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Speksnijder EM, Bisschop PH, Siegelaar SE, Stenvers DJ, Kalsbeek A. Circadian desynchrony and glucose metabolism. J Pineal Res 2024; 76:e12956. [PMID: 38695262 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
The circadian timing system controls glucose metabolism in a time-of-day dependent manner. In mammals, the circadian timing system consists of the main central clock in the bilateral suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the anterior hypothalamus and subordinate clocks in peripheral tissues. The oscillations produced by these different clocks with a period of approximately 24-h are generated by the transcriptional-translational feedback loops of a set of core clock genes. Glucose homeostasis is one of the daily rhythms controlled by this circadian timing system. The central pacemaker in the SCN controls glucose homeostasis through its neural projections to hypothalamic hubs that are in control of feeding behavior and energy metabolism. Using hormones such as adrenal glucocorticoids and melatonin and the autonomic nervous system, the SCN modulates critical processes such as glucose production and insulin sensitivity. Peripheral clocks in tissues, such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue serve to enhance and sustain these SCN signals. In the optimal situation all these clocks are synchronized and aligned with behavior and the environmental light/dark cycle. A negative impact on glucose metabolism becomes apparent when the internal timing system becomes disturbed, also known as circadian desynchrony or circadian misalignment. Circadian desynchrony may occur at several levels, as the mistiming of light exposure or sleep will especially affect the central clock, whereas mistiming of food intake or physical activity will especially involve the peripheral clocks. In this review, we will summarize the literature investigating the impact of circadian desynchrony on glucose metabolism and how it may result in the development of insulin resistance. In addition, we will discuss potential strategies aimed at reinstating circadian synchrony to improve insulin sensitivity and contribute to the prevention of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther M Speksnijder
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter H Bisschop
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah E Siegelaar
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Jan Stenvers
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Wallace DA, Qiu X, Schwartz J, Huang T, Scheer FAJL, Redline S, Sofer T. Light exposure during sleep is bidirectionally associated with irregular sleep timing: The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 344:123258. [PMID: 38159634 PMCID: PMC10947994 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to light at night (LAN) may influence sleep timing and regularity. Here, we test whether greater light exposure during sleep (LEDS) is bidirectionally associated with greater irregularity in sleep onset timing in a large cohort of older adults in cross-sectional and short-term longitudinal (days) analyses. Light exposure and activity patterns, measured via wrist-worn actigraphy (ActiWatch Spectrum), were analyzed in 1933 participants with 6+ valid days of data in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) Exam 5 Sleep Study. Summary measures of LEDS averaged across nights were evaluated in linear and logistic regression analyses to test the association with standard deviation (SD) in sleep onset timing (continuous variable) and irregular sleep onset timing (SD > 90 min, binary). Night-to-night associations between LEDS and absolute differences in nightly sleep onset timing were also evaluated with distributed lag non-linear models and mixed models. In between-individual linear and logistic models adjusted for demographic, health, and seasonal factors, every 5-lux unit increase in LEDS was associated with a 7.8-min increase in sleep onset SD (β = 0.13 h, 95%CI:0.09-0.17) and 32% greater odds (OR = 1.32, 95%CI:1.17-1.50) of irregular sleep onset. In within-individual night-to-night mixed model analyses, every 5-lux unit increase in LEDS the night prior was associated with a 2.2-min greater deviation of sleep onset the next night (β = 0.036 h, p < 0.05). Conversely, every 1-h increase in sleep deviation was associated with a 0.35-lux increase in future LEDS (β = 0.348 lux, p < 0.05). LEDS was associated with greater irregularity in sleep onset in between-individual analyses and subsequent deviation in sleep timing in within-individual analyses, supporting a role for LEDS in irregular sleep onset timing. Greater deviation in sleep onset was also associated with greater future LEDS, suggesting a bidirectional relationship. Maintaining a dark sleeping environment and preventing LEDS may promote sleep regularity and following a regular sleep schedule may limit LEDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle A Wallace
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston ,MA, USA.
| | - Xinye Qiu
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joel Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tianyi Huang
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital,Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frank A J L Scheer
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston ,MA, USA; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Susan Redline
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston ,MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tamar Sofer
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston ,MA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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Mathew GM, Nahmod NG, Master L, Reichenberger DA, Rosinger AY, Chang AM. Effects of a 1-hour per night week-long sleep extension in college students on cardiometabolic parameters, hydration status, and physical activity: A pilot study. Sleep Health 2024; 10:S130-S139. [PMID: 37996285 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2023.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Short sleep duration is associated with poor physical health in college students. Few studies examine the effects of sleep extension on physical health in this population, who are susceptible to sleep loss. We examined health effects of a 1-week, 1-hour nightly sleep extension in college students. METHODS Twelve healthy undergraduate college students (83% female; age 20.2 ± 1.5years) completed a study consisting of sleeping typically for 1week ("Habitual"), then extending sleep by ≥1 hour/night during the second week ("Extension"). Sleep and physical activity actigraphy were collected throughout. Following each week, participants completed cardiometabolic assessments including a meal response and provided a urine sample for markers of hydration. RESULTS In Extension compared to Habitual, average sleep duration increased (mean change±SEM, +42.6 ± 15.1 minutes; p = .005), while subjective sleepiness (-1.8 ± 0.8 units; p = .040), systolic blood pressure (-6.6 ± 2.8 mmHg; p = .037), postprandial glucose area under the curve (-26.5 ± 10.2 mg/dL × h; p = .025) and time to baseline (-83.0 ± 46.4 minutes; p = .031) after the meal response, sedentary time (-44.3 ± 15.7 minutes; p = .018), and percentage of wake in moderate-to-vigorous activity (-0.89% ± 0.35%; p = .030) decreased. Participants who increased average sleep duration by ≥20 minutes (n = 9) were better hydrated according to urine osmolality (-187.0 ± 68.4 mOsm/kg; p = .026) and specific gravity (-0.01 ± 0.002 g/mL; p = .012) and had reduced odds of dehydration according to urine osmolality (≥800 mOsm/kg; -67%; OR=0.03; p = .035). CONCLUSIONS This pilot study's findings suggest that sleep extension may improve cardiometabolic functioning and hydration, and alter sedentary behavior and physical activity, in college students. Sleep extension may be employed to improve multiple aspects of health in this sleep-deprived population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Marie Mathew
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, College of Health and Human Development, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Nicole G Nahmod
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, College of Health and Human Development, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lindsay Master
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, College of Health and Human Development, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David A Reichenberger
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, College of Health and Human Development, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Asher Y Rosinger
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, College of Health and Human Development, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Anthropology, College of Liberal Arts, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anne-Marie Chang
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, College of Health and Human Development, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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Broussard JL, Knud-Hansen BC, Grady S, Knauer OA, Ronda JM, Aeschbach D, Czeisler CA, Wright KP. Influence of circadian phase and extended wakefulness on glucose levels during forced desynchrony. Sleep Health 2024; 10:S96-S102. [PMID: 37996284 PMCID: PMC11031343 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2023.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Circadian misalignment and sleep deprivation often occur in tandem, and both negatively impact glucose homeostasis and metabolic health. The present study employed a forced desynchrony protocol to examine the influence of extended wakefulness and circadian misalignment on hourly glucose levels. METHODS Nine healthy adults (4F/5M; 26 ± 4years) completed a 31-day in-laboratory protocol. After three 24 hour baseline days with 8 hours scheduled sleep opportunities, participants were scheduled to 14 consecutive 42.85 hour sleep-wake cycles, with 28.57 hours extended wakefulness and 14.28 hours sleep opportunities each cycle. Blood was sampled hourly across the forced desynchrony and over 600 plasma samples per participant were analyzed for glucose levels. RESULTS Both hours into the 42.85 hours forced desynchrony day and circadian phase modulated glucose levels (p < .0001). Glucose peaked after each meal during scheduled wakefulness and decreased during scheduled sleep/fasting. Glucose levels were, on average, lowest during the biological daytime and rose throughout the biological night, peaking in the biological morning. When analyzed separately for scheduled sleep vs. wakefulness, the peak timing of the circadian rhythm in glucose was later during sleep (p < .05). Glucose area under the curve levels increased rapidly from the beginning of the forced desynchrony protocol and were highest on the second forced desynchrony day (p < .01), returning towards forced desynchrony day 1 levels thereafter. CONCLUSIONS These findings have important implications for understanding factors contributing to altered glucose metabolism during sleep loss and circadian misalignment, and for potential physiological adaptation of metabolism in healthy adults, who are increasingly exposed to such conditions in our society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane L Broussard
- Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA; Sleep and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
| | - Brent C Knud-Hansen
- Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA; Sleep and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Scott Grady
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Portland Diabetes and Endocrinology Center, PC, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Oliver A Knauer
- Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Joseph M Ronda
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel Aeschbach
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Sleep and Human Factors Research, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
| | - Charles A Czeisler
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Kenneth P Wright
- Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA; Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Duraccio KM, Kamhout S, Baron KG, Reutrakul S, Depner CM. Sleep extension and cardiometabolic health: what it is, possible mechanisms and real-world applications. J Physiol 2024. [PMID: 38268197 DOI: 10.1113/jp284911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Short sleep duration is associated with heightened cardiometabolic disease risk and has reached epidemic proportions among children, adolescents and adults. Potential mechanisms underlying this association are complex and multifaceted, including disturbances in circadian timing, food intake and appetitive hormones, brain regions linked to control of hedonic eating, physical activity, an altered microbiome and impaired insulin sensitivity. Sleep extension, or increasing total sleep duration, is an emerging and ecologically relevant intervention with significant potential to advance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the association between short sleep duration and the risk of cardiometabolic disease. If effective, sleep extension interventions have potential to improve cardiometabolic health across the lifespan. Existing data show that sleep extension is feasible and might have potential cardiometabolic health benefits, although there are limitations that the field must overcome. Notably, most existing studies are short term (2-8 weeks), use different sleep extension strategies, analyse a wide array of cardiometabolic health outcomes in different populations and, frequently, lack adequate statistical power, thus limiting robust scientific conclusions. Overcoming these limitations will require fully powered, randomized studies conducted in people with habitual short sleep duration and existing cardiometabolic risk factors. Additionally, randomized controlled trials comparing different sleep extension strategies are essential to determine the most effective interventions. Ongoing and future research should focus on elucidating the potential cardiometabolic health benefits of sleep extension. Such studies have high potential to generate crucial knowledge with potential to improve health and quality of life for those struggling with short sleep duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara M Duraccio
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Sarah Kamhout
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Kelly G Baron
- Division of Public Health, Department of Family and Preventative Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Sirimon Reutrakul
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Biobehavioral Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christopher M Depner
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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Wallace DA, Qiu X, Schwartz J, Huang T, Scheer FA, Redline S, Sofer T. Light exposure during sleep is associated with irregular sleep timing: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.10.11.23296889. [PMID: 37873226 PMCID: PMC10593018 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.11.23296889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Objective Exposure to light at night (LAN) may influence sleep timing and regularity. Here, we test whether greater light exposure during sleep (LEDS) associates with greater irregularity in sleep onset timing in a large cohort of older adults. Methods Light exposure and activity patterns, measured via wrist-worn actigraphy (ActiWatch Spectrum), were analyzed in 1,933 participants with 6+ valid days of data in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) Exam 5 Sleep Study. Summary measures of LEDS averaged across nights were evaluated in linear and logistic regression analyses to test the association with standard deviation (SD) in sleep onset timing (continuous variable) and irregular sleep onset timing (SD≥1.36 hours, binary). Night-to-night associations between LEDS and absolute differences in nightly sleep onset timing were also evaluated with distributed lag non-linear models and mixed models. Results In between-individual linear and logistic models adjusted for demographic, health, and seasonal factors, every 5-lux unit increase in LEDS was associated with an increase of 7.8 minutes in sleep onset SD (β=0.13 hours, 95%CI:0.09-0.17) and 40% greater odds (OR=1.40, 95%CI:1.24-1.60) of irregular sleep onset. In within-individual night-to-night mixed model analyses, every 5-lux unit increase in LEDS the night prior (lag0) was associated with a 2.2-minute greater deviation of sleep onset the next night (β=0.036 hours, p<0.05). Conversely, every 1-hour increase in sleep deviation (lag0) was associated with a 0.35-lux increase in future LEDS (β=0.347 lux, p<0.05). Conclusion LEDS was associated with greater irregularity in sleep onset in between-individual analyses and subsequent deviation in sleep timing in within-individual analyses, supporting a role for LEDS in exacerbating irregular sleep onset timing. Greater deviation in sleep onset was also associated with greater future LEDS, suggesting a bidirectional relationship. Maintaining a dark sleeping environment and preventing LEDS may promote sleep regularity and following a regular sleep schedule may limit LEDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle A Wallace
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston MA, USA
| | - Xinye Qiu
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joel Schwartz
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tianyi Huang
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital
| | - Frank A.J.L. Scheer
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston MA, USA
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Susan Redline
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Tamar Sofer
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
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Griggs S, Pignatiello G, Hickman RL. A composite measure of sleep health is associated with glycaemic target achievement in young adults with type 1 diabetes. J Sleep Res 2023; 32:e13784. [PMID: 36372966 PMCID: PMC10176021 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether sleep health (each individual dimension and a composite measure) was associated with better glycaemia among a cohort of young adults with type 1 diabetes (mean age 21.5 years, mean body mass index 24.55 kg m-2 ). Multiple validated self-report questionnaires were completed, and raw continuous glucose monitor data were shared. One self-reported sleep characteristic for each of the five sleep health dimensions was selected. A composite score was calculated by summing the number of "good" sleep health dimensions. We evaluated the associations between sleep health and glycaemia, and whether covariates, including age, type 1 diabetes duration and sleep apnea risk, influenced the relationships among the study variables using multivariable linear regression. Individual dimensions of sleep satisfaction (β = 0.380, p = 0.019; β = -0.414, p = 0.010), timing (β = 0.392, p = 0.015; β = -0.393, p = 0.015) and sleep efficiency (β = 0.428, p = 0.007) were associated with higher achievement of glycaemic targets (J-index and time in range); however, these associations did not persist after considering covariates. A better Sleep Health Composite score was associated with higher achievement of glycaemic targets even after considering covariates. Using a multidimensional framework can guide future research on causal pathways between sleep and diabetes health, interventions to target sleep health profiles, and may improve sleep screening in routine diabetes care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Griggs
- Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Grant Pignatiello
- Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ronald L Hickman
- Frances Payne Bolton School of Nursing, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Mazri FH, Manaf ZA, Shahar S, Mat Ludin AF, Karim NA. Improvement in chrono-nutrition is associated with robust weight loss outcomes: An extension of the feasibility study. Chronobiol Int 2023; 40:272-283. [PMID: 36803265 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2023.2165092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Previously we had demonstrated the development and feasibility of an integrated chrono-nutrition weight reduction program among non-shift workers with morning and evening chronotypes. In this current paper, we described the association between the changes in chrono-nutrition practice and weight loss outcomes upon completing the weight reduction program. A total of 91 overweight/obese non-shift workers participated in the 12-week integrated chrono-nutrition weight reduction program (Age: 39.6 ± 6.3 y; 74.7% women; BMI: 31.2 ± 4.5 kg/m2). All the assessments including anthropometry, dietary, sleep habits, physical activity, and process of change were measured during pre- and post-intervention. Participants who had lost ≥3% of their body weight were categorized as satisfactory weight loss outcome, and those who did not achieve 3% weight loss were categorized as unsatisfactory weight loss. The satisfactory weight loss had greater daily percent energy intake during earlier in the day from protein (Mean difference (MD): +3.2%, 95% CI: 1.6, 4.9, p < .001) and smaller intake from fat during later in the day (MD: -2.6%, 95% CI: -5.1, -0.1, p = .045), earlier last mealtime (MD: -49.5 min, 95% CI: -86.5, -12.6, p = .009) and midpoint of eating (MD: -27.3 min, 95% CI: -46.3, -8.2, p = .006), shorter eating window (-0.8 h, 95% CI: -1.4, -0.1, p = .031) and greater reduction in night eating syndrome score (MD: -2.4, 95% CI: -4.3, -0.5, p = .015) compared to unsatisfactory weight loss outcome. After accounting for potential confounders, the temporal pattern of energy, protein, and fat intake were associated with greater odds of achieving a satisfactory weight loss. The findings suggest a promising role of chrono-nutrition as one of the strategies in weight reduction intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- F H Mazri
- Dietetic Program and Centre for Healthy Aging and Wellness, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Z A Manaf
- Dietetic Program and Centre for Healthy Aging and Wellness, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - S Shahar
- Dietetic Program and Centre for Healthy Aging and Wellness, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - A F Mat Ludin
- Biomedical Science Program and Centre for Healthy Aging and Wellness, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - N A Karim
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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9
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Liu D, Zhang J, Chen J, Zhang C, Yi H, Liu D. Carrot-based fermentation juice rich in sleep-promoting components improved sleep in mice. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1043055. [PMID: 36523330 PMCID: PMC9745110 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1043055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of fermentation by Levilactobacillus brevis YSJ3 on sleep-promoting components (SPCs) of carrot juice was evaluated. The contents of acetic acid, isovaleric acid, butyric acid, and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) significantly increased after fermentation. The beneficial effects of fermented carrot juice (FCJ) on sleep were evaluated in animal experiments. Behavioral test reveal SPCs-enriched FCJ could effectively relieve anxiety. The sleep duration in the FCJ group were extended compared to the control (NC) group and the unfermented carrot juice (UCJ) group. Moreover, the relative abundances of Ruminiclostridium and Akkermansia in the FCJ group and PC group, respectively, increased significantly, compared to the NC group the UCJ group. The contents of gut short-chain fatty acids in the FCJ group were significantly higher than that in the NC group and the UCJ group. The levels of GABA and 5-hydroxytryptamine in the brain for the FCJ group also increased significantly, compared to the NC group and the UCJ group. It indicated that SPCs-enriched FCJ effectively improved sleep in mice, which might be related to the fermentation of carrot juice and the compounds produced during the fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiyao Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianming Zhang
- Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Juan Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huaxi Yi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Daqun Liu
- Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Malin SK, Remchak ME, Smith AJ, Ragland TJ, Heiston EM, Cheema U. Early chronotype with metabolic syndrome favours resting and exercise fat oxidation in relation to insulin-stimulated non-oxidative glucose disposal. Exp Physiol 2022; 107:1255-1264. [PMID: 36123314 PMCID: PMC9633545 DOI: 10.1113/ep090613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Chronotype reflects differences in circadian-mediated metabolic and hormonal profiles. But, does resting and/or exercise fuel use differ in early versus late chronotype as it relates to insulin sensitivity? What are the main finding and its importance? Early chronotypes with metabolic syndrome utilized more fat during rest and exercise independent of aerobic fitness when compared with late chronotypes. Early chronotypes were also more physically active throughout the day. Greater fat use was related to non-oxidative glucose disposal. These findings suggest that early chronotypes have differences in fuel selection that associate with type 2 diabetes risk. ABSTRACT Early chronotypes (ECs) are often insulin-sensitive, in part, due to physical activity behaviour. It is unclear, however, if chronotypes differ in resting and/or exercise fuel oxidation in relation to insulin action. Using the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ), adults with metabolic syndrome (ATP III criteria) were classified as EC (MEQ = 63.7 ± 0.9, n = 24 (19F), 54.2 ± 1.2 years) or late chronotype (LC; MEQ = 47.2 ± 1.4, n = 27 (23F), 55.3 ± 1.5 years). Carbohydrate (CHO) and fat oxidation (FOX, indirect calorimetry) were determined at rest, 55% and 85% V ̇ O 2 max ${\dot{V}}_{{{\rm{O}}}_{\rm{2}}{\rm{max}}}$ , along with heart rate and rating of perceived exertion. Physical activity patterns (accelerometers), body composition (DXA) and insulin sensitivity (clamp, 40 mU/m2 /min, 90 mg/dl) with an indirect calorimetry for non-oxidative glucose disposal (NOGD) were also determined. While demographics were similar, ECs had higher V ̇ O 2 max ${\dot{V}}_{{{\rm{O}}}_{\rm{2}}{\rm{max}}}$ (P = 0.02), NOGD (P < 0.001) and resting FOX (P = 0.02) than LCs. Both groups increased CHO reliance during exercise at 55% and 85% V ̇ O 2 max ${\dot{V}}_{{{\rm{O}}}_{\rm{2}}{\rm{max}}}$ (test effect, P < 0.01) from rest, although ECs used more fat (group effect, P < 0.01). ECs had lower sedentary behaviour and more physical activity during morning/midday (both, P < 0.05). FOX at 55% V ̇ O 2 max ${\dot{V}}_{{{\rm{O}}}_{\rm{2}}{\rm{max}}}$ correlated with V ̇ O 2 max ${\dot{V}}_{{{\rm{O}}}_{\rm{2}}{\rm{max}}}$ (r = 0.425, P = 0.004) whereas FOX at 85% V ̇ O 2 max ${\dot{V}}_{{{\rm{O}}}_{\rm{2}}{\rm{max}}}$ related to NOGD (r = 0.392, P = 0.022). ECs with metabolic syndrome used more fat in relation to insulin-stimulated NOGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven K. Malin
- Rutgers UniversityNew BrunswickNJUSA,University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA,Division of EndocrinologyMetabolism and NutritionRutgers UniversityNew BrunswickNJUSA,New Jersey Institute for FoodNutrition and HealthRutgers UniversityNew BrunswickNJUSA,Institute of Translational Medicine and ScienceRutgers UniversityNew BrunswickNJUSA
| | | | | | | | - Emily M. Heiston
- University of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVAUSA,Virginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVAUSA
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Zitting KM, Vetrivelan R, Yuan RK, Vujovic N, Wang W, Bandaru SS, Quan SF, Klerman EB, Scheer FAJL, Buxton OM, Williams JS, Duffy JF, Saper CB, Czeisler CA. Chronic circadian disruption on a high-fat diet impairs glucose tolerance. Metabolism 2022; 130:155158. [PMID: 35150732 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nearly 14% of Americans experience chronic circadian disruption due to shift work, increasing their risk of obesity, diabetes, and other cardiometabolic disorders. These disorders are also exacerbated by modern eating habits such as frequent snacking and consumption of high-fat foods. METHODS We investigated the effects of recurrent circadian disruption (RCD) on glucose metabolism in C57BL/6 mice and in human participants exposed to non-24-h light-dark (LD) schedules vs. those on standard 24-h LD schedules. These LD schedules were designed to induce circadian misalignment between behaviors including rest/activity and fasting/eating with the output of the near-24-h central circadian pacemaker, while minimizing sleep loss, and were maintained for 12 weeks in mice and 3 weeks in humans. We examined interactions of these circadian-disrupted schedules compared to control 24-h schedules with a lower-fat diet (LFD, 13% in mouse and 25-27% in humans) and high-fat diet (HFD, 45% in mouse and 45-50% in humans). We also used young vs. older mice to determine whether they would respond differently to RCD. RESULTS When combined with a HFD, we found that RCD caused significant weight gain in mice and increased body fat in humans, and significantly impaired glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in both mice and humans, but this did not occur when RCD was combined with a LFD. This effect was similar in both young and older mice. CONCLUSION These results in both humans and a model organism indicate that circadian disruption has an adverse effect on metabolism among individuals eating a high-fat Western-style diet, even in the absence of significant sleep loss, and suggest that reducing dietary fat may protect against the metabolic consequences of a lifestyle (such as shift work) that involves chronic circadian disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi-Marja Zitting
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ramalingam Vetrivelan
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurology, Program in Neuroscience and Division of Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Robin K Yuan
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nina Vujovic
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sathyajit S Bandaru
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurology, Program in Neuroscience and Division of Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Stuart F Quan
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elizabeth B Klerman
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Frank A J L Scheer
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Orfeu M Buxton
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biobehavioral Health, University Park PA 16802, USA
| | - Jonathan S Williams
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jeanne F Duffy
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Clifford B Saper
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Neurology, Program in Neuroscience and Division of Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Charles A Czeisler
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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