cell patterning and differentiation. Although how conserved growth factor signaling affects cell and tissue shapes has been actively studied, much less is known about how signaling and dynamic morphogenesis are mutually coordinated. Our study shows that BMP signaling and 3D morphogenesis of the Drosophila pupal wing are tightly coupled. These findings are highlighted by the fact that the directionality of BMP signal is changed from lateral planar during the inflation stage to interplanar after re-apposition of the dorsal and ventral wing epithelia. We suspect that the dynamic interplay between planar and interplanar signaling linked to tissue shape changes is likely to be used across species in many developing organs. At the level of organ formation, tissue morphogenesis drives developmental processes in animals, often involving the rearrangement of two-dimensional (2D) structures into more complex three-dimensional (3D) tissues. These processes can be directed by growth factor signaling pathways. However, little is known about how such morphological changes affect the spatiotemporal distribution of growth factor signaling. Here, using the Drosophila pupal wing, we address how decapentaplegic (Dpp)/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling and 3D wing morphogenesis are coordinated. Dpp, expressed in the longitudinal veins (LVs) of the pupal wing, initially diffuses laterally within both dorsal and ventral wing epithelia during the inflation stage to regulate cell proliferation. Dpp localization is then refined to the LVs within each epithelial plane, but with active interplanar signaling for vein patterning/differentiation, as the two epithelia appose. Our data further suggest that the 3D architecture of the wing epithelia and the spatial distribution of BMP signaling are tightly coupled, revealing that 3D morphogenesis is an emergent property of the interactions between extracellular signaling and tissue shape changes.
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17
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Reynolds K, Kumari P, Sepulveda Rincon L, Gu R, Ji Y, Kumar S, Zhou CJ. Wnt signaling in orofacial clefts: crosstalk, pathogenesis and models. Dis Model Mech 2019; 12:12/2/dmm037051. [PMID: 30760477 PMCID: PMC6398499 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.037051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse signaling cues and attendant proteins work together during organogenesis, including craniofacial development. Lip and palate formation starts as early as the fourth week of gestation in humans or embryonic day 9.5 in mice. Disruptions in these early events may cause serious consequences, such as orofacial clefts, mainly cleft lip and/or cleft palate. Morphogenetic Wnt signaling, along with other signaling pathways and transcription regulation mechanisms, plays crucial roles during embryonic development, yet the signaling mechanisms and interactions in lip and palate formation and fusion remain poorly understood. Various Wnt signaling and related genes have been associated with orofacial clefts. This Review discusses the role of Wnt signaling and its crosstalk with cell adhesion molecules, transcription factors, epigenetic regulators and other morphogenetic signaling pathways, including the Bmp, Fgf, Tgfβ, Shh and retinoic acid pathways, in orofacial clefts in humans and animal models, which may provide a better understanding of these disorders and could be applied towards prevention and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Reynolds
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Priyanka Kumari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Lessly Sepulveda Rincon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Ran Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Yu Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Chengji J Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA .,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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18
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Mukhopadhyay P, Smolenkova I, Warner D, Pisano MM, Greene RM. Spatio-Temporal Expression and Functional Analysis of miR-206 in Developing Orofacial Tissue. Microrna 2019; 8:43-60. [PMID: 30068287 DOI: 10.2174/2211536607666180801094528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of the mammalian palate is dependent on precise, spatiotemporal expression of a panoply of genes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), the largest family of noncoding RNAs, function as crucial modulators of cell and tissue differentiation, regulating expression of key downstream genes. OBSERVATIONS Our laboratory has previously identified several developmentally regulated miRNAs, including miR-206, during critical stages of palatal morphogenesis. The current study reports spatiotemporal distribution of miR-206 during development of the murine secondary palate (gestational days 12.5-14.5). RESULT AND CONCLUSION Potential cellular functions and downstream gene targets of miR-206 were investigated using functional assays and expression profiling, respectively. Functional analyses highlighted potential roles of miR-206 in governing TGFß- and Wnt signaling in mesenchymal cells of the developing secondary palate. In addition, altered expression of miR-206 within developing palatal tissue of TGFß3-/- fetuses reinforced the premise that crosstalk between this miRNA and TGFß3 is crucial for secondary palate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Craniofacial Development and Anomalies, Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Irina Smolenkova
- Division of Craniofacial Development and Anomalies, Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Dennis Warner
- Division of Craniofacial Development and Anomalies, Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Michele M Pisano
- Division of Craniofacial Development and Anomalies, Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Robert M Greene
- Division of Craniofacial Development and Anomalies, Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
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19
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Tarr JT, Lambi AG, Bradley JP, Barbe MF, Popoff SN. Development of Normal and Cleft Palate: A Central Role for Connective Tissue Growth Factor (CTGF)/CCN2. J Dev Biol 2018; 6:jdb6030018. [PMID: 30029495 PMCID: PMC6162467 DOI: 10.3390/jdb6030018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of the palate is the result of an organized series of events that require exquisite spatial and temporal regulation at the cellular level. There are a myriad of growth factors, receptors and signaling pathways that have been shown to play an important role in growth, elevation and/or fusion of the palatal shelves. Altered expression or activation of a number of these factors, receptors and signaling pathways have been shown to cause cleft palate in humans or mice with varying degrees of penetrance. This review will focus on connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) or CCN2, which was recently shown to play an essential role in formation of the secondary palate. Specifically, the absence of CCN2 in KO mice results in defective cellular processes that contribute to failure of palatal shelf growth, elevation and/or fusion. CCN2 is unique in that it has been shown to interact with a number of other factors important for palate development, including bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), fibroblast growth factors (FGFs), epidermal growth factor (EGF), Wnt proteins and transforming growth factor-βs (TGF-βs), thereby influencing their ability to bind to their receptors and mediate intracellular signaling. The role that these factors play in palate development and their specific interactions with CCN2 will also be reviewed. Future studies to elucidate the precise mechanisms of action for CCN2 and its interactions with other regulatory proteins during palatogenesis are expected to provide novel information with the potential for development of new pharmacologic or genetic treatment strategies for clinical intervention of cleft palate during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T Tarr
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
| | - Alex G Lambi
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - James P Bradley
- Northwell Health Surgical Service Line, Department of Surgery, Zucker School of Medicine, Lake Success, NY 11042, USA.
| | - Mary F Barbe
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
| | - Steven N Popoff
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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20
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Weng M, Chen Z, Xiao Q, Li R, Chen Z. A review of FGF signaling in palate development. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 103:240-247. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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21
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Suazo J, Santos JL, Colombo A, Pardo R. Gene-gene interaction for nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate in Chilean case-parent trios. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 91:91-95. [PMID: 29694940 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) is a birth defect for which several genes susceptibility genes been proposed. Consequently, it has been suggested that many of these genes belong to common inter-related pathways during craniofacial development gene-gene interaction. We evaluated the presence of gene-gene interaction for single nucleotide polymorphisms within interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6), muscle segment homeobox 1 (MSX1), bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) and transforming growth factor 3 (TGFB3) genes in NSCL/P risk in Chilean case-parent trios. DESIGN From previous studies, we retrieved genotypes for 13 polymorphic variants within these four genes in 152 case-parent trios. Using the trio package (R) we evaluate the gene-gen interaction in genetic markers pairs applying a 1°-of-freedom test (1df) and a confirmatory 4°-of-freedom (4df) test for epistasis followed by both a permutation test and a Benjamini-Hochberg test for multiple comparisons adjustment. RESULTS We found evidence of gene-gene interaction for rs6446693 (MSX1) and rs2268625 (TGFB3) (4df p = 0.024; permutation p = 0.015, Benjamini-Hochberg p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS A significant gene-gene interaction was detected for rs6446693 (MSX1) and rs2268625 (TGFB3). This finding is concordant with research in animal models showing that MSX1 and TGFB3 are expressed in common molecular pathways acting in an epistatic manner during maxillofacial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Suazo
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone #943, Santiago, Chile.
| | - José Luis Santos
- Departamento de Nutrición, Diabetes y Metabolismo, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Lira #44, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alicia Colombo
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Independencia #1027, Santiago, Chile; Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile, Santos Dumont #999, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rosa Pardo
- Sección de Genética, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santos Dumont #999, Santiago, Chile; Unidad de Neonatología, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santos Dumont #999, Santiago, Chile; Unidad de Genética, Hospital Dr. Sótero del Río, Concha y Toro #3459, Santiago, Chile
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22
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Fish JL. Evolvability of the vertebrate craniofacial skeleton. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 91:13-22. [PMID: 29248471 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The skull is a vertebrate novelty. Morphological adaptations of the skull are associated with major evolutionary transitions, including the shift to a predatory lifestyle and the ability to masticate while breathing. These adaptations include the chondrocranium, dermatocranium, articulated jaws, primary and secondary palates, internal choanae, the middle ear, and temporomandibular joint. The incredible adaptive diversity of the vertebrate skull indicates an underlying bauplan that promotes evolvability. Comparative studies in craniofacial development suggest that the craniofacial bauplan includes three secondary organizers, two that are bilaterally placed at the Hinge of the developing jaw, and one situated in the midline of the developing face (the FEZ). These organizers regulate tissue interactions between the cranial neural crest, the neuroepithelium, and facial and pharyngeal epithelia that regulate the development and evolvability of the craniofacial skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Fish
- University of Massachusetts Lowell, Department of Biological Sciences, 198 Riverside St., Olsen Hall 619, Lowell, MA 01854, U.S.A..
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23
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Okello DO, Iyyanar PPR, Kulyk WM, Smith TM, Lozanoff S, Ji S, Nazarali AJ. Six2 Plays an Intrinsic Role in Regulating Proliferation of Mesenchymal Cells in the Developing Palate. Front Physiol 2017; 8:955. [PMID: 29218017 PMCID: PMC5704498 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cleft palate is a common congenital abnormality that results from defective secondary palate (SP) formation. The Sine oculis-related homeobox 2 (Six2) gene has been linked to abnormalities of craniofacial and kidney development. Our current study examined, for the first time, the specific role of Six2 in embryonic mouse SP development. Six2 mRNA and protein expression were identified in the palatal shelves from embryonic days (E)12.5 to E15.5, with peak levels during early stages of palatal shelf outgrowth. Immunohistochemical staining (IHC) showed that Six2 protein is abundant throughout the mesenchyme in the oral half of each palatal shelf, whereas there is a pronounced decline in Six2 expression by mesenchyme cells in the nasal half of the palatal shelf by stages E14.5-15.5. An opposite pattern was observed in the surface epithelium of the palatal shelf. Six2 expression was prominent at all stages in the epithelial cell layer located on the nasal side of each palatal shelf but absent from the epithelium located on the oral side of the palatal shelf. Six2 is a putative downstream target of transcription factor Hoxa2 and we previously demonstrated that Hoxa2 plays an intrinsic role in embryonic palate formation. We therefore investigated whether Six2 expression was altered in the developing SP of Hoxa2 null mice. Reverse transcriptase PCR and Western blot analyses revealed that Six2 mRNA and protein levels were upregulated in Hoxa2-/- palatal shelves at stages E12.5-14.5. Moreover, the domain of Six2 protein expression in the palatal mesenchyme of Hoxa2-/- embryos was expanded to include the entire nasal half of the palatal shelf in addition to the oral half. The palatal shelves of Hoxa2-/- embryos displayed a higher density of proliferating, Ki-67 positive palatal mesenchyme cells, as well as a higher density of Six2/Ki-67 double-positive cells. Furthermore, Hoxa2-/- palatal mesenchyme cells in culture displayed both increased proliferation and elevated Cyclin D1 expression relative to wild-type cultures. Conversely, siRNA-mediated Six2 knockdown restored proliferation and Cyclin D1 expression in Hoxa2-/- palatal mesenchyme cultures to near wild-type levels. Our findings demonstrate that Six2 functions downstream of Hoxa2 as a positive regulator of mesenchymal cell proliferation during SP development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis O Okello
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Neuroscience Research Cluster, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Paul P R Iyyanar
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Neuroscience Research Cluster, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - William M Kulyk
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Tara M Smith
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Neuroscience Research Cluster, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Med-life Discoveries LP, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Scott Lozanoff
- Department of Anatomy, Biochemistry and Physiology, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Shaoping Ji
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Neuroscience Research Cluster, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical School, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Adil J Nazarali
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Neuroscience Research Cluster, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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24
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Iyyanar PPR, Nazarali AJ. Hoxa2 Inhibits Bone Morphogenetic Protein Signaling during Osteogenic Differentiation of the Palatal Mesenchyme. Front Physiol 2017; 8:929. [PMID: 29184513 PMCID: PMC5694536 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleft palate is one of the most common congenital birth defects worldwide. The homeobox (Hox) family of genes are key regulators of embryogenesis, with Hoxa2 having a direct role in secondary palate development. Hoxa2−/− mice exhibit cleft palate; however, the cellular and molecular mechanisms leading to cleft palate in Hoxa2−/− mice is largely unknown. Addressing this issue, we found that Hoxa2 regulates spatial and temporal programs of osteogenic differentiation in the developing palate by inhibiting bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling dependent osteoblast markers. Expression of osteoblast markers, including Runx2, Sp7, and AlpI were increased in Hoxa2−/− palatal shelves at embryonic day (E) 13.5 and E15.5. Hoxa2−/− mouse embryonic palatal mesenchyme (MEPM) cells exhibited increased bone matrix deposition and mineralization in vitro. Moreover, loss of Hoxa2 resulted in increased osteoprogenitor cell proliferation and osteogenic commitment during early stages of palate development at E13.5. Consistent with upregulation of osteoblast markers, Hoxa2−/− palatal shelves displayed higher expression of canonical BMP signaling in vivo. Blocking BMP signaling in Hoxa2−/− primary MEPM cells using dorsomorphin restored cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation to wild-type levels. Collectively, these data demonstrate for the first time that Hoxa2 may regulate palate development by inhibiting osteogenic differentiation of palatal mesenchyme via modulating BMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul P R Iyyanar
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition and Neuroscience Research Cluster, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Adil J Nazarali
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, College of Pharmacy and Nutrition and Neuroscience Research Cluster, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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25
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Blanco R, Colombo A, Pardo R, Suazo J. Haplotype-based gene-gene interaction of bone morphogenetic protein 4 and interferon regulatory factor 6 in the etiology of non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate in a Chilean population. Eur J Oral Sci 2017; 125:102-109. [PMID: 28133786 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) is the most common craniofacial birth defect in humans, the etiology of which can be dependent on the interactions of multiple genes. We previously reported haplotype associations for polymorphic variants of interferon regulatory factor 6 (IRF6), msh homeobox 1 (MSX1), bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), and transforming growth factor beta 3 (TGFB3) in Chile. Here, we analyzed the haplotype-based gene-gene interaction for markers of these genes and NSCL/P risk in the Chilean population. We genotyped 15 single nucleoptide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 152 Chilean patients and 164 controls. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) blocks were determined using the Haploview software, and phase reconstruction was performed by the Phase program. Haplotype-based interactions were evaluated using the multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) method. We detected two LD blocks composed of two SNPs from BMP4 (Block 1) and three SNPs from IRF6 (Block 2). Although MDR showed no statistical significance for the global interaction model involving these blocks, we found four combinations conferring a statistically significantly increased NSCL/P risk (Block 1-Block 2): T-T/T-G C-G-T/G-A-T; T-T/T-G C-G-C/C-G-C; T-T/T-G G-A-T/G-A-T; and T-T/C-G G-A-T/G-A-T. These findings may reflect the presence of a genomic region containing potential causal variants interacting in the etiology of NSCL/P and may contribute to disentangling the complex etiology of this birth defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Blanco
- Programa de Genética Humana, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alicia Colombo
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del Desarrollo, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rosa Pardo
- Sección de Genética, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Unidad de Neonatología, Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Unidad de Genética, Hospital Dr. Sótero del Río, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Suazo
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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26
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Determinants of orofacial clefting I: Effects of 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine on cellular processes and gene expression during development of the first branchial arch. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 67:85-99. [PMID: 27915011 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we identify gene targets and cellular events mediating the teratogenic action(s) of 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine (AzaD), an inhibitor of DNA methylation, on secondary palate development. Exposure of pregnant mice (on gestation day (GD) 9.5) to AzaD for 12h resulted in the complete penetrance of cleft palate (CP) in fetuses. Analysis of cells of the embryonic first branchial arch (1-BA), in fetuses exposed to AzaD, revealed: 1) significant alteration in expression of genes encoding several morphogenetic factors, cell cycle inhibitors and regulators of apoptosis; 2) a decrease in cell proliferation; and, 3) an increase in apoptosis. Pyrosequencing of selected genes, displaying pronounced differential expression in AzaD-exposed 1-BAs, failed to reveal significant alterations in CpG methylation levels in their putative promoters or gene bodies. CpG methylation analysis suggested that the effects of AzaD on gene expression were likely indirect.
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27
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The pivotal role of CCN2 in mammalian palatogenesis. J Cell Commun Signal 2016; 11:25-37. [PMID: 27761803 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-016-0360-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian palatogenesis is a complex process involving a temporally and spatially regulated myriad of factors. Together these factors control the 3 vital processes of proliferation, elevation and fusion of the developing palate. In this study, we show for the first time the unequivocally vital role of CCN2 in development of the mammalian palate. We utilized CCN2 knockout (KO) mice and cranial neural crest derived mesenchymal cells from these CCN2 KO mice to investigate the 3 processes crucial to normal palatogenesis. Similar to previously published reports, the absence of CCN2 inhibits proliferation of cells in the palate specifically at the G1/S transition. Absence of CCN2 also inhibited palatal shelf elevation from the vertical to horizontal position. CCN2 KO mesenchymal cells demonstrated deficiencies in adhesion and spreading owing to an inability to activate Rac1 and RhoA. On the contrary, CCN2 KO mesenchymal cells exhibited increased rates of migration compared to WT cells. The addition of exogenous CCN2 to KO mesenchymal cells restored their ability to spread normally on fibronectin. Finally, utilizing an organ culture model we show that the palatal shelves of the CCN2 KO mice demonstrate an inability to fuse when apposed. Together, these data signify that CCN2 plays an indispensible role in normal development of the mammalian palate and warrants additional studies to determine the precise mechanism(s) responsible for these effects.
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28
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Nishihara H, Kobayashi N, Kimura-Yoshida C, Yan K, Bormuth O, Ding Q, Nakanishi A, Sasaki T, Hirakawa M, Sumiyama K, Furuta Y, Tarabykin V, Matsuo I, Okada N. Coordinately Co-opted Multiple Transposable Elements Constitute an Enhancer for wnt5a Expression in the Mammalian Secondary Palate. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006380. [PMID: 27741242 PMCID: PMC5065162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquisition of cis-regulatory elements is a major driving force of evolution, and there are several examples of developmental enhancers derived from transposable elements (TEs). However, it remains unclear whether one enhancer element could have been produced via cooperation among multiple, yet distinct, TEs during evolution. Here we show that an evolutionarily conserved genomic region named AS3_9 comprises three TEs (AmnSINE1, X6b_DNA and MER117), inserted side-by-side, and functions as a distal enhancer for wnt5a expression during morphogenesis of the mammalian secondary palate. Functional analysis of each TE revealed step-by-step retroposition/transposition and co-option together with acquisition of a binding site for Msx1 for its full enhancer function during mammalian evolution. The present study provides a new perspective suggesting that a huge variety of TEs, in combination, could have accelerated the diversity of cis-regulatory elements involved in morphological evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Nishihara
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naoki Kobayashi
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Chiharu Kimura-Yoshida
- Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, Izumi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kuo Yan
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Olga Bormuth
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Qiong Ding
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akiko Nakanishi
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sasaki
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mika Hirakawa
- Bioinformatics Center, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenta Sumiyama
- National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Furuta
- Animal Resource Development Unit, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Chuou-ku, Kobe, Japan
- Genetic Engineering Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Chuou-ku, Kobe, Japan
| | - Victor Tarabykin
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Isao Matsuo
- Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization, Izumi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norihiro Okada
- Department of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Foundation for Advancement of International Science, Tsukuba, Japan
- * E-mail: ,
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29
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Chiquet M, Blumer S, Angelini M, Mitsiadis TA, Katsaros C. Mesenchymal Remodeling during Palatal Shelf Elevation Revealed by Extracellular Matrix and F-Actin Expression Patterns. Front Physiol 2016; 7:392. [PMID: 27656150 PMCID: PMC5013070 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During formation of the secondary palate in mammalian embryos, two vertically oriented palatal shelves rapidly elevate into a horizontal position above the tongue, meet at the midline, and fuse to form a single entity. Previous observations suggested that elevation occurs by a simple 90° rotation of the palatal shelves. More recent findings showed that the presumptive midline epithelial cells are not located at the tips of palatal shelves before elevation, but mostly toward their medial/lingual part. This implied extensive tissue remodeling during shelf elevation. Nevertheless, it is still not known how the shelf mesenchyme reorganizes during this process, and what mechanism drives it. To address this question, we mapped the distinct and restricted expression domains of certain extracellular matrix components within the developing palatal shelves. This procedure allowed to monitor movements of entire mesenchymal regions relative to each other during shelf elevation. Consistent with previous notions, our results confirm a flipping movement of the palatal shelves anteriorly, whereas extensive mesenchymal reorganization is observed more posteriorly. There, the entire lingual portion of the vertical shelves moves close to the midline after elevation, whereas the mesenchyme at the original tip of the shelves ends up ventrolaterally. Moreover, we observed that the mesenchymal cells of elevating palatal shelves substantially align their actin cytoskeleton, their extracellular matrix, and their nuclei in a ventral to medial direction. This indicates that, like in other morphogenetic processes, actin-dependent cell contractility is a major driving force for mesenchymal tissue remodeling during palatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Chiquet
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Medical Faculty, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern Bern, Switzerland
| | - Susan Blumer
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Medical Faculty, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern Bern, Switzerland
| | - Manuela Angelini
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Medical Faculty, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thimios A Mitsiadis
- Orofacial Development and Regeneration, Center for Dental Medicine, Institute for Oral Biology, University of Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christos Katsaros
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Medical Faculty, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern Bern, Switzerland
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Hirata A, Katayama K, Tsuji T, Imura H, Natsume N, Sugahara T, Kunieda T, Nakamura H, Otsuki Y. Homeobox family Hoxc localization during murine palate formation. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2016; 56:172-9. [PMID: 26718736 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Homeobox genes play important roles in craniofacial morphogenesis. However, the characteristics of the transcription factor Hoxc during palate formation remain unclear. We examined the immunolocalization patterns of Hoxc5, Hoxc4, and Hoxc6 in palatogenesis of cleft palate (Eh/Eh) mice. On the other hand, mutations in the FGF/FGFR pathway are exclusively associated with syndromic forms of cleft palate. We also examined the immunolocalization of Fgfr1 and Erk1/2 to clarify their relationships with Hoxc in palatogenesis. Some palatal epithelial cells showed Hoxc5 labeling, while almost no labeling of mesenchymal cells was observed in +/+ mice. As palate formation progressed in +/+ mice, Hoxc5, Hoxc4, and Hoxc6 were observed in medial epithelial seam cells. Hoxc5 and Hoxc6 were detected in the oral epithelium. The palatal mesenchyme also showed intense staining for Fgfr1 and Erk1/2 with progression of palate formation. In contrast, the palatal shelves of Eh/Eh mice exhibited impaired horizontal growth and failed to fuse, resulting in a cleft. Hoxc5 was observed in a few epithelial cells and diffusely in the mesenchyme of Eh/Eh palatal shelves. No or little labeling of Fgfr1 and Erk1/2 was detected in the cleft palate of Eh/Eh mice. These findings suggest that Hoxc genes are involved in palatogenesis. Furthermore, there may be the differences in the localization pattern between Hoxc5, Hoxc4, and Hoxc6. Additionally, Hoxc distribution in palatal cells during palate development may be correlated with FGF signaling. (228/250 words) © 2016 Japanese Teratology Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azumi Hirata
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kentaro Katayama
- Division of Functional Morphology, Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehito Tsuji
- Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hideto Imura
- Division of Research and Treatment for Oral and Maxillofacial Congenital Anomalies, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Nagato Natsume
- Division of Research and Treatment for Oral and Maxillofacial Congenital Anomalies, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Toshio Sugahara
- Division of Research and Treatment for Oral and Maxillofacial Congenital Anomalies, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kunieda
- Department of Animal Science, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nakamura
- Department of Oral Histology, School of Dentistry, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Nagano, Japan
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Watanabe M, Kawasaki K, Kawasaki M, Portaveetus T, Oommen S, Blackburn J, Nagai T, Kitamura A, Nishikawa A, Kodama Y, Takagi R, Maeda T, Sharpe PT, Ohazama A. Spatio-temporal expression of Sox genes in murine palatogenesis. Gene Expr Patterns 2016; 21:111-8. [PMID: 27241892 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Members of the Sox gene family play critical roles in many biological processes including organogenesis. We carried out comparative in situ hybridisation analysis of seventeen Sox genes (Sox1-14, 17, 18 and 21) during murine palatogenesis from initiation to fusion of the palatal shelves above the dorsal side of the tongue. At palatal shelf initiation (E12.5), the localized expression of six Sox genes (Sox2, 5, 6, 9, 12 and 13) was observed in the shelves, whereas Sox4 and Sox11 showed ubiquitious expression. During the down-growth of palatal shelves (E13.5), Sox4, Sox5, and Sox9 exhibited restricted expression to the interior side of the palatal shelves facing the tongue. Following elevation of the palatal shelves (E14.5), Sox2, Sox11 and Sox21 expression was present in the midline epithelial seam. We thus identify dynamic spatio-temporal expression of Sox gene family during the process of palatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoko Watanabe
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan; Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Health Science, Niigata University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Katsushige Kawasaki
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan; Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Dental Institute, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London Bridge, London, SE1 9RT, UK; Oral Life Science, Research Center for Advanced Oral Science, Niigata University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Maiko Kawasaki
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan; Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Dental Institute, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London Bridge, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Thantrira Portaveetus
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Dental Institute, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London Bridge, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Shelly Oommen
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Dental Institute, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London Bridge, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - James Blackburn
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Dental Institute, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London Bridge, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Takahiro Nagai
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Health Science, Niigata University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kitamura
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Health Science, Niigata University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nishikawa
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Health Science, Niigata University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yasumitsu Kodama
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Health Science, Niigata University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ritsuo Takagi
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Health Science, Niigata University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takeyasu Maeda
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Paul T Sharpe
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Dental Institute, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London Bridge, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Atsushi Ohazama
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan; Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Dental Institute, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London Bridge, London, SE1 9RT, UK.
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Burg ML, Chai Y, Yao CA, Magee W, Figueiredo JC. Epidemiology, Etiology, and Treatment of Isolated Cleft Palate. Front Physiol 2016; 7:67. [PMID: 26973535 PMCID: PMC4771933 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Isolated cleft palate (CPO) is the rarest form of oral clefting. The incidence of CPO varies substantially by geography from 1.3 to 25.3 per 10,000 live births, with the highest rates in British Columbia, Canada and the lowest rates in Nigeria, Africa. Stratified by ethnicity/race, the highest rates of CPO are observed in non-Hispanic Whites and the lowest in Africans; nevertheless, rates of CPO are consistently higher in females compared to males. Approximately fifty percent of cases born with cleft palate occur as part of a known genetic syndrome or with another malformation (e.g., congenital heart defects) and the other half occur as solitary defects, referred to often as non-syndromic clefts. The etiology of CPO is multifactorial involving genetic and environmental risk factors. Several animal models have yielded insight into the molecular pathways responsible for proper closure of the palate, including the BMP, TGF-β, and SHH signaling pathways. In terms of environmental exposures, only maternal tobacco smoke has been found to be strongly associated with CPO. Some studies have suggested that maternal glucocorticoid exposure may also be important. Clearly, there is a need for larger epidemiologic studies to further investigate both genetic and environmental risk factors and gene-environment interactions. In terms of treatment, there is a need for long-term comprehensive care including surgical, dental and speech pathology. Overall, five main themes emerge as critical in advancing research: (1) monitoring of the occurrence of CPO (capacity building); (2) detailed phenotyping of the severity (biology); (3) understanding of the genetic and environmental risk factors (primary prevention); (4) access to early detection and multidisciplinary treatment (clinical services); and (5) understanding predictors of recurrence and possible interventions among families with a child with CPO (secondary prevention).
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine L Burg
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yang Chai
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Caroline A Yao
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Children's Hospital Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA, USA
| | - William Magee
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, USA; Division of Plastic and Maxillofacial Surgery, Children's Hospital Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jane C Figueiredo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Xu J, Liu H, Lan Y, Aronow BJ, Kalinichenko VV, Jiang R. A Shh-Foxf-Fgf18-Shh Molecular Circuit Regulating Palate Development. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005769. [PMID: 26745863 PMCID: PMC4712829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleft palate is among the most common birth defects in humans. Previous studies have shown that Shh signaling plays critical roles in palate development and regulates expression of several members of the forkhead-box (Fox) family transcription factors, including Foxf1 and Foxf2, in the facial primordia. Although cleft palate has been reported in mice deficient in Foxf2, whether Foxf2 plays an intrinsic role in and how Foxf2 regulates palate development remain to be elucidated. Using Cre/loxP-mediated tissue-specific gene inactivation in mice, we show that Foxf2 is required in the neural crest-derived palatal mesenchyme for normal palatogenesis. We found that Foxf2 mutant embryos exhibit altered patterns of expression of Shh, Ptch1, and Shox2 in the developing palatal shelves. Through RNA-seq analysis, we identified over 150 genes whose expression was significantly up- or down-regulated in the palatal mesenchyme in Foxf2-/- mutant embryos in comparison with control littermates. Whole mount in situ hybridization analysis revealed that the Foxf2 mutant embryos exhibit strikingly corresponding patterns of ectopic Fgf18 expression in the palatal mesenchyme and concomitant loss of Shh expression in the palatal epithelium in specific subdomains of the palatal shelves that correlate with where Foxf2, but not Foxf1, is expressed during normal palatogenesis. Furthermore, tissue specific inactivation of both Foxf1 and Foxf2 in the early neural crest cells resulted in ectopic activation of Fgf18 expression throughout the palatal mesenchyme and dramatic loss of Shh expression throughout the palatal epithelium. Addition of exogenous Fgf18 protein to cultured palatal explants inhibited Shh expression in the palatal epithelium. Together, these data reveal a novel Shh-Foxf-Fgf18-Shh circuit in the palate development molecular network, in which Foxf1 and Foxf2 regulate palatal shelf growth downstream of Shh signaling, at least in part, by repressing Fgf18 expression in the palatal mesenchyme to ensure maintenance of Shh expression in the palatal epithelium. Cleft lip and/or cleft palate (CL/P) are among the most common birth defects in humans, occurring at a frequency of about 1 in 500–2500 live births. The etiology and pathogenesis of CL/P are complex and poorly understood. Generation and analysis of mice carrying targeted null and conditional mutations in many genes have revealed that functional disruption of each of more than 100 genes could cause cleft palate. However, how these genes work together to regulate palate development is not well understood. In this study, we identify a novel molecular circuit consisting of two critical molecular pathways, the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling pathways, and the Forkhead family transcription factors Foxf1 and Foxf2, mediating reciprocal epithelial-mesenchymal signaling interactions that control palatogenesis. As mutations affecting each of multiple components of both the FGF and SHH signaling pathways have been associated with CL/P in humans, our results provide significant new insight into the mechanisms regulating palatogenesis and cleft palate pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyue Xu
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Han Liu
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yu Lan
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Bruce J. Aronow
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Vladimir V. Kalinichenko
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Rulang Jiang
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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A Comprehensive Study of Soft Palate Development in Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145018. [PMID: 26671681 PMCID: PMC4687642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleft palate is one of the most common congenital birth defects. Tremendous efforts have been made over the last decades towards understanding hard palate development. However, little is known about soft palate morphogenesis and myogenesis. Finding an appropriate surgical repair to restore physiological functions of the soft palate in patients with cleft palate is a major challenge for surgeons, and complete restoration is not always achievable. Here, we first analyzed the morphology, orientation and attachments of the four muscles of the murine soft palate and found that they are very similar to their counterparts in humans, validating the use of mus musculus as a model for future studies. Our data suggests that muscle differentiation extends from the lateral region to the midline following palatal fusion. We also detected an epithelial seam in the fusing soft palatal shelves, consistent with the process of fusion of the posterior palatal shelves, followed by degradation of the epithelial remnants. Innervation and vascularization are present mainly in the oral side of the soft palate, complementing the differentiated muscles. Cell lineage tracing using Wnt1-Cre;Zsgreenfl/fl mice indicated that all the tendons and mesenchyme embedding the soft palate muscles are neural crest-derived. We propose that the posterior attachment of the soft palate to the pharyngeal wall is an interface between the neural crest- and mesoderm-derived mesenchyme in the craniofacial region, and thus can serve as a potential model for the study of boundaries during development. Taken together, our study provides a comprehensive view of the development and morphology of the murine soft palate and serves as a reference for further molecular analyses.
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Abstract
Palatogenesis involves the initiation, growth, morphogenesis, and fusion of the primary and secondary palatal shelves from initially separate facial prominences during embryogenesis to form the intact palate separating the oral cavity from the nostrils. The palatal shelves consist mainly of cranial neural crest-derived mesenchymal cells covered by a simple embryonic epithelium. The growth and patterning of the palatal shelves are controlled by reciprocal epithelial-mesenchymal interactions regulated by multiple signaling pathways and transcription factors. During palatal shelf outgrowth, the embryonic epithelium develops a "teflon" coat consisting of a single, continuous layer of periderm cells that prevents the facial prominences and palatal shelves from forming aberrant interepithelial adhesions. Palatal fusion involves not only spatiotemporally regulated disruption of the periderm but also dynamic cellular and molecular processes that result in adhesion and intercalation of the palatal medial edge epithelia to form an intershelf epithelial seam, and subsequent dissolution of the epithelial seam to form the intact roof of the oral cavity. The complexity of regulation of these morphogenetic processes is reflected by the common occurrence of cleft palate in humans. This review will summarize major recent advances and discuss major remaining gaps in the understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling palatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lan
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; Division of Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
| | - Jingyue Xu
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Rulang Jiang
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA; Division of Plastic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
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36
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Danescu A, Mattson M, Dool C, Diewert VM, Richman JM. Analysis of human soft palate morphogenesis supports regional regulation of palatal fusion. J Anat 2015; 227:474-86. [PMID: 26299693 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
It is essential to complete palate closure at the correct time during fetal development, otherwise a serious malformation, cleft palate, will ensue. The steps in palate formation in humans take place between the 7th and 12th week and consist of outgrowth of palatal shelves from the paired maxillary prominences, reorientation of the shelves from vertical to horizontal, apposition of the medial surfaces, formation of a bilayered seam, degradation of the seam and bridging of mesenchyme. However, in the soft palate, the mechanism of closure is unclear. In previous studies it is possible to find support for both fusion and the alternative mechanism of merging. Here we densely sample the late embryonic-early fetal period between 54 and 74 days post-conception to determine the timing and mechanism of soft palate closure. We found the epithelial seam extends throughout the soft palates of 57-day specimens. Cytokeratin antibody staining detected the medial edge epithelium and distinguished clearly that cells in the midline retained their epithelial character. Compared with the hard palate, the epithelium is more rapidly degraded in the soft palate and only persists in the most posterior regions at 64 days. Our results are consistent with the soft palate following a developmentally more rapid program of fusion than the hard palate. Importantly, the two regions of the palate appear to be independently regulated and have their own internal clocks regulating the timing of seam removal. Considering data from human genetic and mouse studies, distinct anterior-posterior signaling mechanisms are likely to be at play in the human fetal palate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Danescu
- Faculty of Dentistry, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Melanie Mattson
- Faculty of Dentistry, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Carly Dool
- Faculty of Dentistry, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Virginia M Diewert
- Faculty of Dentistry, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Joy M Richman
- Faculty of Dentistry, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Jia Z, Leslie EJ, Cooper ME, Butali A, Standley J, Rigdon J, Suzuki S, Gongorjav A, Shonkhuuz TE, Natsume N, Shi B, Marazita ML, Murray JC. Replication of 13q31.1 association in nonsyndromic cleft lip with cleft palate in Europeans. Am J Med Genet A 2015; 167A:1054-1060. [PMID: 25786657 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Genome wide association (GWA) studies have successfully identified at least a dozen loci associated with orofacial clefts. However, these signals may be unique to specific populations and require replication to validate and extend findings as a prelude to etiologic SNP discovery. We attempted to replicate the findings of a recent meta-analysis of orofacial cleft GWA studies using four different ancestral populations. We studied 946 pedigrees (3,436 persons) of European (US white and Danish) and Asian (Japanese and Mongolian) origin. We genotyped six SNPs that represented the most significant P-value associations identified in published studies: rs742071 (1p36), rs7590268 (2p21), rs7632427 (3p11.1), rs12543318 (8q21.3), rs8001641 (13q31.1), and rs7179658 (15q22.2). We directly sequenced three non-coding conserved regions 200 kb downstream of SPRY2 in 713 cases, 438 controls, and 485 trios from the US, Mongolia, and the Philippines. We found rs8001641 to be significantly associated with nonsyndromic cleft lip with cleft palate (NSCLP) in Europeans (P-value = 4 × 10(-5), ORtransmission = 1.86 with 95% confidence interval: 1.38-2.52). We also found several novel sequence variants in the conserved regions in Asian and European samples, which may help to localize common variants contributing directly to the risk for NSCLP. This study confirms the prior association between rs8001641 and NSCLP in European populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonglin Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Department of Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Elizabeth J Leslie
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Margaret E Cooper
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Azeez Butali
- Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology, and Medicine, College of Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | | | - Jennifer Rigdon
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Satoshi Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Division of Research and Treatment for Oral and Maxillofacial Congenital Anomalies, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Japan
| | - Ayana Gongorjav
- National Center for Maternal and Child Health, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | | | - Nagato Natsume
- Division of Research and Treatment for Oral and Maxillofacial Congenital Anomalies, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Japan
| | - Bing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mary L Marazita
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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