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Feige S, Peter S, Weickmann J, Michaelis A, Gebauer RA, Weidenbach M, Dähnert I, Münch D, Poschart M, Wüstenfeld J, Paech C. Physiologic response to distance diving in healthy children and young adults. Front Sports Act Living 2025; 7:1515674. [PMID: 40225203 PMCID: PMC11985755 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2025.1515674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2025] [Indexed: 04/15/2025] Open
Abstract
Introduction Diving and fin swimming are well established sports, including competitive sports, but little is known about the short-term adaptation of physiological parameters in Children and Adults during submersed dynamic apnea near the individual maximum. The current study provides data on the physiological adaptation of Children and young Adults to dynamic apnea diving in real-life conditions. Methods This study provides data from 11 healthy elite fin swimmers (<30 years), including transcutaneous oxygen saturation and heart rate performing various diving protocols. Conclusion The results suggest that apnea duration primarily affects oxygen saturation, while dive speed influences cardiovascular workload. Oxygen levels often decline post-dive, indicating a delayed oxygen debt requiring recovery. Future research should explore broader demographics, including recreational divers and medically restricted populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasika Feige
- Department for Pediatric Cardiology, University of Leipzig - Heart Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sophie Peter
- Department for Pediatric Cardiology, University of Leipzig - Heart Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johannes Weickmann
- Department for Pediatric Cardiology, University of Leipzig - Heart Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anna Michaelis
- Department for Pediatric Cardiology, University of Leipzig - Heart Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Roman Antonin Gebauer
- Department for Pediatric Cardiology, University of Leipzig - Heart Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Weidenbach
- Department for Pediatric Cardiology, University of Leipzig - Heart Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ingo Dähnert
- Department for Pediatric Cardiology, University of Leipzig - Heart Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - David Münch
- Head Office Finswimming, Landestauchsportverband Sachsen e.V., Leipzig, Germany
| | - Max Poschart
- Finswimming Department, SC DHfK Leipzig e.V., Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Wüstenfeld
- Department of Sports Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Sports Medicine, Institute for Applied Training Science (Institut für Angewandte Trainingswissenschaft (IAT)), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christian Paech
- Department for Pediatric Cardiology, University of Leipzig - Heart Center, Leipzig, Germany
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2
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Elia A, Lemaître F. The application of breath-holding in sports: physiological effects, challenges, and future directions. Eur J Appl Physiol 2025:10.1007/s00421-025-05752-y. [PMID: 40126615 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-025-05752-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2025] [Indexed: 03/26/2025]
Abstract
Repeated breath-holding has been shown to elicit transient increases in haemoglobin and erythropoietin concentrations, while long-term engagement in breath-hold-related activities has been linked with improved hypercapnic tolerance, mental resilience, and favourable cardiorespiratory, cerebrovascular, and skeletal muscle adaptations. Given these findings, breath-holding was proffered as a possible performance optimisation strategy a little over a decade ago. This prompted practitioners and researchers to explore its broader application either as a priming strategy completed immediately before an endurance activity or as an alternative hypoxic-hypercapnic training method. Therefore, this review aims to offer an update of the acute and long-term physiological responses to breath-holding that are relevant to athletic performance and provide an overview of the existing body of knowledge surrounding its potential utility and efficacy as a performance enhancement strategy. Current evidence suggests that breath-holding may have potential as a priming strategy; however, further placebo-controlled studies are required to rigorously evaluate its efficacy. Additionally, it is evident that developing an effective protocol and administering it successfully is more complex than initially thought. Key factors such as the characteristics of the prescribed protocol, the timing of the intervention relative to the event, and the nature of the existing warm-up routine all require careful consideration. This highlights the need for adaptable, context-specific approaches when integrating breath-holding into real-world sporting environments. Finally, while dynamic breath-hold training shows the greatest potency as a performance optimisation strategy, further research is necessary to determine the optimal training protocol (i.e., hypoxaemic-hypercapnic dose), and duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonis Elia
- Division of Environmental Physiology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Berzelius väg 13, Solna, 171 65, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Frédéric Lemaître
- DevAH UR n°3450, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Lorraine, Nancy, France
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3
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Zhou M, Dong S, Wang J, Luo X, Li R, Zhang Y, Ding H, Tan X, Qiao Z, Yang K, Chen W. Differential expression of HIF-1α and its hypoxia-related inducers in the spleens of plateau yaks and plain yellow cattle. Histol Histopathol 2025; 40:225-235. [PMID: 38864176 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
The present study aims to investigate the distribution and expression characteristics of HIF-1α, VEGF, VEGFR-2, VCAM-1, and IL-4 in the spleen of plateau yaks and plain yellow cattle and to speculate the possible regulatory role of HIF-1α and its related hypoxia-inducible factors in the adaptation of the yak spleen to the plateau hypoxic environment. Histological features were observed using H&E and PAS stains. Immunohistochemical staining and optical density analysis were applied to investigate the distribution and differences in the expression of HIF-1α, VEGF, VEGFR-2, VCAM-1, and IL-4 in the spleen of yaks and cattle. The results showed that the area of splenic trabeculae and splenic nodules was significantly larger in the yak than in yellow cattle (P<0.05). Glycogen was mainly distributed in splenic arterial endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, splenic blood sinusoidal endothelial cells, and fibroblasts, and the distribution was significantly higher in the spleen of yaks than in cattle (P<0.05). HIF-1α, VEGF, VEGFR-2, VCAM-1, and IL-4 were mainly expressed in lymphocytes, arterial endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, splenic blood sinusoidal endothelial cells, and fibroblast cytoplasm, with higher expression in yak spleen (P<0.05). In conclusion, combining the differences in spleen tissue structure, glycogen distribution, and expression distribution of several hypoxia-related factors between yaks and cattle, we suggest that HIF-1α, VEGF, VEGFR-2, VCAM-1, and IL-4 may be important factors in the adaptation of yak spleen to the plateau environment, which provides a theoretical basis for further exploring the adaptation mechanism of plateau hypoxia in yaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manlin Zhou
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lan Zhou, Gansu, China
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lan Zhou, Gansu, China
- Engineering Research Center of Key Technology and Industrialization of Cell-based Vaccine, Ministry of Education, Lan Zhou, Gansu, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lan Zhou, Gansu, China
| | - Shihui Dong
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lan Zhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lan Zhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xuehui Luo
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lan Zhou, Gansu, China
| | - Rui Li
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lan Zhou, Gansu, China
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lan Zhou, Gansu, China
- Engineering Research Center of Key Technology and Industrialization of Cell-based Vaccine, Ministry of Education, Lan Zhou, Gansu, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lan Zhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yiyang Zhang
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lan Zhou, Gansu, China
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lan Zhou, Gansu, China
- Engineering Research Center of Key Technology and Industrialization of Cell-based Vaccine, Ministry of Education, Lan Zhou, Gansu, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lan Zhou, Gansu, China
| | - Haie Ding
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lan Zhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiao Tan
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lan Zhou, Gansu, China
| | - Zilin Qiao
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lan Zhou, Gansu, China
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lan Zhou, Gansu, China
- Engineering Research Center of Key Technology and Industrialization of Cell-based Vaccine, Ministry of Education, Lan Zhou, Gansu, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lan Zhou, Gansu, China
| | - Kun Yang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lan Zhou, Gansu, China
- Engineering Research Center of Key Technology and Industrialization of Cell-based Vaccine, Ministry of Education, Lan Zhou, Gansu, China
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lan Zhou, Gansu, China
- Gansu Tech Innovation Center of Animal Cell, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lan Zhou, Gansu, China.
| | - Weiji Chen
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lan Zhou, Gansu, China
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4
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Pernett F, Schagatay E, Holmström P. Sex-based variations in breath-holding: oxygen storage and diving response among non-divers. Front Physiol 2025; 15:1515232. [PMID: 39872417 PMCID: PMC11769997 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1515232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2024] [Accepted: 12/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2025] Open
Abstract
Breath-hold diving performances are typically better in men than in women. However, it is still being determined if there are differences in the physiological responses to breath-holding between the sexes. We conducted a study comparing the maximum breath-hold duration, heart rate (HR) reduction, peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2), and spleen volume and contraction in 37 men and 44 women, all of whom had no prior breath-holding experience. They performed two dry apneas separated by 2 min; the first was limited to 60 s, followed by a maximal effort apnea. HR and SpO2 were measured continuously. Spleen diameters were measured via ultrasonography before and immediately following each apnea. The maximal apneic duration was longer in men (78 ± 19 s) compared with women (61 ± 18 s, p < 0.001), while the HR reduction was similar (women: 16% ± 19% versus men: 16% ± 17%, p = 0.973). The absolute splenic contraction was greater in men (59 ± 56 mL) compared with women (35 ± 28 mL, p < 0.001) in the first apnea, while the relative contraction was similar (women: 21% ± 17% versus men: 23% ± 13%, p = 0.528). In addition, the lowest SpO2 during the maximal apnea was similar between sexes (women: 93.3% ± 4.4%; men: 91.9% ± 4.3%, p = 0.161). We conclude that men have larger spleen size and contraction, lung size, and maximal apneic duration than women. The cardiovascular diving response is similar between sexes for those inexperienced with apneic diving. The longer breath-hold duration in men may be partly due to greater oxygen storage capacity, which results from larger vital capacity and greater spleen size and contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Pernett
- Department of Health Sciences, Environmental Physiology Group, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Erika Schagatay
- Department of Health Sciences, Environmental Physiology Group, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
- Department of Health Sciences, Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Pontus Holmström
- Department of Health Sciences, Environmental Physiology Group, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
- Department of Health Sciences, Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
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5
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Sotiridis A, Makris A, Koskolou M, Geladas ND. On the mechanisms of stress-induced human spleen contraction: training for a higher blood oxygen-carrying capacity. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:3477-3493. [PMID: 39207549 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05589-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Despite its comparatively limited size in humans, spleen has been shown able to expel red-blood cells in the circulation and thus augment blood oxygen-carrying capacity under certain physiologic conditions. In the present state-of-the-art review, the short- and long-term regulation of spleen volume will be discussed. With regards to the physiological mechanism underlying spleen contraction, sympathetic activation stands as the prime contributor to the response. A dose-dependent relationship between specific interventions of apnea, exercise and hypoxia (imposed separately or in combination) and spleen contraction alleges to the trainability of the spleen organ. The trainability of the spleen is further substantiated by virtue of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies reporting robust increases in both organ volume at rest and subsequent spleen contraction. Alternative ways to assess the relationship between hematologic gains and the magnitude of spleen contraction (i.e., the reduction of spleen volume) will be presented herein. In extension of changes in the conventional measures of hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit, assessment of hemoglobin mass and total blood volume using the (safe, low-cost and time-efficient) CO-rebreathing technique could deepen scientific knowledge on the efficiency of human spleen contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Sotiridis
- Section of Sports Medicine and Biology of Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
- Department of Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Anastasios Makris
- Section of Sports Medicine and Biology of Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Koskolou
- Section of Sports Medicine and Biology of Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nickos D Geladas
- Section of Sports Medicine and Biology of Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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6
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Siebenmann C, Roche J, Schlittler M, Simpson LL, Stembridge M. Regulation of haemoglobin concentration at high altitude. J Physiol 2024; 602:5587-5600. [PMID: 38051656 DOI: 10.1113/jp284578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lowlanders sojourning for more than 1 day at high altitude (HA) experience a reduction in plasma volume (PV) that increases haemoglobin concentration and thus restores arterial oxygen content. If the sojourn extends over weeks, an expansion of total red cell volume (RCV) occurs and contributes to the haemoconcentration. While the reduction in PV was classically attributed to an increased diuretic fluid loss, recent studies support fluid redistribution, rather than loss, as the underlying mechanism. The fluid redistribution is presumably driven by a disappearance of proteins from the circulation and the resulting reduction in oncotic pressure exerted by the plasma, although the fate of the disappearing proteins remains unclear. The RCV expansion is the result of an accelerated erythropoietic activity secondary to enhanced renal erythropoietin release, but a contribution of other mechanisms cannot be excluded. After return from HA, intravascular volumes return to normal values and the normalisation of RCV might involve selective destruction of newly formed erythrocytes, although this explanation has been strongly challenged by recent studies. In contrast to acclimatised lowlanders, native highlanders originating from the Tibetan and the Ethiopian plateaus present with a normal or only mildly elevated haemoglobin concentration. Genetic adaptations blunting the erythropoietic response to HA exposure have been proposed as an explanation for the absence of more pronounced haemoconcentration in these populations, but new evidence also supports a contribution of a larger than expected PV. The functional significance of the relatively low haemoglobin concentration in Tibetan and Ethiopian highlanders is incompletely understood and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johanna Roche
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, EURAC Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Maja Schlittler
- AO Research Institute Davos, Regenerative Orthopaedics Program, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Lydia L Simpson
- Department of Sport Science, Division of Performance Physiology and Prevention, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mike Stembridge
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
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7
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Burtscher J, Citherlet T, Camacho-Cardenosa A, Camacho-Cardenosa M, Raberin A, Krumm B, Hohenauer E, Egg M, Lichtblau M, Müller J, Rybnikova EA, Gatterer H, Debevec T, Baillieul S, Manferdelli G, Behrendt T, Schega L, Ehrenreich H, Millet GP, Gassmann M, Schwarzer C, Glazachev O, Girard O, Lalande S, Hamlin M, Samaja M, Hüfner K, Burtscher M, Panza G, Mallet RT. Mechanisms underlying the health benefits of intermittent hypoxia conditioning. J Physiol 2024; 602:5757-5783. [PMID: 37860950 DOI: 10.1113/jp285230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Intermittent hypoxia (IH) is commonly associated with pathological conditions, particularly obstructive sleep apnoea. However, IH is also increasingly used to enhance health and performance and is emerging as a potent non-pharmacological intervention against numerous diseases. Whether IH is detrimental or beneficial for health is largely determined by the intensity, duration, number and frequency of the hypoxic exposures and by the specific responses they engender. Adaptive responses to hypoxia protect from future hypoxic or ischaemic insults, improve cellular resilience and functions, and boost mental and physical performance. The cellular and systemic mechanisms producing these benefits are highly complex, and the failure of different components can shift long-term adaptation to maladaptation and the development of pathologies. Rather than discussing in detail the well-characterized individual responses and adaptations to IH, we here aim to summarize and integrate hypoxia-activated mechanisms into a holistic picture of the body's adaptive responses to hypoxia and specifically IH, and demonstrate how these mechanisms might be mobilized for their health benefits while minimizing the risks of hypoxia exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Burtscher
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tom Citherlet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alba Camacho-Cardenosa
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Science, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Marta Camacho-Cardenosa
- Clinical Management Unit of Endocrinology and Nutrition - GC17, Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antoine Raberin
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bastien Krumm
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Erich Hohenauer
- Rehabilitation and Exercise Science Laboratory (RES lab), Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Landquart, Switzerland
- International University of Applied Sciences THIM, Landquart, Switzerland
- Department of Neurosciences and Movement Science, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Margit Egg
- Institute of Zoology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mona Lichtblau
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julian Müller
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elena A Rybnikova
- Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Hannes Gatterer
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
- Institute for Sports Medicine, Alpine Medicine and Health Tourism (ISAG), UMIT TIROL-Private University for Health Sciences and Health Technology, Hall in Tirol, Austria
| | - Tadej Debevec
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Automatics, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sebastien Baillieul
- Service Universitaire de Pneumologie Physiologie, University of Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Tom Behrendt
- Chair Health and Physical Activity, Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Schega
- Chair Health and Physical Activity, Department of Sport Science, Institute III, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, University Medical Center and Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Max Gassmann
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (UPCH), Lima, Peru
| | - Christoph Schwarzer
- Institute of Pharmacology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Oleg Glazachev
- Department of Normal Physiology, N.V. Sklifosovsky Institute of Clinical Medicine, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sophie Lalande
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Michael Hamlin
- Department of Tourism, Sport and Society, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Michele Samaja
- Department of Health Science, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Katharina Hüfner
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, Psychosomatics and Medical Psychology, University Hospital for Psychiatry II, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gino Panza
- The Department of Health Care Sciences, Program of Occupational Therapy, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
- John D. Dingell VA Medical Center Detroit, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Robert T Mallet
- Department of Physiology & Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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8
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Lindblom H, Pernett F, Schagatay E, Holmström P. Effect of exercise intensity and apnea on splenic contraction and hemoglobin increase in well-trained cross-country skiers. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:2057-2067. [PMID: 38393417 PMCID: PMC11199288 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05428-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The human spleen acts as a reservoir for red blood cells, which is mobilized into the systemic circulation during various conditions such as hypoxia and physical exertion. Cross-country (XC) skiers, renowned for their exceptional aerobic capacity, are regularly exposed to high-intensity exercise and local oxygen deficits. We investigated a putative dose-dependent relationship between splenic contraction and concomitant hemoglobin concentration ([Hb]) elevation across four exercise intensities in well-trained XC skiers. Fourteen male XC skiers voluntarily participated in a 2-day protocol, encompassing a serial apnea test and a V ˙ O2max test (day 1), followed by three submaximal exercise intensities on a roller skiing treadmill corresponding to 55, 70, and 85% of V ˙ O2max (day 2). Spleen volume was measured via ultrasonic imaging, and venous blood samples were used to determine [Hb] levels. Baseline spleen volume was similar (266(35) mL) for all conditions (NS). Notably, all conditions induced significant splenic contractions and transient [Hb] elevations. The V ˙ O2max test exhibited the most pronounced splenic contraction (35.8%, p < 0.001) and a [Hb] increase of 8.1%, while the 85% exercise intensity led to 27.1% contraction and the greatest [Hb] increase (8.3%, < 0.001) compared to baseline. The apnea test induced relatively smaller responses (splenic contraction: 20.4%, [Hb] = 3.3%, p < 0.001), akin to the response observed at the 70% exercise intensity (splenic contraction = 23%, [Hb] = 6.4%, p < 0,001) and 55% (splenic contraction = 20.0%, [Hb] = 4.8%, p < 0.001). This study shows a discernible dose-dependent relationship between splenic contraction and [Hb] increase with levels of exercise, effectively distinguishing between submaximal and maximal exercise intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hampus Lindblom
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Frank Pernett
- Environmental Physiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Erika Schagatay
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
- Environmental Physiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Pontus Holmström
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden.
- Environmental Physiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden.
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9
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Yang WP, Li MQ, Ding J, Li JY, Wu G, Liu B, Gao YQ, Wang GH, Luo QQ. High-altitude hypoxia exposure inhibits erythrophagocytosis by inducing macrophage ferroptosis in the spleen. eLife 2024; 12:RP87496. [PMID: 38629942 PMCID: PMC11023697 DOI: 10.7554/elife.87496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
High-altitude polycythemia (HAPC) affects individuals living at high altitudes, characterized by increased red blood cells (RBCs) production in response to hypoxic conditions. The exact mechanisms behind HAPC are not fully understood. We utilized a mouse model exposed to hypobaric hypoxia (HH), replicating the environmental conditions experienced at 6000 m above sea level, coupled with in vitro analysis of primary splenic macrophages under 1% O2 to investigate these mechanisms. Our findings indicate that HH significantly boosts erythropoiesis, leading to erythrocytosis and splenic changes, including initial contraction to splenomegaly over 14 days. A notable decrease in red pulp macrophages (RPMs) in the spleen, essential for RBCs processing, was observed, correlating with increased iron release and signs of ferroptosis. Prolonged exposure to hypoxia further exacerbated these effects, mirrored in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Single-cell sequencing showed a marked reduction in macrophage populations, affecting the spleen's ability to clear RBCs and contributing to splenomegaly. Our findings suggest splenic ferroptosis contributes to decreased RPMs, affecting erythrophagocytosis and potentially fostering continuous RBCs production in HAPC. These insights could guide the development of targeted therapies for HAPC, emphasizing the importance of splenic macrophages in disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-ping Yang
- Department of Physiology and Hypoxic Biomedicine, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Mei-qi Li
- Department of Physiology and Hypoxic Biomedicine, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Jie Ding
- Department of Physiology and Hypoxic Biomedicine, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Jia-yan Li
- Department of Physiology and Hypoxic Biomedicine, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Gang Wu
- College of High-Altitude Military Medicine, Institute of Medicine and Hygienic Equipment for High Altitude Region, Army Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine and High-Altitude Medicine, Ministry of Education of ChinaChongqingChina
| | - Bao Liu
- College of High-Altitude Military Medicine, Institute of Medicine and Hygienic Equipment for High Altitude Region, Army Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine and High-Altitude Medicine, Ministry of Education of ChinaChongqingChina
| | - Yu-qi Gao
- College of High-Altitude Military Medicine, Institute of Medicine and Hygienic Equipment for High Altitude Region, Army Medical UniversityChongqingChina
- Key Laboratory of Extreme Environmental Medicine and High-Altitude Medicine, Ministry of Education of ChinaChongqingChina
| | - Guo-hua Wang
- Department of Physiology and Hypoxic Biomedicine, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong UniversityNantongChina
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Qian-qian Luo
- Department of Physiology and Hypoxic Biomedicine, Institute of Special Environmental Medicine and Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong UniversityNantongChina
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10
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Daria C, Lancaster G, Murphy AJ, Henderson LA, Dawood T, Macefield VG. Relationship between muscle sympathetic nerve activity and rapid increases in circulating leukocytes during experimental muscle pain. Clin Auton Res 2024; 34:227-231. [PMID: 38227276 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-023-01012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Daria
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Cardiometabolic Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Graeme Lancaster
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Cardiometabolic Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Cardiometabolic Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Luke A Henderson
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tye Dawood
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Cardiometabolic Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Vaughan G Macefield
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Cardiometabolic Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Neuroscience, Monash University Central Clinical School, Level 6, 99 Commercial Road, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia.
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11
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Persson G, Lodin-Sundström A, Linér MH, Andersson SHA, Sjögreen B, Andersson JPA. Splenic contraction and cardiovascular responses are augmented during apnea compared to rebreathing in humans. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1109958. [PMID: 36960158 PMCID: PMC10028099 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1109958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The spleen contracts during apnea, releasing stored erythrocytes, thereby increasing systemic hemoglobin concentration (Hb). We compared apnea and rebreathing periods, of equal sub-maximal duration (mean 137 s; SD 30), in eighteen subjects to evaluate whether respiratory arrest or hypoxic and hypercapnic chemoreceptor stimulation is the primary elicitor of splenic contraction and cardiovascular responses during apnea. Spleen volume, Hb, cardiovascular variables, arterial (SaO2), cerebral (ScO2), and deltoid muscle oxygen saturations (SmO2) were recorded during the trials and end-tidal partial pressure of oxygen (PETO2) and carbon dioxide (PETCO2) were measured before and after maneuvers. The spleen volume was smaller after apnea, 213 (89) mL, than after rebreathing, 239 (95) mL, corresponding to relative reductions from control by 20.8 (17.8) % and 11.6 (8.0) %, respectively. The Hb increased 2.4 (2.0) % during apnea, while there was no significant change with rebreathing. The cardiovascular responses, including bradycardia, decrease in cardiac output, and increase in total peripheral resistance, were augmented during apnea compared to during rebreathing. The PETO2 was higher, and the PETCO2 was lower, after apnea compared to after rebreathing. The ScO2 was maintained during maneuvers. The SaO2 decreased 3.8 (3.1) % during apnea, and even more, 5.4 (4.4) %, during rebreathing, while the SmO2 decreased less during rebreathing, 2.2 (2.8) %, than during apnea, 8.3 (6.2) %. We conclude that respiratory arrest per se is an important stimulus for splenic contraction and Hb increase during apnea, as well as an important initiating factor for the apnea-associated cardiovascular responses and their oxygen-conserving effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Persson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Gustav Persson, ; Johan P. A. Andersson,
| | - Angelica Lodin-Sundström
- Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mats H. Linér
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Samuel H. A. Andersson
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Johan P. A. Andersson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Gustav Persson, ; Johan P. A. Andersson,
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12
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Holmström P, Pernett F, Schagatay E. Test-retest reliability of splenic volume assessment by ultrasonography. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18976. [PMID: 36347952 PMCID: PMC9643442 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23384-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
While MRI and CT are the gold standards for assessments of splenic size in clinical settings, ultrasonography is particularly suited due to its portability, cost efficiency and easy utilization. However, ultrasonography is associated with subjective assessment, potentially resulting in increased variation. We used a test-retest design aiming to determine the reliability of splenic measurements assessed by ultrasonography during apnea. In addition, we compared reliability between different equations for volume calculations: Koga, Prolate ellipsoid and Pilström. Twelve healthy participants (6 women) performed two tests separated by 15 min, comprising a maximal voluntary apnea in a seated position. Splenic dimensions were measured via ultrasonography for 5 min before and immediately following apnea. Resting splenic volume displayed high test-retest reliability between tests (Pilström: 157 ± 39 mL vs 156 ± 34 mL, p = .651, ICC = .970, p < .001, CV = 2.98 ± 0.1%; Prolate ellipsoid: 154 ± 37 mL vs 144 ± 43 mL, p = .122, ICC = .942, p < .001, CV = 5.47 ± 0.3%; Koga: 142 ± 37 mL vs 140 ± 59 mL, p = .845, ICC = .859, p < .001, CV = 9.72 ± 1.4%). Apnea-induced volumes displayed similar reliability (127 ± 29 mL vs 129 ± 28 mL, p = .359, ICC = .967, p < .001, CV = 3.14 ± 3.1%). Reliability was also high between equations (Pilström vs Prolate ellipsoid: ICC = .818, p < .001, CV = 7.33 ± 0.3%, bias = - 3.1 mL, LoA = - 46.9 to 40.7 mL; Pilström vs Koga: ICC = .618, p < .01, CV = 11.83 ± 1.1%, bias = - 14.8 mL, LoA = - 76.9 to 47.3 mL). We conclude that splenic ultrasonographic measurements have practical applications during laboratory and field-based research as a reliable method detecting splenic volume change consistently between repeated tests. The Pilström equation displayed similar reliability compared to the prolate ellipsoid formula and slightly higher compared to the Koga formula and may be particularly useful to account for individual differences in splenic dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pontus Holmström
- grid.29050.3e0000 0001 1530 0805Environmental Physiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Kunskapsgatan 4, 83140 Östersund, Sweden
| | - Frank Pernett
- grid.29050.3e0000 0001 1530 0805Environmental Physiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Kunskapsgatan 4, 83140 Östersund, Sweden
| | - Erika Schagatay
- grid.29050.3e0000 0001 1530 0805Environmental Physiology Group, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Kunskapsgatan 4, 83140 Östersund, Sweden ,grid.29050.3e0000 0001 1530 0805Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
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13
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Keeler JM, Hess HW, Tourula E, Baker TB, Kerr PM, Greenshields JT, Chapman RF, Johnson BD, Schlader ZJ. Increased spleen volume provoked by temperate head-out-of-water immersion. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2022; 323:R776-R786. [PMID: 36121146 PMCID: PMC9639762 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00111.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study tested the hypotheses that 1) spleen volume increases during head-out-of-water immersion (HOWI) and returns to pre-HOWI values postdiuresis, and 2) the magnitude of apnea-induced spleen contraction increases when preapnea spleen volume is elevated. Spleen volume was measured before and after a set of five apneas in 12 healthy adults (28 ± 5 yr, 3 females) before, during (at 30 and 150 min), and 20 min after temperate temperature (36 ± 1°C) HOWI. At each time point, spleen length, width, and thickness were measured via ultrasound, and spleen volume was calculated using the Pilström equation. Compared with pre-HOWI (276 ± 88 mL), spleen volume was elevated at 30 (353 ± 94 mL, P < 0.01) and 150 (322 ± 87 mL, P < 0.01) min of HOWI but returned to pre-HOWI volume at post-HOWI (281 ± 90 mL, P = 0.58). Spleen volume decreased from pre- to postapnea bouts at each time point (P < 0.01). The magnitude of reduction in spleen volume from pre- to postapneas was elevated at 30 min of HOWI (-69 ± 24 mL) compared with pre-HOWI (-52 ± 20 mL, P = 0.04) but did not differ from pre-HOWI at 150 min of HOWI (-54 ± 16 mL, P = 0.99) and post-HOWI (-50 ± 18 mL, P = 0.87). Thus, spleen volume is increased throughout 180 min of HOWI, and whereas apnea-induced spleen contraction is augmented after 30 min of HOWI, the magnitude of spleen contraction is unaffected by HOWI thereafter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Keeler
- H. H. Morris Human Performance Laboratories, Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Hayden W Hess
- H. H. Morris Human Performance Laboratories, Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Erica Tourula
- H. H. Morris Human Performance Laboratories, Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Tyler B Baker
- H. H. Morris Human Performance Laboratories, Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Payton M Kerr
- H. H. Morris Human Performance Laboratories, Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Joel T Greenshields
- H. H. Morris Human Performance Laboratories, Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Robert F Chapman
- H. H. Morris Human Performance Laboratories, Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Blair D Johnson
- H. H. Morris Human Performance Laboratories, Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Zachary J Schlader
- H. H. Morris Human Performance Laboratories, Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
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14
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Yang K, Wang WB, Yu ZH, Cui XL, Yu ZB, Jiang Y, Gou JF, Du MM. Eight weeks of dry dynamic breath-hold training results in larger spleen volume but does not increase haemoglobin concentration. Front Physiol 2022; 13:925539. [PMID: 36277212 PMCID: PMC9585269 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.925539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: It has previously been reported that repeated exposure to hypoxia increases spleen size and haemoglobin (HGB) level and recent reports on the effect apnoea has on spleen size and haematological parameters are contradictory. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the effect apnoea training has on spleen size and haematological parameters. Methods: The breath-holding (BH) group was comprised of 12 local student-athletes with no BH exercise experience who performed BH jogging and BH jumping rope dynamic apnoea protocols, five times weekly for 8 weeks. The BH event duration was progressively increased as the apnoea tolerance of the athletes improved (20 to 35 s). The same training task was performed by the control group (n = 10) without BH. Spleen sizes were measured with an ultrasound system and a complete blood cell analysis was performed on the median cubital venous blood. Results: Spleen volume in the BH group increased from 109 ± 13 ml to 136 ± 13 ml (p < 0.001), and bulky platelets decreased from 70.50 ± 5.83 to 65.17 ± 5.87 (p = 0.034), but no changes were recorded for erythrocytes (p = 0.914), HGB (p = 0.637), PLTs (p = 0.346) and WBC (p = 0.532). No changes were recorded for the control group regarding spleen size or haematological parameters. Conclusion: Eight weeks of dry dynamic apnoea training increased spleen size and decreased the number of circulating bulky platelets in the athletes who were assessed in this study. However, the baseline RBC counts and HGB levels of the athletes were not altered by the training programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yang
- School of Physical Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Wen-Bin Wang
- School of Physical Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Ze-Hua Yu
- Graduate School, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Lan Cui
- School of Physical Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhang-Biao Yu
- School of Physical Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhang-Biao Yu,
| | - Yi Jiang
- School of Physical Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Jin-Fei Gou
- School of Physical Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Meng-Meng Du
- School of Physical Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
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15
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Arce-Álvarez A, Salazar-Ardiles C, Cornejo C, Paez V, Vásquez-Muñoz M, Stillner-Vilches K, Jara CR, Ramirez-Campillo R, Izquierdo M, Andrade DC. Chemoreflex Control as the Cornerstone in Immersion Water Sports: Possible Role on Breath-Hold. Front Physiol 2022; 13:894921. [PMID: 35733994 PMCID: PMC9207453 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.894921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Immersion water sports involve long-term apneas; therefore, athletes must physiologically adapt to maintain muscle oxygenation, despite not performing pulmonary ventilation. Breath-holding (i.e., apnea) is common in water sports, and it involves a decrease and increases PaO2 and PaCO2, respectively, as the primary signals that trigger the end of apnea. The principal physiological O2 sensors are the carotid bodies, which are able to detect arterial gases and metabolic alterations before reaching the brain, which aids in adjusting the cardiorespiratory system. Moreover, the principal H+/CO2 sensor is the retrotrapezoid nucleus, which is located at the brainstem level; this mechanism contributes to detecting respiratory and metabolic acidosis. Although these sensors have been characterized in pathophysiological states, current evidence shows a possible role for these mechanisms as physiological sensors during voluntary apnea. Divers and swimmer athletes have been found to displayed longer apnea times than land sports athletes, as well as decreased peripheral O2 and central CO2 chemoreflex control. However, although chemosensitivity at rest could be decreased, we recently found marked sympathoexcitation during maximum voluntary apnea in young swimmers, which could activate the spleen (which is a reservoir organ for oxygenated blood). Therefore, it is possible that the chemoreflex, autonomic function, and storage/delivery oxygen organ(s) are linked to apnea in immersion water sports. In this review, we summarized the available evidence related to chemoreflex control in immersion water sports. Subsequently, we propose a possible physiological mechanistic model that could contribute to providing new avenues for understanding the respiratory physiology of water sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Arce-Álvarez
- Exercise Applied Physiology Laboratory, Centro de Investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura, Departamento Biomedico, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Católica Silva Henríquez, Santiago, Chile
- Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Camila Salazar-Ardiles
- Exercise Applied Physiology Laboratory, Centro de Investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura, Departamento Biomedico, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Carlos Cornejo
- Exercise Applied Physiology Laboratory, Centro de Investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura, Departamento Biomedico, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Valeria Paez
- Exercise Applied Physiology Laboratory, Centro de Investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura, Departamento Biomedico, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Manuel Vásquez-Muñoz
- Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
- Clínica Santa María, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Catherine R. Jara
- Exercise Applied Physiology Laboratory, Centro de Investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura, Departamento Biomedico, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Laboratory, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Navarrabiomed, Hospital Universitario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - David C. Andrade
- Exercise Applied Physiology Laboratory, Centro de Investigación en Fisiología y Medicina de Altura, Departamento Biomedico, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
- *Correspondence: David C. Andrade, ,
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16
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Hiraiwa H, Okumura T, Sawamura A, Araki T, Mizutani T, Kazama S, Kimura Y, Shibata N, Oishi H, Kuwayama T, Kondo T, Furusawa K, Morimoto R, Adachi T, Yamada S, Mutsuga M, Usui A, Murohara T. Relationship between spleen size and exercise tolerance in advanced heart failure patients with a left ventricular assist device. BMC Res Notes 2022; 15:40. [PMID: 35144676 PMCID: PMC8832641 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-022-05939-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Spleen volume increases in patients with advanced heart failure (HF) after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation. However, the relationship between spleen volume and exercise tolerance (peak oxygen consumption [VO2]) in these patients remains unknown. In this exploratory study, we enrolled 27 patients with HF using a LVAD (median age: 46 years). Patients underwent blood testing, echocardiography, right heart catheterization, computed tomography (CT), and cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Spleen size was measured using CT volumetry, and the correlations/causal relationships of factors affecting peak VO2 were identified using structural equation modeling. RESULTS The median spleen volume was 190.0 mL, and peak VO2 was 13.2 mL/kg/min. The factors affecting peak VO2 were peak heart rate (HR; β = 0.402, P = .015), pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP; β = - 0.698, P = .014), right ventricular stroke work index (β = 0.533, P = .001), blood hemoglobin concentration (β = 0.359, P = .007), and spleen volume (β = 0.215, P = .041). Spleen volume correlated with peak HR, PCWP, and hemoglobin concentration, reflecting sympathetic activity, cardiac preload, and oxygen-carrying capacity, respectively, and was thus related to peak VO2. These results suggest an association between spleen volume and exercise tolerance in advanced HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Hiraiwa
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Okumura
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Akinori Sawamura
- Department of Cardiology, Ichinomiya Municipal Hospital, 2-2-22 Bunkyo, Ichinomiya, 491-8558, Japan
| | - Takashi Araki
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takashi Mizutani
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shingo Kazama
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yuki Kimura
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Naoki Shibata
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Hideo Oishi
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tasuku Kuwayama
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Toru Kondo
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kenji Furusawa
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Ryota Morimoto
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Takuji Adachi
- Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-20 Daiko-minami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya, 461-8673, Japan
| | - Sumio Yamada
- Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-20 Daiko-minami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya, 461-8673, Japan
| | - Masato Mutsuga
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Akihiko Usui
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Murohara
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
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