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Zhang S, Miao W, Liu Y, Jiang J, Chen S, Chen F, Guan Z. Jasmonate signaling drives defense responses against Alternaria alternata in chrysanthemum. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:553. [PMID: 37723458 PMCID: PMC10507968 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09671-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black spot disease caused by the necrotrophic fungus Alternaria spp. is one of the most devastating diseases affecting Chrysanthemum morifolium. There is currently no effective way to prevent chrysanthemum black spot. RESULTS We revealed that pre-treatment of chrysanthemum leaves with the methy jasmonate (MeJA) significantly reduces their susceptibility to Alternaria alternata. To understand how MeJA treatment induces resistance, we monitored the dynamics of metabolites and the transcriptome in leaves after MeJA treatment following A. alternata infection. JA signaling affected the resistance of plants to pathogens through cell wall modification, Ca2+ regulation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulation, mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade and hormonal signaling processes, and the accumulation of anti-fungal and anti-oxidant metabolites. Furthermore, the expression of genes associated with these functions was verified by reverse transcription quantitative PCR and transgenic assays. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that MeJA pre-treatment could be a potential orchestrator of a broad-spectrum defense response that may help establish an ecologically friendly pest control strategy and offer a promising way of priming plants to induce defense responses against A. alternata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration On Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, No.50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weihao Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration On Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, No.50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ye Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration On Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, No.50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiafu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration On Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, No.50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sumei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration On Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, No.50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fadi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration On Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, No.50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhiyong Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Key Laboratory of Landscaping, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration On Biology of Ornamental Plants in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory, No.50 Zhongling Street, Nanjing, 210014, Jiangsu, China.
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Luo C, Qiu J, Zhang Y, Li M, Liu P. Jasmonates Coordinate Secondary with Primary Metabolism. Metabolites 2023; 13:1008. [PMID: 37755288 PMCID: PMC10648981 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13091008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Jasmonates (JAs), including jasmonic acid (JA), its precursor 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) and its derivatives jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile), methyl jasmonate (MeJA), cis-jasmone (CJ) and other oxylipins, are important in the regulation of a range of ecological interactions of plants with their abiotic and particularly their biotic environments. Plant secondary/specialized metabolites play critical roles in implementing these ecological functions of JAs. Pathway and transcriptional regulation analyses have established a central role of JA-Ile-mediated core signaling in promoting the biosynthesis of a great diversity of secondary metabolites. Here, we summarized the advances in JAs-induced secondary metabolites, particularly in secondary metabolites induced by OPDA and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) induced by CJ through signaling independent of JA-Ile. The roles of JAs in integrating and coordinating the primary and secondary metabolism, thereby orchestrating plant growth-defense tradeoffs, were highlighted and discussed. Finally, we provided perspectives on the improvement of the adaptability and resilience of plants to changing environments and the production of valuable phytochemicals by exploiting JAs-regulated secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Luo
- Department of Ecology, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jianfang Qiu
- Department of Ecology, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Ecology, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mengya Li
- Department of Ecology, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Pei Liu
- Department of Ecology, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Liu Y, Zhang YM, Tang Y, Chen JQ, Shao ZQ. The evolution of plant NLR immune receptors and downstream signal components. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 73:102363. [PMID: 37094492 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2023.102363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Along with the emergence of green plants on this planet one billion years ago, the nucleotide binding site leucine-rich repeat (NLR) gene family originated and diverged into at least three subclasses. Two of them, with either characterized N-terminal toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) or coiled-coil (CC) domain, serve as major types of immune receptor of effector-triggered immunity (ETI) in plants, whereas the one having a N-terminal Resistance to powdery mildew8 (RPW8) domain, functions as signal transfer component to them. In this review, we briefly summarized the history of identification of diverse NLR subclasses across Viridiplantae lineages during the establishment of NLR category, and highlighted recent advances on the evolution of NLR genes and several key downstream signal components under the background of ecological adaption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yan-Mei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Yao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jian-Qun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Zhu-Qing Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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4
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Johanndrees O, Baggs EL, Uhlmann C, Locci F, Läßle HL, Melkonian K, Käufer K, Dongus JA, Nakagami H, Krasileva KV, Parker JE, Lapin D. Variation in plant Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor domain protein dependence on ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:626-642. [PMID: 36227084 PMCID: PMC9806590 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domains are integral to immune systems across all kingdoms. In plants, TIRs are present in nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors, NLR-like, and TIR-only proteins. Although TIR-NLR and TIR signaling in plants require the ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1 (EDS1) protein family, TIRs persist in species that have no EDS1 members. To assess whether particular TIR groups evolved with EDS1, we searched for TIR-EDS1 co-occurrence patterns. Using a large-scale phylogenetic analysis of TIR domains from 39 algal and land plant species, we identified 4 TIR families that are shared by several plant orders. One group occurred in TIR-NLRs of eudicots and another in TIR-NLRs across eudicots and magnoliids. Two further groups were more widespread. A conserved TIR-only group co-occurred with EDS1 and members of this group elicit EDS1-dependent cell death. In contrast, a maize (Zea mays) representative of TIR proteins with tetratricopeptide repeats was also present in species without EDS1 and induced EDS1-independent cell death. Our data provide a phylogeny-based plant TIR classification and identify TIRs that appear to have evolved with and are dependent on EDS1, while others have EDS1-independent activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Charles Uhlmann
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Federica Locci
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Henriette L Läßle
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Katharina Melkonian
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kiara Käufer
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Joram A Dongus
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hirofumi Nakagami
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Jane E Parker
- Authors for correspondence: (D.L.); (J.E.P.); (K.V.K.)
| | - Dmitry Lapin
- Authors for correspondence: (D.L.); (J.E.P.); (K.V.K.)
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Lapin D, Johanndrees O, Wu Z, Li X, Parker JE. Molecular innovations in plant TIR-based immunity signaling. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1479-1496. [PMID: 35143666 PMCID: PMC9153377 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A protein domain (Toll and Interleukin-1 receptor [TIR]-like) with homology to animal TIRs mediates immune signaling in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Here, we present an overview of TIR evolution and the molecular versatility of TIR domains in different protein architectures for host protection against microbial attack. Plant TIR-based signaling emerges as being central to the potentiation and effectiveness of host defenses triggered by intracellular and cell-surface immune receptors. Equally relevant for plant fitness are mechanisms that limit potent TIR signaling in healthy tissues but maintain preparedness for infection. We propose that seed plants evolved a specialized protein module to selectively translate TIR enzymatic activities to defense outputs, overlaying a more general function of TIRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Lapin
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
- Author for correspondence: (D.L.), (J.E.P.)
| | - Oliver Johanndrees
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Zhongshou Wu
- Michael Smith Labs and Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xin Li
- Michael Smith Labs and Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jane E Parker
- Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne 50829, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Duesseldorf 40225, Germany
- Author for correspondence: (D.L.), (J.E.P.)
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6
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Li M, Yu G, Cao C, Liu P. Metabolism, signaling, and transport of jasmonates. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 2:100231. [PMID: 34746762 PMCID: PMC8555440 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Biosynthesis/metabolism, perception/signaling, and transport are three essential aspects of the actions of phytohormones. Jasmonates (JAs), including jasmonic acid (JA) and related oxylipins, are implicated in the regulation of a range of ecological interactions, as well as developmental programs to integrate these interactions. Jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile) is the most bioactive JAs, and perception of JA-Ile by its coreceptor, the Skp1-Cullin1-F-box-type (SCF) protein ubiquitin ligase complex SCFCOI1-JAZ, in the nucleus derepresses the transcriptional repression of target genes. The biosynthesis and metabolism of JAs occur in the plastid, peroxisome, cytosol, endoplasmic reticulum, and vacuole, whereas sensing of JA-Ile levels occurs in the nucleus. It is increasingly apparent that a number of transporters, particularly members of the jasmonates transporter (JAT) family, located at endomembranes as well as the plasma membrane, constitute a network for modulating and coordinating the metabolic flux and signaling of JAs. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the metabolism, signaling, and especially the transport of JAs, focusing on intracellular compartmentation of these processes. The roles of transporter-mediated cell-cell transport in driving long-distance transport and signaling of JAs are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengya Li
- Department of Ecology, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Guanghui Yu
- Department of Ecology, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Congli Cao
- Department of Ecology, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Pei Liu
- Department of Ecology, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
- Corresponding author
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7
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Zhang YM, Chen M, Sun L, Wang Y, Yin J, Liu J, Sun XQ, Hang YY. Genome-Wide Identification and Evolutionary Analysis of NBS-LRR Genes From Dioscorea rotundata. Front Genet 2020; 11:484. [PMID: 32457809 PMCID: PMC7224235 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Dioscorea rotundata is an important food crop that is mainly cultivated in subtropical regions of the world. D. rotundata is frequently infected by various pathogens during its lifespan, which results in a substantial economic loss in terms of yield and quality. The disease resistance gene (R gene) profile of D. rotundata is largely unknown, which has greatly hampered molecular study of disease resistance in this species. Nucleotide-binding site–leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) genes are the largest group of plant R genes, and they play important roles in plant defense responses to various pathogens. In this study, 167 NBS-LRR genes were identified from the D. rotundata genome. Subsequently, one gene was assigned to the resistance to powdery mildew8 (RPW8)-NBS-LRR (RNL) subclass and the other 166 genes to the coiled coil (CC)-NBS-LRR (CNL) subclass. None of the Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR)-NBS-LRR (TNL) genes were detected in the genome. Among them, 124 genes are located in 25 multigene clusters and 43 genes are singletons. Tandem duplication serves as the major force for the cluster arrangement of NBS-LRR genes. Segmental duplication was detected for 18 NBS-LRR genes, although no whole-genome duplication has been documented for the species. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that D. rotundata NBS-LRR genes share 15 ancestral lineages with Arabidopsis thaliana genes. The NBS-LRR gene number increased by more than a factor of 10 during D. rotundata evolution. A conservatively evolved ancestral lineage was identified from D. rotundata, which is orthologs to the Arabidopsis RPM1 gene. Transcriptome analysis for four different tissues of D. rotundata revealed a low expression of most NBS-LRR genes, with the tuber and leaf displaying a relatively high NBS-LRR gene expression than the stem and flower. Overall, this study provides a complete set of NBS-LRR genes for D. rotundata, which may serve as a fundamental resource for mining functional NBS-LRR genes against various pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Mei Zhang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Chen
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Sun
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianmei Yin
- Institute of Industrial Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Sun
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yue-Yu Hang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
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Xue JY, Zhao T, Liu Y, Liu Y, Zhang YX, Zhang GQ, Chen H, Zhou GC, Zhang SZ, Shao ZQ. Genome- Wide Analysis of the Nucleotide Binding Site Leucine-Rich Repeat Genes of Four Orchids Revealed Extremely Low Numbers of Disease Resistance Genes. Front Genet 2020; 10:1286. [PMID: 31998358 PMCID: PMC6960632 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Orchids are one of the most diverse flowering plant families, yet possibly maintain the smallest number of the nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) type plant resistance (R) genes among the angiosperms. In this study, a genome-wide search in four orchid taxa identified 186 NBS-LRR genes. Furthermore, 214 NBS-LRR genes were identified from seven orchid transcriptomes. A phylogenetic analysis recovered 30 ancestral lineages (29 CNL and one RNL), far fewer than other angiosperm families. From the genetics aspect, the relatively low number of ancestral R genes is unlikely to explain the low number of R genes in orchids alone, as historical gene loss and scarce gene duplication has continuously occurred, which also contributes to the low number of R genes. Due to recent sharp expansions, Phalaenopsis equestris and Dendrobium catenatum having 52 and 115 genes, respectively, and exhibited an “early shrinking to recent expanding” evolutionary pattern, while Gastrodia elata and Apostasia shenzhenica both exhibit a “consistently shrinking” evolutionary pattern and have retained only five and 14 NBS-LRR genes, respectively. RNL genes remain in extremely low numbers with only one or two copies per genome. Notably, all of the orchid RNL genes belong to the ADR1 lineage. A separate lineage, NRG1, was entirely absent and was likely lost in the common ancestor of all monocots. All of the TNL genes were absent as well, coincident with the RNL NRG1 lineage, which supports the previously proposed notion that a potential functional association between the TNL and RNL NRG1 genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yu Xue
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Southern Subtropical Plant Diversity, Fairy Lake Botanical Garden, Shenzhen and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.,Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China.,VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tao Zhao
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yang Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Southern Subtropical Plant Diversity, Fairy Lake Botanical Garden, Shenzhen and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong-Xia Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hongfeng Chen
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guang-Can Zhou
- College of Agricultural and Biological Engineering (College of Tree Peony), Heze University, Heze, China
| | - Shou-Zhou Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Southern Subtropical Plant Diversity, Fairy Lake Botanical Garden, Shenzhen and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhu-Qing Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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