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Wang X, Dong J, Hu Y, Huang Q, Lu X, Huang Y, Sheng M, Cao L, Xu B, Li Y, Zong Y, Guo W. Identification and Characterization of the Glutathione S-Transferase Gene Family in Blueberry ( Vaccinium corymbosum) and Their Potential Roles in Anthocyanin Intracellular Transportation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1316. [PMID: 38794388 PMCID: PMC11125127 DOI: 10.3390/plants13101316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The glutathione S-transferases (GSTs, EC 2.5.1.18) constitute a versatile enzyme family with pivotal roles in plant stress responses and detoxification processes. Recent discoveries attributed the additional function of facilitating anthocyanin intracellular transportation in plants to GSTs. Our study identified 178 VcGST genes from 12 distinct subfamilies in the blueberry genome. An uneven distribution was observed among these genes across blueberry's chromosomes. Members within the same subfamily displayed homogeneity in gene structure and conserved protein motifs, whereas marked divergence was noted among subfamilies. Functional annotations revealed that VcGSTs were significantly enriched in several gene ontology and KEGG pathway categories. Promoter regions of VcGST genes predominantly contain light-responsive, MYB-binding, and stress-responsive elements. The majority of VcGST genes are subject to purifying selection, with whole-genome duplication or segmental duplication serving as key processes that drive the expansion of the VcGST gene family. Notably, during the ripening of the blueberry fruit, 100 VcGST genes were highly expressed, and the expression patterns of 24 of these genes demonstrated a strong correlation with the dynamic content of fruit anthocyanins. Further analysis identified VcGSTF8, VcGSTF20, and VcGSTF22 as prime candidates of VcGST genes involved in the anthocyanin intracellular transport. This study provides a reference for the exploration of anthocyanin intracellular transport mechanisms and paves the way for investigating the spectrum of GST functions in blueberries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuxiang Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (X.W.); (J.D.); (Y.H.); (Q.H.); (X.L.); (Y.H.); (M.S.); (L.C.); (B.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Jiajia Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (X.W.); (J.D.); (Y.H.); (Q.H.); (X.L.); (Y.H.); (M.S.); (L.C.); (B.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yiting Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (X.W.); (J.D.); (Y.H.); (Q.H.); (X.L.); (Y.H.); (M.S.); (L.C.); (B.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Qiaoyu Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (X.W.); (J.D.); (Y.H.); (Q.H.); (X.L.); (Y.H.); (M.S.); (L.C.); (B.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xiaoying Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (X.W.); (J.D.); (Y.H.); (Q.H.); (X.L.); (Y.H.); (M.S.); (L.C.); (B.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yilin Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (X.W.); (J.D.); (Y.H.); (Q.H.); (X.L.); (Y.H.); (M.S.); (L.C.); (B.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Mingyang Sheng
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (X.W.); (J.D.); (Y.H.); (Q.H.); (X.L.); (Y.H.); (M.S.); (L.C.); (B.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Lijun Cao
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (X.W.); (J.D.); (Y.H.); (Q.H.); (X.L.); (Y.H.); (M.S.); (L.C.); (B.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Buhuai Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (X.W.); (J.D.); (Y.H.); (Q.H.); (X.L.); (Y.H.); (M.S.); (L.C.); (B.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yongqiang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (X.W.); (J.D.); (Y.H.); (Q.H.); (X.L.); (Y.H.); (M.S.); (L.C.); (B.X.); (Y.L.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Yu Zong
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (X.W.); (J.D.); (Y.H.); (Q.H.); (X.L.); (Y.H.); (M.S.); (L.C.); (B.X.); (Y.L.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Weidong Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; (X.W.); (J.D.); (Y.H.); (Q.H.); (X.L.); (Y.H.); (M.S.); (L.C.); (B.X.); (Y.L.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
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Obel HO, Zhou X, Liu S, Yang Y, Liu J, Zhuang Y. Genome-Wide Identification of Glutathione S-Transferase Genes in Eggplant ( Solanum melongena L.) Reveals Their Potential Role in Anthocyanin Accumulation on the Fruit Peel. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4260. [PMID: 38673847 PMCID: PMC11050406 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins are ubiquitous pigments derived from the phenylpropanoid compound conferring red, purple and blue pigmentations to various organs of horticultural crops. The metabolism of flavonoids in the cytoplasm leads to the biosynthesis of anthocyanin, which is then conveyed to the vacuoles for storage by plant glutathione S-transferases (GST). Although GST is important for transporting anthocyanin in plants, its identification and characterization in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) remains obscure. In this study, a total of 40 GST genes were obtained in the eggplant genome and classified into seven distinct chief groups based on the evolutionary relationship with Arabidopsis thaliana GST genes. The seven subgroups of eggplant GST genes (SmGST) comprise: dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), elongation factor 1Bγ (EF1Bγ), Zeta (Z), Theta(T), Phi(F), Tau(U) and tetra-chlorohydroquinone dehalogenase TCHQD. The 40 GST genes were unevenly distributed throughout the 10 eggplant chromosomes and were predominantly located in the cytoplasm. Structural gene analysis showed similarity in exons and introns within a GST subgroup. Six pairs of both tandem and segmental duplications have been identified, making them the primary factors contributing to the evolution of the SmGST. Light-related cis-regulatory elements were dominant, followed by stress-related and hormone-responsive elements. The syntenic analysis of orthologous genes indicated that eggplant, Arabidopsis and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) counterpart genes seemed to be derived from a common ancestry. RNA-seq data analyses showed high expression of 13 SmGST genes with SmGSTF1 being glaringly upregulated on the peel of purple eggplant but showed no or low expression on eggplant varieties with green or white peel. Subsequently, SmGSTF1 had a strong positive correlation with anthocyanin content and with anthocyanin structural genes like SmUFGT (r = 0.9), SmANS (r = 0.85), SmF3H (r = 0.82) and SmCHI2 (r = 0.7). The suppression of SmGSTF1 through virus-induced gene silencing (VIGs) resulted in a decrease in anthocyanin on the infiltrated fruit surface. In a nutshell, results from this study established that SmGSTF1 has the potential of anthocyanin accumulation in eggplant peel and offers viable candidate genes for the improvement of purple eggplant. The comprehensive studies of the SmGST family genes provide the foundation for deciphering molecular investigations into the functional analysis of SmGST genes in eggplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesbon Ochieng Obel
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (H.O.O.); (X.Z.); (S.L.); (Y.Y.); (J.L.)
- Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhou
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (H.O.O.); (X.Z.); (S.L.); (Y.Y.); (J.L.)
- Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Songyu Liu
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (H.O.O.); (X.Z.); (S.L.); (Y.Y.); (J.L.)
- Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (H.O.O.); (X.Z.); (S.L.); (Y.Y.); (J.L.)
- Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (H.O.O.); (X.Z.); (S.L.); (Y.Y.); (J.L.)
- Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yong Zhuang
- Institute of Vegetable Crops, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (H.O.O.); (X.Z.); (S.L.); (Y.Y.); (J.L.)
- Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Nanjing 210014, China
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Espinosa-Vellarino FL, Garrido I, Casimiro I, Silva AC, Espinosa F, Ortega A. Enzymes Involved in Antioxidant and Detoxification Processes Present Changes in the Expression Levels of Their Coding Genes under the Stress Caused by the Presence of Antimony in Tomato. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:609. [PMID: 38475456 DOI: 10.3390/plants13050609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Currently, there is an increasing presence of heavy metals and metalloids in soils and water due to anthropogenic activities. However, the biggest problem caused by this increase is the difficulty in recycling these elements and their high permanence in soils. There are plants with great capacity to assimilate these elements or make them less accessible to other organisms. We analyzed the behavior of Solanum lycopersicum L., a crop with great agronomic interest, under the stress caused by antimony (Sb). We evaluated the antioxidant response throughout different exposure times to the metalloid. Our results showed that the enzymes involved in the AsA-GSH cycle show changes in their expression level under the stress caused by Sb but could not find a relationship between the NITROSOGLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE (GSNOR) expression data and nitric oxide (NO) content in tomato roots exposed to Sb. We hypothesize that a better understanding of how these enzymes work could be key to develop more tolerant varieties to this kind of abiotic stress and could explain a greater or lesser phytoremediation capacity. Moreover, we deepened our knowledge about Glutathione S-transferase (GST) and Glutathione Reductase (GR) due to their involvement in the elimination of the xenobiotic component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Luis Espinosa-Vellarino
- Grupo Investigación Fisiología y Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas (BBB015), Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Avenida de Elvas s/n, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Garrido
- Grupo Investigación Fisiología y Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas (BBB015), Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Avenida de Elvas s/n, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Ilda Casimiro
- Grupo Investigación Fisiología y Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas (BBB015), Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Avenida de Elvas s/n, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Ana Cláudia Silva
- Centro Tecnológico Nacional Agroalimentario "Extremadura" (CTAEX), Ctra. Villafranco-Balboa 1.2, 06195 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Francisco Espinosa
- Grupo Investigación Fisiología y Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas (BBB015), Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Avenida de Elvas s/n, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Alfonso Ortega
- Grupo Investigación Fisiología y Biología Celular y Molecular de Plantas (BBB015), Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Avenida de Elvas s/n, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
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Vinay ND, Singh K, Ellur RK, Chinnusamy V, Jaiswal S, Iquebal MA, Munshi AD, Matsumura H, Boopalakrishnan G, Jat GS, Kole C, Gaikwad AB, Kumar D, Dey SS, Behera TK. High-quality Momordica balsamina genome elucidates its potential use in improving stress resilience and therapeutic properties of bitter gourd. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1258042. [PMID: 38333042 PMCID: PMC10851156 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1258042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Momordica balsamina is the closest wild species that can be crossed with an important fruit vegetable crop, Momordica charantia, has immense medicinal value, and placed under II subclass of primary gene pool of bitter gourd. M. balsamina is tolerant to major biotic and abiotic stresses. Genome characterization of Momordica balsamina as a wild relative of bitter gourd will contribute to the knowledge of the gene pool available for improvement in bitter gourd. There is potential to transfer gene/s related to biotic resistance and medicinal importance from M. balsamina to M. charantia to produce high-quality, better yielding and stress tolerant bitter gourd genotypes. Methods The present study provides the first and high-quality chromosome-level genome assembly of M. balsamina with size 384.90 Mb and N50 30.96 Mb using sequence data from 10x Genomics, Nanopore, and Hi-C platforms. Results A total of 6,32,098 transposons elements; 2,15,379 simple sequence repeats; 5,67,483 transcription factor binding sites; 3,376 noncoding RNA genes; and 41,652 protein-coding genes were identified, and 4,347 disease resistance, 67 heat stress-related, 05 carotenoid-related, 15 salt stress-related, 229 cucurbitacin-related, 19 terpenes-related, 37 antioxidant activity, and 06 sex determination-related genes were characterized. Conclusion Genome sequencing of M. balsamina will facilitate interspecific introgression of desirable traits. This information is cataloged in the form of webgenomic resource available at http://webtom.cabgrid.res.in/mbger/. Our finding of comparative genome analysis will be useful to get insights into the patterns and processes associated with genome evolution and to uncover functional regions of cucurbit genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. D. Vinay
- Division of Vegetable Science, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Kalpana Singh
- Division of Agricultural Bioinformatics, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Ranjith Kumar Ellur
- Division of Genetics, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Viswanathan Chinnusamy
- Division of Plant Physiology, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Sarika Jaiswal
- Division of Agricultural Bioinformatics, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Mir Asif Iquebal
- Division of Agricultural Bioinformatics, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Anilabha Das Munshi
- Division of Vegetable Science, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | | | - G. Boopalakrishnan
- Division of Vegetable Science, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Gograj Singh Jat
- Division of Vegetable Science, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Ambika Baladev Gaikwad
- Division of Genomic Resources, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Division of Agricultural Bioinformatics, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Shyam Sundar Dey
- Division of Vegetable Science, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Tusar Kanti Behera
- Division of Vegetable Science, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Lu C, Zhang P, Li S, Cheng M, Duan D. Isolation and characterization of glutathione S-transferase genes and their transcripts in Saccharina japonica (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae) during development and under abiotic stress. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:436. [PMID: 37723443 PMCID: PMC10506224 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04430-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutathione S-transferase (GST) is a crucial enzyme for metabolism, detoxification, and stress resistance in organisms. Many GSTs have been identified in seaweeds, but the isolation and functional analysis of GSTs in Saccharina japonica have not been completed. RESULT In this study, a total of 32 SjGST genes, localized on 10 scaffolds and 6 contigs, were identified and categorized into three groups. Most of these SjGSTs were presumed to be distributed in the cytoplasm. Tandem duplication had a significant influence on the expansion of the SjGST gene family. Functional analysis of cis-acting elements in the promoter regions demonstrated that SjGSTs enhance the stress resistance of the kelp. Quantitative real-time PCR tests confirmed that SjGSTs positively influence S. japonica sporophytes under stress from low salinity, drought, and high temperature. Recombinant yeast tests further affirmed the role of SjGSTs in stress resistance; SjGSTs improved the growth rate of recombinant yeast under 1.5 M NaCl or 8 mM H2O2. Analysis of biochemical parameters indicated that the optimum temperatures for SjGST20 and SjGST22 were 20 °C, and the optimum pH values were 7.0 and 8.0 for SjGST20 and SjGST22, respectively. The Km values for the substrate 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) were 2.706 mM and 0.674 mM and were 6.146 mM and 3.559 mM for the substrate glutathione (GSH) for SjGST20 and SjGST22, respectively. CONCLUSION SjGSTs are important stress resistant genes in S. japonica. This research results will enhance our understanding the function of GSTs in brown seaweeds, and explained its functional roles in stress resistance in marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Lu
- Key Lab of Breeding Biotechnology & Sustainable Aquaculture, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, P. R. China
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Life Science, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Pengyan Zhang
- Functional Lab for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Division of Mariculture Ecology and Technology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Key Lab of Breeding Biotechnology & Sustainable Aquaculture, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, P. R. China
- Functional Lab for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Mengzhen Cheng
- Key Lab of Breeding Biotechnology & Sustainable Aquaculture, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, P. R. China
- Functional Lab for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Delin Duan
- Key Lab of Breeding Biotechnology & Sustainable Aquaculture, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, P. R. China.
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Niu Z, Liu L, Yue J, Wu J, Wang W, Pu Y, Ma L, Fang Y, Sun W. Genome-Wide Identification of GSTs Gene Family and Functional Analysis of BraGSTF2 of Winter Rapeseed ( Brassica rapa L.) under Cold Stress. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1689. [PMID: 37761829 PMCID: PMC10531308 DOI: 10.3390/genes14091689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The largest gene families in plants were found to be Glutathione transferases (GSTs), which played significant roles in regulating plant growth, development, and stress response. Within the GSTs gene family, members were found to play a crucial role in the low-temperature response process of plants. A comprehensive study identified a total of 70 BraGSTs genes. Cluster analysis results demonstrated that the BraGSTs in Brassica rapa (B. rapa) could be categorized into eight sub-families and were unevenly distributed across ten chromosomes. The 39 BraGSTs genes were found to be organized into 15 tandem gene clusters, with the promoters containing multiple cis-elements associated with low-temperature response. Cold stress was observed to stimulate the expression of 15 genes, with the BraGSTF2 gene exhibiting the highest level of expression, suggesting its significant involvement in winter B. rapa's response to low-temperature stress. Subcellular localization analysis of the BraGSTF2 protein indicated its potential expression in both the cell membrane and nucleus. The analysis of stress resistance in BraGSTF2 transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana lines demonstrated that the over-expression of this gene resulted in significantly elevated levels of SOD, POD activity, and SP content compared to the wild type following exposure to low temperatures. These levels reached their peak after 24 h of treatment. Conversely, the MDA content was lower in the transgenic plants compared to the wild-type (WT) Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana L.). Additionally, the survival rate of BraGSTF2 transgenic Arabidopsis was higher than that of the WT Arabidopsis thaliana, suggesting that the BraGSTF2 gene may play a crucial role in enhancing the cold stress tolerance of winter B. rapa. This study lays a foundation for further research on the role of the BraGSTs gene in the molecular regulation of cold resistance in winter B. rapa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaoxia Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Z.N.); (J.W.); (Y.P.)
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Lijun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Z.N.); (J.W.); (Y.P.)
| | - Jinli Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Z.N.); (J.W.); (Y.P.)
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Junyan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Z.N.); (J.W.); (Y.P.)
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Wangtian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Z.N.); (J.W.); (Y.P.)
| | - Yuanyuan Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Z.N.); (J.W.); (Y.P.)
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Li Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Z.N.); (J.W.); (Y.P.)
| | - Yan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Z.N.); (J.W.); (Y.P.)
| | - Wancang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (Z.N.); (J.W.); (Y.P.)
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
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Tiwari S, Vaish S, Singh N, Basantani M, Bhargava A. Genome-wide identification and characterization of glutathione S-transferase gene family in quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa Willd.). 3 Biotech 2023; 13:230. [PMID: 37309406 PMCID: PMC10257622 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03659-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The present investigation was envisaged for large scale in-silico genome wide identification and characterization of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) in Chenopodium quinoa. In this study, a total of 120 GST genes (CqGSTs) were identified and divided into 11 classes of which tau and phi were highest in numbers. The average protein length of protein was found to be 279.06 with their corresponding average molecular weight of 31,819.4 kDa. The subcellular localization analysis results showed that proteins were centrally localized in the cytoplasm followed by chloroplast, mitochondria and plastids. Structural analysis revealed the presence of 2 -14 exons in CqGST genes. Most of the proteins possessed two exon one intron organization. MEME analysis identified 15 significantly conserved motifs with a width of 6-50 amino acids. Motifs 1, 3, 2, 5, 6, 8, 9 and 13 were found specifically in tau class family; motifs 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 9 were found in phi class gene family, while motifs 3, 4, 13 and 14 were found in metaxin class. Multiple sequence alignment revealed highly conserved N-terminus with active site serine (Ser; S) or cysteine (Cys; C) residue for the activation of GSH binding and GST catalytic activity. The gene loci were found to be unevenly distributed across 18 different chromosomes with a maximum of 17 genes located on chromosome number 7. Dominance of alpha helix was followed by coil, extended strand and beta turns. Gene duplication analysis revealed that segmental duplication and purifying type selection were highest in number and found to be main source of expansion of GST gene family. Cis acting regulatory elements analysis showed the presence of 21 different elements involved in stress, hormone and light response and cellular development. The evolutionary relationship of CqGST proteins carried out using maximum likelihood method revealed that all the tau and phi class GSTs were closely associated with those of G. max, O. sativa and A. thaliana. Molecular docking of GST molecules with the fungicide metalaxyl showed that the CqGSTF1 had the lowest binding energy. The comprehensive study of CqGST gene family in quinoa provides groundwork for further functional analysis of CqGST genes in the species at molecular level and has potential applications in plant breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Tiwari
- Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, Bihar 845401 India
| | - Swati Vaish
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Lucknow-Deva Road, Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh 225003 India
| | - Nootan Singh
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Lucknow-Deva Road, Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh 225003 India
| | - Mahesh Basantani
- Experiome Biotech Private Limited, Vibhuti Khand, Gomti Nagar, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226010 India
| | - Atul Bhargava
- Department of Botany, School of Life Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, Bihar 845401 India
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8
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Liu L, Zheng S, Yang D, Zheng J. Genome-wide in silico identification of glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene family members in fig ( Ficus carica L.) and expression characteristics during fruit color development. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14406. [PMID: 36718451 PMCID: PMC9884035 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferase (GSTs), a large and diverse group of multi-functional enzymes (EC 2.5.1.18), are associated with cellular detoxification, various biotic and abiotic stress responses, as well as secondary metabolites transportation. Here, 53 members of the FcGST gene family were screened from the genome database of fig (Ficus carica), which were further classified into five subfamilies, and the tau and phi were the major subfamilies. These genes were unevenly distributed over all the 13 chromosomes, and 12 tandem and one segmental duplication may contribute to this family expansion. Syntenic analysis revealed that FcGST shared closer genetic evolutionary origin relationship with species from the Ficus genus of the Moraceae family, such as F. microcarpa and F. hispida. The FcGST members of the same subfamily shared similar gene structure and motif distribution. The α helices were the chief structure element in predicted secondary and tertiary structure of FcGSTs proteins. GO and KEGG indicated that FcGSTs play multiple roles in glutathione metabolism and stress reactions as well as flavonoid metabolism. Predictive promoter analysis indicated that FcGSTs gene may be responsive to light, hormone, stress stimulation, development signaling, and regulated by MYB or WRKY. RNA-seq analysis showed that several FcGSTs that mainly expressed in the female flower tissue and peel during 'Purple-Peel' fig fruit development. Compared with 'Green Peel', FcGSTF1, and FcGSTU5/6/7 exhibited high expression abundance in the mature fruit purple peel. Additionally, results of phylogenetic sequences analysis, multiple sequences alignment, and anthocyanin content together showed that the expression changes of FcGSTF1, and FcGSTU5/6/7 may play crucial roles in fruit peel color alteration during fruit ripening. Our study provides a comprehensive overview of the GST gene family in fig, thus facilitating the further clarification of the molecular function and breeding utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longbo Liu
- School of Life Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, China
| | - Shuxuan Zheng
- Xiayi Branch of Henan Agricultural Radio and Television School, Shangqiu, Henan, China
| | - Dekun Yang
- School of Life Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- School of Life Science, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, China
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9
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Pan Y, Li Y, Liu Z, Zou J, Li Q. Computational genomics insights into cold acclimation in wheat. Front Genet 2022; 13:1015673. [PMID: 36338961 PMCID: PMC9632429 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1015673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of cold acclimation in crops involves transcriptomic reprograming, metabolic shift, and physiological changes. Cold responses in transcriptome and lipid metabolism has been examined in separate studies for various crops. In this study, integrated computational approaches was employed to investigate the transcriptomics and lipidomics data associated with cold acclimation and vernalization in four wheat genotypes of distinct cold tolerance. Differential expression was investigated between cold treated and control samples and between the winter-habit and spring-habit wheat genotypes. Collectively, 12,676 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Principal component analysis of these DEGs indicated that the first, second, and third principal components (PC1, PC2, and PC3) explained the variance in cold treatment, vernalization and cold hardiness, respectively. Differential expression feature extraction (DEFE) analysis revealed that the winter-habit wheat genotype Norstar had high number of unique DEGs (1884 up and 672 down) and 63 winter-habit genes, which were clearly distinctive from the 64 spring-habit genes based on PC1, PC2 and PC3. Correlation analysis revealed 64 cold hardy genes and 39 anti-hardy genes. Cold acclimation encompasses a wide spectrum of biological processes and the involved genes work cohesively as revealed through network propagation and collective association strength of local subnetworks. Integration of transcriptomics and lipidomics data revealed that the winter-habit genes, such as COR413-TM1, CIPKs and MYB20, together with the phosphatidylglycerol lipids, PG(34:3) and PG(36:6), played a pivotal role in cold acclimation and coordinated cohesively associated subnetworks to confer cold tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youlian Pan
- Digital Technologies, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Youlian Pan, ; Qiang Li,
| | - Yifeng Li
- Digital Technologies, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, Department of Biological Science, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Ziying Liu
- Digital Technologies, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jitao Zou
- Aquatic and Crop Research and Development, National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Qiang Li
- Aquatic and Crop Research and Development, National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- *Correspondence: Youlian Pan, ; Qiang Li,
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10
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Duan X, Yu X, Wang Y, Fu W, Cao R, Yang L, Ye X. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of glutathione S-transferase gene family to reveal their role in cold stress response in cucumber. Front Genet 2022; 13:1009883. [PMID: 36246659 PMCID: PMC9556972 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1009883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are versatile proteins encoded by several genes and play vital roles in responding to various physiological processes. Members of plant GSTs have been identified in several species, but few studies on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) have been reported. In this study, we identified 46 GST genes, which were divided into 11 classes. Chromosomal location and genome mapping revealed that cucumber GSTs (CsGSTs) were unevenly distributed in seven chromosomes, and the syntenic regions differed in each chromosome. The conserved motifs and gene structure of CsGSTs were analyzed using MEME and GSDS 2.0 online tools, respectively. Transcriptome and RT-qPCR analysis revealed that most CsGST members responded to cold stress. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses for differentially expressed CsGSTs under cold stress revealed that these genes responded to cold stress probably through “glutathione metabolism.” Finally, we screened seven candidates that may be involved in cold stress using Venn analysis, and their promoters were analyzed using PlantCARE and New PLACE tools to predict the factors regulating these genes. Antioxidant enzyme activities were increased under cold stress conditions, which conferred tolerance against cold stress. Our study illustrates the characteristics and functions of CsGST genes, especially in responding to cold stress in cucumber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Duan
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Northern Horticultural, Facilities Design and Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xuejing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Northern Horticultural, Facilities Design and Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yidan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Northern Horticultural, Facilities Design and Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Wei Fu
- College of Life Science, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Ruifang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Northern Horticultural, Facilities Design and Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Northern Horticultural, Facilities Design and Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xueling Ye
- Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, National and Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Northern Horticultural, Facilities Design and Application Technology (Liaoning), Shenyang, Liaoning, China
- *Correspondence: Xueling Ye,
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11
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Genome-Wide Identification of Glutathione S-Transferase and Expression Analysis in Response to Anthocyanin Transport in the Flesh of the New Teinturier Grape Germplasm ‘Zhongshan-HongYu’. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147717. [PMID: 35887065 PMCID: PMC9317864 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum and then transported to the vacuole in plants. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are thought to play a key role in anthocyanin transport. To clarify the mechanism of GST genes in the accumulation and transport of anthocyanin in the early fruit stage, we analyzed and characterized the GST family in the flesh of ‘Zhongshan-HongYu’ (ZS-HY) based on the transcriptome. In this study, the 92 GST genes identified through a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis were unevenly present in all chromosomes of grapes, except chromosomes 3, 9 and 10. Through the analysis of the chromosomal location, gene structure, conserved domains, phylogenetic relationships and cis-acting elements of GST family genes, the phylogenetic tree divided the GST genes into 9 subfamilies. Eighteen GST genes were screened and identified from grape berries via a transcriptome sequencing analysis, of which 4 belonged to the phi subfamily and 14 to the tau subfamily, and the expression levels of these GST genes were not tissue-specific. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that VvGST4 was closely related to PhAN9 and AtTT19. This study provides a foundation for the analysis of the GST gene family and insight into the roles of GSTs in grape anthocyanin transport.
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12
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Vaish S, Parveen R, Gupta D, Basantani MK. Genome-wide identification and characterization of glutathione S-transferase gene family in Musa acuminata L. AAA group and gaining an insight to their role in banana fruit development. J Appl Genet 2022; 63:609-631. [PMID: 35689012 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-022-00707-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases are a multifunctional protein superfamily that is involved in diverse plant functions such as defense mechanisms, signaling, stress response, secondary metabolism, and plant growth and development. Although the banana whole-genome sequence is available, the distribution of GST genes on banana chromosomes, their subcellular localization, gene structure, their evolutionary relation with each other, conserved motifs, and their roles in banana are still unknown. A total of 62 full-length GST genes with the canonical thioredoxin fold have been identified belonging to nine GST classes, namely tau, phi, theta, zeta, lambda, DHAR, EF1G, GHR, and TCHQD. The 62 GST genes were distributed into 11 banana chromosomes. All the MaGSTs were majorly localized in the cytoplasm. Gene architecture showed the conservation of exon numbers in individual GST classes. Multiple Em for Motif Elicitation analyses revealed few class-specific motifs and many motifs were found in all the GST classes. Multiple sequence alignment of banana GST amino acid sequences with rice, Arabidopsis, and soybean sequences revealed the Ser and Cys as conserved catalytic residues. Gene duplication analyses showed the tandem duplication as a driving force for GST gene family expansion in banana. Cis-regulatory element analysis showed the dominance of light-responsive element followed by stress- and hormone-responsive elements. Expression profiling analyses were also done by RNA-seq data. It was observed that MaGSTs are involved in various stages of fruit development. MaGSTU1 was highly upregulated. The comprehensive and organized studies of MaGST gene family provide groundwork for further functional analysis of MaGST genes in banana at molecular level and further for plant breeding approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Vaish
- Faculty of Biosciences, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Lucknow-Deva Road, Barabanki, 225003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Reshma Parveen
- Faculty of Biosciences, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Lucknow-Deva Road, Barabanki, 225003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Divya Gupta
- Faculty of Biosciences, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Lucknow-Deva Road, Barabanki, 225003, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mahesh Kumar Basantani
- Faculty of Biosciences, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Lucknow-Deva Road, Barabanki, 225003, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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13
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Zhao Y, Zhang F, Mickan B, Wang D, Wang W. Physiological, proteomic, and metabolomic analysis provide insights into Bacillus sp.-mediated salt tolerance in wheat. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:95-118. [PMID: 34546426 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02788-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the inoculation with strain wp-6 promoted the growth of wheat seedlings by improving the energy production and conversion of wheat seedlings and alleviating salt stress. Soil salinization decreases crop productivity due to high toxicity of sodium ions to plants. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) have been demonstrated to alleviate salinity stress. However, the mechanism of PGPR in improving plant salt tolerance remains unclear. In this study, physiological analysis, proteomics, and metabolomics were applied to investigate the changes in wheat seedlings under salt stress (150 mM NaCl), both with and without plant root inoculation with wp-6 (Bacillus sp.). Under salt stress, root inoculation with strain wp-6 increased plant biomass (57%) and root length (25%). The Na+ content was reduced, while the K+ content and K+/Na+ ratio were increased. The content of malondialdehyde was decreased by 31.94% after inoculation of wp-6 under salt stress, while the content of proline, soluble sugar, and soluble protein were increased by 7.48%, 12.34%, and 4.12%, respectively. The peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase activities were increased after inoculation of wp-6 under salt stress. Galactose metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, caffeine metabolism, ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis, and glutathione metabolism might play an important role in promoting the growth of salt-stressed wheat seedlings after the inoculation with wp-6. Interaction analysis of differentially expressed proteins and metabolites found that energy production and transformation-related proteins and six metabolites (D-arginine, palmitoleic acid, chlorophyllide b, rutin, pheophorbide a, and vanillylamine) were mainly involved in the growth of wheat seedlings after the inoculation with wp-6 under salt stress. Furthermore, correlation analysis found that inoculation with wp-6 promotes the growth of salt-stressed wheat seedlings mainly through regulating amino acid metabolism and porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism. This study provides an eco-friendly method to increase agricultural productivity and paves a way to sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaguang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology Agriculture of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, North 4th Street No. 221, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Fenghua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology Agriculture of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, North 4th Street No. 221, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Bede Mickan
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, WA, 6001, Australia
| | - Dan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology Agriculture of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, North 4th Street No. 221, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Weichao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology Agriculture of Xinjiang Bingtuan, Shihezi University, North 4th Street No. 221, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, China
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14
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YU G, ZHU G, ZHENG X. A hami melon flavor creation. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.95221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Genfa YU
- Shanghai Institute of Technology, China
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