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Liu H, Cheng Z, Xie J. Formation of special odors driven by volatile compounds during the growth and maturation in edible fungi ( Phallus impudicus). Food Chem X 2024; 22:101288. [PMID: 38524779 PMCID: PMC10957454 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Composition and content of volatiles, the important factors in flavor formation of edible fungi, are affected by growth process. GC-MS was performed and a total of 102 volatiles were identified in Phallus impudicus. Almost all identified volatile compounds showed an obvious upward trend at four growth period, and reached the maximum at fourth stage (PIII), of which the transition from first stage (ZP) to second stage (PI) achieved a breakthrough for 88 volatile compounds from scratch. The PCA and HCA results showed that the four stages were completely separated and appeared different, among which third stage (PII) and PIII might be the two dramatic change nodes in aroma quality. In addition, the top 50 differential metabolites were screened by OPLS-DA and PLS-DA, and correlation analysis showed that 6-undecyl alcohol, α-terpine-7-al, 2, 4-decenol, and 2-cyano-2-ethyl-butanamide, might co-regulate the flavor formation of Phallus impudicus through synergistic action of other chemical components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou 561113, PR China
| | - Zhifei Cheng
- Basic Teaching Department, Guizhou Vocational College of Agriculture, Guizhou 551499, PR China
| | - Jiao Xie
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou 561113, PR China
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Kalogiouri NP, Manousi N, Ferracane A, Zachariadis GA, Koundouras S, Samanidou VF, Tranchida PQ, Mondello L, Rosenberg E. A novel headspace solid-phase microextraction arrow method employing comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry combined with chemometric tools for the investigation of wine aging. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1304:342555. [PMID: 38637039 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Omics is used as an analytical tool to investigate wine authenticity issues. Aging authentication ensures that the wine has undergone the necessary maturation and developed its desired organoleptic characteristics. Considering that aged wines constitute valuable commodities, the development of advanced omics techniques that guarantee aging authenticity and prevent fraud is essential. RESULTS Α solid phase microextraction Arrow method combined with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was developed to identify volatiles in red wines and investigate how aging affects their volatile fingerprint. The method was optimized by examining the critical parameters that affect the solid phase microextraction Arrow extraction (stirring rate, extraction time) process. Under optimized conditions, extraction took place within 45 min under stirring at 1000 rpm. In all, 24 monovarietal red wine samples belonging to the Xinomavro variety from Naoussa (Imathia regional unit of Macedonia, Greece) produced during four different vintage years (1998, 2005, 2008 and 2015) were analyzed. Overall, 237 volatile compounds were tentatively identified and were treated with chemometric tools. Four major groups, one for each vintage year were revealed using the Hierarchical Clustering Analysis. The first two Principal Components of Principal Component Analysis explained 86.1% of the total variance, showing appropriate grouping of the wine samples produced in the same crop year. A two-way orthogonal partial least square - discriminant analysis model was developed and successfully classified all the samples to the proper class according to the vintage age, establishing 17 volatile markers as the most important features responsible for the classification, with an explained total variance of 88.5%. The developed prediction model was validated and the analyzed samples were classified with 100% accuracy according to the vintage age, based on their volatile fingerprint. SIGNIFICANCE The developed methodology in combination with chemometric techniques allows to trace back and confirm the vintage year, and is proposed as a novel authenticity tool which opens completely new and hitherto unexplored possibilities for wine authenticity testing and confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasa P Kalogiouri
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece; Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/164, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Natalia Manousi
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece; Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/164, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Antonio Ferracane
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/164, 1060, Vienna, Austria; Messina Institute of Technology c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, former Veterinary School, University of Messina, Viale G. Palatucci snc 98168 - Messina, Italy.
| | - George A Zachariadis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stefanos Koundouras
- Laboratory of Viticulture, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Victoria F Samanidou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Peter Q Tranchida
- Messina Institute of Technology c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, former Veterinary School, University of Messina, Viale G. Palatucci snc 98168 - Messina, Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Messina Institute of Technology c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, former Veterinary School, University of Messina, Viale G. Palatucci snc 98168 - Messina, Italy; Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, former Veterinary School, University of Messina, Viale G. Palatucci snc 98168 - Messina, Italy
| | - Erwin Rosenberg
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/164, 1060, Vienna, Austria
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Barroso AS, Massing LT, Suemitsu C, Mourão RHV, Figueiredo PLB, Maia JGS. Volatile Constituents of Some Myrtaceous Edible and Medicinal Fruits from the Brazilian Amazon. Foods 2024; 13:1490. [PMID: 38790790 PMCID: PMC11119775 DOI: 10.3390/foods13101490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Native and exotic fruits from the Amazon have varied characteristics, with aroma being a decisive factor in their acceptance for medicinal use as a nutraceutical supplement. This work aimed to analyze the chemical constituents of the volatile concentrates of some Myrtaceous fruit species sampled in the Brazilian Amazon. The fruit's pulps were subjected to simultaneous distillation-extraction, and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to analyze their volatile chemical composition. In the volatile concentrate of Eugenia stipitata (Araçá-boi) α-pinene (17.5%), citronellyl butanoate (15.6%), and pogostol (13.5%) were identified as primary constituents; Eugenia uniflora (Ginja) concentrate comprised curzerene (30.5%), germacrone (15.4%), atractylone (13.1%), and (E)-β-ocimene (11.1%); in Myrciaria dubia (Camu-Camu), α-pinene (55.8%), (E)-β-ocimene (13.1%), and α-terpineol (10.0%) were present; in Psidium guajava (Goiaba) were (2E)-hexenal (21.7%), hexanal (15.4%), caryophylla-4(12),8(13)-dien-5-β-ol (10.5%), caryophyllene oxide (9.2%), and pogostol (8.3%); and in Psidium guineense (Araçá), limonene (25.2%), ethyl butanoate (12.1%), epi-β-bisabolol (9.8%), and α-pinene (9.2%) were the main constituents. The analyzed volatile concentrates of these fruit species presented a significant diversity of constituents with a predominance of functional groups, such as monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and fatty acid derivatives, originating from the plant's secondary metabolism and playing an important role in their nutritional and medicinal uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adenilson S. Barroso
- Laboratório de Bioprospecção e Biologia Experimental, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Santarém 68035-110, PA, Brazil; (A.S.B.); (L.T.M.); (C.S.); (R.H.V.M.)
| | - Lais T. Massing
- Laboratório de Bioprospecção e Biologia Experimental, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Santarém 68035-110, PA, Brazil; (A.S.B.); (L.T.M.); (C.S.); (R.H.V.M.)
| | - Chieno Suemitsu
- Laboratório de Bioprospecção e Biologia Experimental, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Santarém 68035-110, PA, Brazil; (A.S.B.); (L.T.M.); (C.S.); (R.H.V.M.)
| | - Rosa Helena V. Mourão
- Laboratório de Bioprospecção e Biologia Experimental, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Santarém 68035-110, PA, Brazil; (A.S.B.); (L.T.M.); (C.S.); (R.H.V.M.)
| | - Pablo Luis B. Figueiredo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - José Guilherme S. Maia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
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Hou Z, Xia R, Li Y, Xu H, Wang Y, Feng Y, Pan S, Wang Z, Ren H, Qian G, Wang H, Zhu J, Xin G. Key components, formation pathways, affecting factors, and emerging analytical strategies for edible mushrooms aroma: A review. Food Chem 2024; 438:137993. [PMID: 37992603 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Aroma is one of the decisive factors affecting the quality and consumer acceptance of edible mushrooms. This review summarized the key components and formation pathways of edible mushroom aroma. It also elaborated on the affecting factors and emerging analytical strategies of edible mushroom aroma. A total of 1308 volatile organic compounds identified in edible mushrooms, 61 were key components. The formation of these compounds is closely related to fatty acid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, lentinic acid metabolism, and terpenoid metabolism. The aroma profiles of edible mushrooms were affected by genetic background, preharvest factors, and preservation methods. Molecular sensory science and omics techniques are emerging analytical strategies to reveal aroma information of edible mushrooms. This review would provide valuable data and insights for future research on edible mushroom aroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenshan Hou
- Shenyang Agricultural University, College of Food Science, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Rongrong Xia
- Shenyang Agricultural University, College of Food Science, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Yunting Li
- Shenyang Agricultural University, College of Food Science, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Heran Xu
- Shenyang Agricultural University, College of Food Science, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Yafei Wang
- Shenyang Agricultural University, College of Food Science, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Yao Feng
- Shenyang Agricultural University, College of Food Science, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Song Pan
- Shenyang Agricultural University, College of Food Science, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Zijian Wang
- Shenyang Agricultural University, College of Food Science, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Hongli Ren
- Shenyang Agricultural University, College of Food Science, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Guanlin Qian
- Shenyang Agricultural University, College of Food Science, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Huanyu Wang
- Shenyang Agricultural University, College of Food Science, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Jiayi Zhu
- Shenyang Agricultural University, College of Food Science, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China
| | - Guang Xin
- Shenyang Agricultural University, College of Food Science, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Development and Utilization for Natural Products Active Molecules, Anshan 114007, Liaoning, China.
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Zhou M, Sun Y, Luo L, Pan H, Zhang Q, Yu C. Comparative metabolomic analysis reveals nutritional properties and pigmentation mechanism of tea-scented rosehips. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:3392-3404. [PMID: 38105397 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fruits of the genus Rosa, commonly known as rosehips, have attracted significant attention owing to their rich content of various bioactive compounds. However, their utility is generally secondary to the ornamental appeal of their flowers. This study aimed to explore the quality differences among tea-scented rosehips found in Yunnan, China, including those of Rosa odorata var. odorata (RO), Rosa odorata var. gigantea (RG), and Rosa yangii (RY). Morphological characteristics, chemical composition, and antioxidant activity of their fruits were evaluated. RESULTS The study revealed significant variability in composition and biological activities based on fruit color. RO exhibited the highest levels of polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, carotenoids, and vitamin C, with the strongest antioxidant activity (10.99 μmol Trolox·g-1 ), followed by RG (7.91 μmol Trolox·g-1 ) and RY (6.52 μmol Trolox·g-1 ). This supports RO's potential as a functional food source. Untargeted metabolomics identified and quantified 502 metabolites, with flavonoids (171) and phenolic acids (147) as the main metabolites. The differential metabolites among the fruits are primarily enriched for flavonoid biosynthesis and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways. Insights into color formation supported the role of anthocyanins, flavones, and flavonols in fruit color variation. CONCLUSION Tea-scented rosehips offer vibrant colors and high nutritional value with potent biological activities. Rosa odorata var. odorata stands out as a functional food source owing to its rich bioactive compounds. These findings lay the groundwork for utilizing rosehips in functional foods, health supplements, and food additives, emphasizing the practical and beneficial applications of Rosa spp. independent of their ornamental value. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meichun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment and School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanlin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment and School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Le Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment and School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Huitang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment and School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Qixiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment and School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment and School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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Vincent D, Reddy P, Isenegger D. Integrated Proteomics and Metabolomics of Safflower Petal Wilting and Seed Development. Biomolecules 2024; 14:414. [PMID: 38672431 PMCID: PMC11048707 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is an ancient oilseed crop of interest due to its diversity of end-use industrial and food products. Proteomic and metabolomic profiling of its organs during seed development, which can provide further insights on seed quality attributes to assist in variety and product development, has not yet been undertaken. In this study, an integrated proteome and metabolic analysis have shown a high complexity of lipophilic proteins and metabolites differentially expressed across organs and tissues during seed development and petal wilting. We demonstrated that these approaches successfully discriminated safflower reproductive organs and developmental stages with the identification of 2179 unique compounds and 3043 peptides matching 724 unique proteins. A comparison between cotyledon and husk tissues revealed the complementarity of using both technologies, with husks mostly featuring metabolites (99%), while cotyledons predominantly yielded peptides (90%). This provided a more complete picture of mechanisms discriminating the seed envelope from what it protected. Furthermore, we showed distinct molecular signatures of petal wilting and colour transition, seed growth, and maturation. We revealed the molecular makeup shift occurring during petal colour transition and wilting, as well as the importance of benzenoids, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, and pigments. Finally, our study emphasizes that the biochemical mechanisms implicated in the growing and maturing of safflower seeds are complex and far-reaching, as evidenced by AraCyc, PaintOmics, and MetaboAnalyst mapping capabilities. This study provides a new resource for functional knowledge of safflower seed and potentially further enables the precision development of novel products and safflower varieties with biotechnology and molecular farming applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Vincent
- Agriculture Victoria Research, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia; (P.R.); (D.I.)
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Yao Y, Zhang R, Jia R, Yao Z, Qiao Y, Wang Z. Exploration of Raw Pigmented-Fleshed Sweet Potatoes Volatile Organic Compounds and the Precursors. Molecules 2024; 29:606. [PMID: 38338351 PMCID: PMC10856654 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Sweet potato provides rich nutrients and bioactive substances for the human diet. In this study, the volatile organic compounds of five pigmented-fleshed sweet potato cultivars were determined, the characteristic aroma compounds were screened, and a correlation analysis was carried out with the aroma precursors. In total, 66 volatile organic compounds were identified. Terpenoids and aldehydes were the main volatile compounds, accounting for 59% and 17%, respectively. Fifteen compounds, including seven aldehydes, six terpenes, one furan, and phenol, were identified as key aromatic compounds for sweet potato using relative odor activity values (ROAVs) and contributed to flower, sweet, and fat flavors. The OR sample exhibited a significant presence of trans-β-Ionone, while the Y sample showed high levels of benzaldehyde. Starch, soluble sugars, 20 amino acids, and 25 fatty acids were detected as volatile compounds precursors. Among them, total starch (57.2%), phenylalanine (126.82 ± 0.02 g/g), and fatty acids (6.45 μg/mg) were all most abundant in Y, and LY contained the most soluble sugar (14.65%). The results of the correlation analysis revealed the significant correlations were identified between seven carotenoids and trans-β-Ionone, soluble sugar and nerol, two fatty acids and hexanal, phenylalanine and 10 fatty acids with benzaldehyde, respectively. In general, terpenoids and aldehydes were identified as the main key aromatic compounds in sweet potatoes, and carotenoids had more influence on the aroma of OR than other cultivars. Soluble sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids probably serve as important precursors for some key aroma compounds in sweet potatoes. These findings provide valuable insights for the formation of sweet potato aroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiang Yao
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Changli 066600, China;
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (R.Z.); (R.J.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Rong Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (R.Z.); (R.J.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Ruixue Jia
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (R.Z.); (R.J.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Zhufang Yao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (R.Z.); (R.J.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Yake Qiao
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Hebei Normal University of Science & Technology, Changli 066600, China;
| | - Zhangying Wang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (R.Z.); (R.J.); (Z.Y.)
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Jiang F, Liu D, Dai J, Yang T, Zhang J, Che D, Fan J. Cloning and Functional Characterization of 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate cytidylyltransferase (LiMCT) Gene in Oriental Lily (Lilium 'Sorbonne'). Mol Biotechnol 2024; 66:56-67. [PMID: 37014586 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00729-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-phosphate cytidylyltransferase (MCT) is a key enzyme in the MEP pathway of monoterpene synthesis, catalyzing the generation of 4- (5'-pyrophosphate cytidine)-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol from 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate. We used homologous cloning strategy to clone gene, LiMCT, in the MEP pathway that may be involved in the regulation of floral fragrance synthesis in the Lilium oriental hybrid 'Sorbonne.' The full-length ORF sequence was 837 bp, encoding 278 amino acids. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the relative molecular weight of LiMCT protein is 68.56 kD and the isoelectric point (pI) is 5.12. The expression pattern of LiMCT gene was found to be consistent with the accumulation sites and emission patterns of floral fragrance monoterpenes in transcriptome data (unpublished). Subcellular localization indicated that the LiMCT protein is located in chloroplasts, which is consistent with the location of MEP pathway genes functioning in plastids to produce isoprene precursors. Overexpression of LiMCT in Arabidopsis thaliana affected the expression levels of MEP and MVA pathway genes, suggesting that overexpression of the LiMCT in A. thaliana affected the metabolic flow of C5 precursors of two different terpene synthesis pathways. The expression of the monoterpene synthase AtTPS14 was elevated nearly fourfold in transgenic A. thaliana compared with the control, and the levels of carotenoids and chlorophylls, the end products of the MEP pathway, were significantly increased in the leaves at full bloom, indicating that LiMCT plays an important role in regulating monoterpene synthesis and in the synthesis of other isoprene-like precursors in transgenic A. thaliana flowers. However, the specific mechanism of LiMCT in promoting the accumulation of isoprene products of the MEP pathway and the biosynthesis of floral monoterpene volatile components needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Jiang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Dongying Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jingqi Dai
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Tao Yang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jinzhu Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Daidi Che
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jinping Fan
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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Lu Z, Wang X, Lin X, Mostafa S, Bao H, Ren S, Cui J, Jin B. Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of Long Non-Coding RNAs Associated with Floral Scent Formation in Jasmine ( Jasminum sambac). Biomolecules 2023; 14:45. [PMID: 38254645 PMCID: PMC10812929 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as curial regulators of diverse biological processes in plants. Jasmine (Jasminum sambac) is a world-renowned ornamental plant for its attractive and exceptional flower fragrance. However, to date, no systematic screening of lncRNAs and their regulatory roles in the production of the floral fragrance of jasmine flowers has been reported. In this study, we identified a total of 31,079 novel lncRNAs based on an analysis of strand-specific RNA-Seq data from J. sambac flowers at different stages. The lncRNAs identified in jasmine flowers exhibited distinct characteristics compared with protein-coding genes (PCGs), including lower expression levels, shorter transcript lengths, and fewer exons. Certain jasmine lncRNAs possess detectable sequence conservation with other species. Expression analysis identified 2752 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DE_lncRNAs) and 8002 DE_PCGs in flowers at the full-blooming stage. DE_lncRNAs could potentially cis- and trans-regulate PCGs, among which DE_lincRNAs and their targets showed significant opposite expression patterns. The flowers at the full-blooming stage are specifically enriched with abundant phenylpropanoids and terpenoids potentially contributed by DE_lncRNA cis-regulated PCGs. Notably, we found that many cis-regulated DE_lncRNAs may be involved in terpenoid and phenylpropanoid/benzenoid biosynthesis pathways, which potentially contribute to the production of jasmine floral scents. Our study reports numerous jasmine lncRNAs and identifies floral-scent-biosynthesis-related lncRNAs, which highlights their potential functions in regulating the floral scent formation of jasmine and lays the foundations for future molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaogeng Lu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.L.)
| | - Xinwen Wang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.L.)
| | - Xinyi Lin
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.L.)
| | - Salma Mostafa
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.L.)
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Hongyan Bao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.L.)
| | - Shixiong Ren
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.L.)
| | - Jiawen Cui
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.L.)
| | - Biao Jin
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.L.)
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Zheng S, Cai J, Huang P, Wang Y, Yang Z, Yu Y. Determination of volatile profiles of woodland strawberry (Fragaria vesca) during fruit maturation by HS-SPME GC-MS. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:7455-7468. [PMID: 37403783 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aroma is an important agronomic trait for strawberries, and the improvement of fruit flavor is a key goal in current strawberry breeding programs. Fragaria vesca (also known as woodland strawberry) has become an excellent model plant with exquisite flavor, a small genome size and a short life cycle. Thus, the comprehensive identification of fruit volatiles and their accumulation pattern of F. vesca strawberries are very important and necessary to the fruit aroma study. This study examined the volatile profile changes from the fruits of three F. vesca genotypes during maturation using headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with multivariate analysis. RESULTS A total of 191 putative volatile compounds were identified, while 152, 159 and 175 volatiles were detected in 20-30 DAP (days after pollination) fruits of Hawaii 4 (HW), Reugen (RG) and Yellow Wonder (YW), respectively. Aldehydes and alcohols predominated in the early time point while esters were predominant during the late time point. Ketones were the dominant compounds from F. vesca strawberries at the ripe stage. Certain genotype-characteristic volatiles were identified, including eugenol, γ-octalactone and δ-decalactone only detected in YW, and mesifurane was found in HW. CONCLUSIONS RG and YW showed very similar volatile compositions, but YW presented a greater number of volatiles and RG yielded a higher content. Differences in the volatile composition may be primarily due to genetic relationships. The metabolic changes that occurred during fruit ripening and characteristic volatiles will be a useful reference for future studies of strawberry volatiles. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Zheng
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Cai
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Peibin Huang
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuqi Wang
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhenbiao Yang
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yuan Yu
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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11
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Wang Q, Zhao X, Jiang Y, Jin B, Wang L. Functions of Representative Terpenoids and Their Biosynthesis Mechanisms in Medicinal Plants. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1725. [PMID: 38136596 PMCID: PMC10741589 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Terpenoids are the broadest and richest group of chemicals obtained from plants. These plant-derived terpenoids have been extensively utilized in various industries, including food and pharmaceuticals. Several specific terpenoids have been identified and isolated from medicinal plants, emphasizing the diversity of biosynthesis and specific functionality of terpenoids. With advances in the technology of sequencing, the genomes of certain important medicinal plants have been assembled. This has improved our knowledge of the biosynthesis and regulatory molecular functions of terpenoids with medicinal functions. In this review, we introduce several notable medicinal plants that produce distinct terpenoids (e.g., Cannabis sativa, Artemisia annua, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Ginkgo biloba, and Taxus media). We summarize the specialized roles of these terpenoids in plant-environment interactions as well as their significance in the pharmaceutical and food industries. Additionally, we highlight recent findings in the fields of molecular regulation mechanisms involved in these distinct terpenoids biosynthesis, and propose future opportunities in terpenoid research, including biology seeding, and genetic engineering in medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Li Wang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Q.W.); (X.Z.); (Y.J.); (B.J.)
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12
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Lu Z, Wang X, Mostafa S, Noor I, Lin X, Ren S, Cui J, Jin B. WRKY Transcription Factors in Jasminum sambac: An Insight into the Regulation of Aroma Synthesis. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1679. [PMID: 38136552 PMCID: PMC10742223 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
WRKY transcription factors are one of the largest families of transcription regulators that play essential roles in regulating the synthesis of secondary metabolites in plants. Jasmine (Jasminum sambac), renowned for its aromatic nature and fragrant blossoms, possesses a significant abundance of volatile terpene compounds. However, the role of the WRKY family in terpene synthesis in jasmine remains undetermined. In this study, 72 WRKY family genes of J. sambac were identified with their conserved WRKY domains and were categorized into three main groups based on their structural and phylogenetic characteristics. The extensive segmental duplications contributed to the expansion of the WRKY gene family. Expression profiles derived from the transcriptome data and qRT-PCR analysis showed that the majority of JsWRKY genes were significantly upregulated in fully bloomed flowers compared to buds. Furthermore, multiple correlation analyses revealed that the expression patterns of JsWRKYs (JsWRKY27/33/45/51/55/57) were correlated with both distinct terpene compounds (monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes). Notably, the majority of jasmine terpene synthase (JsTPS) genes related to terpene synthesis and containing W-box elements exhibited a significant correlation with JsWRKYs, particularly with JsWRKY51, displaying a strong positive correlation. A subcellular localization analysis showed that JsWRKY51 was localized in the nucleus. Moreover, transgenic tobacco leaves and jasmine calli experiments demonstrated that overexpression of JsWRKY51 was a key factor in enhancing the accumulation of β-ocimene, which is an important aromatic terpene component. Collectively, our findings suggest the roles of JsWRKY51 and other JsWRKYs in regulating the synthesis of aromatic compounds in J. sambac, providing a foundation for the potential utilization of JsWRKYs to facilitate the breeding of fragrant plant varieties with an improved aroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaogeng Lu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Xinwen Wang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Salma Mostafa
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.L.); (X.W.)
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Iqra Noor
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Xinyi Lin
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Shixiong Ren
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Jiawen Cui
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Biao Jin
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.L.); (X.W.)
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13
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Mérida-Torres NM, Cruz-López L, Malo EA, Cruz-Esteban S. Attraction of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae), to healthy and damaged strawberry plants mediated by volatile cues. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2023; 91:413-427. [PMID: 37861891 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-023-00852-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae), the two-spotted spider mite, is a pest that limits strawberry production in Mexico. Little is known about the interactions that occur between T. urticae and healthy strawberry plants or strawberry plants infested by conspecific spider mites. Therefore, in this study we evaluated the attraction of T. urticae to healthy strawberry plants mediated by volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and to plants damaged by conspecifics mediated by herbivore-induce plant volatiles (HIPVs). First, we conducted dual-choice tests using a Y-tube olfactometer with plants and extracts obtained through dynamic aeration. The volatile composition of the extracts was identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Once the compounds were identified, we also conducted dual-choice tests with selected synthetic compounds. Tetranychus urticae exhibited greater attraction to both healthy and damaged plants compared to the control (clean air). However, when healthy and damaged plants were offered simultaneously, there was no significant preference observed. Bioassays with extracts obtained by dynamic aeration yielded similar results. The identified compounds were terpenes and aromatic hydrocarbons. We found qualitative and quantitative changes between the VOCs emitted by the healthy plant and the HIPVs from mite-damaged plants. The individual compounds α-pinene (10 ng), pseudocumene (10 ng), and limonene (1 ng) and 10 ng of the blend made of α-pinene + pseudocumene + mesitylene + limonene (5:34:57:4) attracted more T. urticae than the control. However, the binary blend of pseudocumene + limonene (91:9) was more attractive than the other binary or three-compound blends evaluated. These results may contribute to developing strategies for the management of this pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neby M Mérida-Torres
- Grupo de Ecología de Artrópodos y Manejo de Plagas, Departamento de Agricultura, Sociedad y Ambiente, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto Km 2.5, Tapachula, Chiapas, 30700, Mexico
| | - Leopoldo Cruz-López
- Grupo de Ecología de Artrópodos y Manejo de Plagas, Departamento de Agricultura, Sociedad y Ambiente, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto Km 2.5, Tapachula, Chiapas, 30700, Mexico.
| | - Edi A Malo
- Grupo de Ecología de Artrópodos y Manejo de Plagas, Departamento de Agricultura, Sociedad y Ambiente, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto Km 2.5, Tapachula, Chiapas, 30700, Mexico
| | - Samuel Cruz-Esteban
- Instituto de Ecología, Centro Regional del Bajío, Red de Diversidad Biológica del Occidente Mexicano. Avenida Lázaro Cárdenas 253, Pátzcuaro, A.C., Michoacán, 61600, Mexico.
- CONAHCYT, Avenida Insurgentes Sur 1582, Ciudad de México, 03940, Mexico.
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14
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Kasote D, Lee J, Sreenivasulu N. Editorial: Volatilomics in plant and agricultural research: recent trends. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1289998. [PMID: 37841633 PMCID: PMC10570788 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1289998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kasote
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Jisun Lee
- Department of Plant Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Nese Sreenivasulu
- Rice Breeding Innovation Department, International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Philippines
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15
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Abbas F, Yu Y, Bendahmane M, Wang HC. Plant volatiles and color compounds: From biosynthesis to function. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e13947. [PMID: 37357979 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Farhat Abbas
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops-South China/Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yixun Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops-South China/Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mohammed Bendahmane
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Development des Plantes, INRA-CNRS-Lyon1-ENS, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Hui-Cong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops-South China/Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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16
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Zhang X, Purba ER, Sun J, Zhang QH, Dong SL, Zhang YN, He P, Mang D, Zhang L. Functional differentiation of two general-odorant binding proteins in Hyphantria cunea (Drury) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023. [PMID: 37103977 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND General odor-binding proteins (GOBPs) play critical roles in insect olfactory recognition of sex pheromones and plant volatiles. Therefore, the identification of GOBPs in Hyphantria cunea (Drury) based on their characterization to pheromone components and plant volatiles is remain unknown. RESULTS In this study, two H. cunea (HcunGOBPs) genes were cloned, and their expression profiles and odorant binding characteristics were systematically analyzed. Firstly, the tissue expression study showed that both HcunGOBP1 and HcunGOBP2 were highly expressed in the antennae of both sexes, indicating their potential involvement in the perception of sex pheromones. Secondly, these two HcunGOBPs genes were expressed in Escherichia coli and ligand binding assays were used to assess the binding affinities to its sex pheromone components including two aldehydes and two epoxides, and some plant volatiles. HcunGOBP2 showed high binding affinities to two aldehyde components (Z9, Z12, Z15-18Ald and Z9, Z12-18Ald), and showed low binding affinities to two epoxide components (1, Z3, Z6-9S, 10R-epoxy-21Hy and Z3, Z6-9S, 10R-epoxy-21Hy), whereas HcunGOBP1 showed weak but significant binding to all four sex pheromone components. Furthermore, both HcunGOBPs demonstrated variable binding affinities to the plant volatiles tested. Thirdly, in silico studies of HcunGOBPs utilized homology, structure modeling, and molecular docking revealed critical hydrophobic residues might be involved in the binding of HcunGOBPs to their sex pheromone components and plant volatiles. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that these two HcunGOBPs may serve as potential targets for future studies of HcunGOBPs ligand binding, providing insight in the mechanism of olfaction in H. cunea. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Zhang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Control, Engineering Research Center of Fungal Biotechnology, Ministry of Education School of Forestry & Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Endang R Purba
- Structural Cellular Biology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Jing Sun
- College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | | | - Shuang-Lin Dong
- Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ya-Nan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, China
| | - Peng He
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Dingze Mang
- College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding, China
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Longwa Zhang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Control, Engineering Research Center of Fungal Biotechnology, Ministry of Education School of Forestry & Landscape Architecture, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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17
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Abbas F, Zhou Y, O'Neill Rothenberg D, Alam I, Ke Y, Wang HC. Aroma Components in Horticultural Crops: Chemical Diversity and Usage of Metabolic Engineering for Industrial Applications. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12091748. [PMID: 37176806 PMCID: PMC10180852 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants produce an incredible variety of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that assist the interactions with their environment, such as attracting pollinating insects and seed dispersers and defense against herbivores, pathogens, and parasites. Furthermore, VOCs have a significant economic impact on crop quality, as well as the beverage, food, perfume, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals industries. These VOCs are mainly classified as terpenoids, benzenoids/phenylpropanes, and fatty acid derivates. Fruits and vegetables are rich in minerals, vitamins, antioxidants, and dietary fiber, while aroma compounds play a major role in flavor and quality management of these horticultural commodities. Subtle shifts in aroma compounds can dramatically alter the flavor and texture of fruits and vegetables, altering their consumer appeal. Rapid innovations in -omics techniques have led to the isolation of genes encoding enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of several volatiles, which has aided to our comprehension of the regulatory molecular pathways involved in VOC production. The present review focuses on the significance of aroma volatiles to the flavor and aroma profile of horticultural crops and addresses the industrial applications of plant-derived volatile terpenoids, particularly in food and beverages, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and biofuel industries. Additionally, the methodological constraints and complexities that limit the transition from gene selection to host organisms and from laboratories to practical implementation are discussed, along with metabolic engineering's potential for enhancing terpenoids volatile production at the industrial level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhat Abbas
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops-South China/Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yiwei Zhou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Dylan O'Neill Rothenberg
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops-South China/Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Intikhab Alam
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops-South China/Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yanguo Ke
- College of Economics and Management, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Yunnan Urban Agricultural Engineering & Technological Research Center, Kunming University, Kunming 650214, China
| | - Hui-Cong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops-South China/Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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18
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Liu Z, Lan Y, Zhang H, Hao W, He S, Liu L, Feng X, Qie Q, Chai M, Wang Y. Responses of Aroma Related Metabolic Attributes of Opisthopappus longilobus Flowers to Environmental Changes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1592. [PMID: 37111816 PMCID: PMC10140910 DOI: 10.3390/plants12081592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Opisthopappus longilobus (Opisthopappus) and its descendant species, Opisthopappus taihangensis, commonly thrive on the Taihang Mountains of China. Being typical cliff plants, both O. longilobus and O. taihangensis release unique aromatics. To determine the potential differentiation and environmental response patterns, comparative metabolic analysis was performed on O. longilobus wild flower (CLW), O. longilobus transplant flower (CLT), and O. taihangensis wild flower (TH) groups. Significant differences in the metabolic profiles were found, not within O. longilobus, but between O. longilobus and O. taihangensis flowers. Within these metabolites, twenty-eight substances related to the scents were obtained (one alkene, two aldehydes, three esters, eight phenols, three acids, three ketones, three alcohols, and five flavonoids), of which eugenol and chlorogenic were the primary aromatic molecules and enriched in the phenylpropane pathway. Network analysis showed that close relationships occurred among identified aromatic substances. The variation coefficient (CV) of aromatic metabolites in O. longilobus was lower than O. taihangensis. The aromatic related compounds were significantly correlated with the lowest temperatures in October and in December of the sampled sites. The results indicated that phenylpropane, particularly eugenol and chlorogenic, played important roles in the responses of O. longilobus species to environmental changes.
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Cao L, Hmimsa Y, El Fatehi S, Buatois B, Dubois MP, Le Moigne M, Hossaert-McKey M, Aumeeruddy-Thomas Y, Bagnères AG, Proffit M. Floral scent of the Mediterranean fig tree: significant inter-varietal difference but strong conservation of the signal responsible for pollinator attraction. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5642. [PMID: 37024518 PMCID: PMC10079669 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32450-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
For thousands of years, humans have domesticated different plants by selecting for particular characters, often affecting less-known traits, including the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by these plants for defense or reproduction. The fig tree Ficus carica has a very wide range of varieties in the Mediterranean region and is selected for its traits affecting fruits, including pollination, but the effect of human-driven diversification on the VOCs emitted by the receptive figs to attract their pollinator (Blastophaga psenes) is not known. In the present study, VOCs from receptive figs of eight varieties in northern Morocco, were collected at different times within the manual pollination period and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Genetic analyses using microsatellite loci were performed on the same varieties. Despite strong inter-varietal differences in the quantity and relative proportions of all VOCs, the relative proportions of the four pollinator-attractive VOCs showed limited variation among varieties. There was no significant correlation between genetic markers and chemical profiles of the different varieties. While diversification driven by humans has led to differences between varieties in VOC profiles, this paper suggests that throughout the process of domestication and varietal diversification, stabilizing selection has maintained a strong signal favoring pollinator attraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Cao
- CEFE, CNRS/University of Montpellier/EPHE/IRD (UMR 5175), 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| | - Younes Hmimsa
- TEDAEEP Research Team, Abdelmalek Essaadi University (FPL), B. P. 745, Poste Principale, 92004, Larache, Morocco
| | - Salama El Fatehi
- TEDAEEP Research Team, Abdelmalek Essaadi University (FPL), B. P. 745, Poste Principale, 92004, Larache, Morocco
| | - Bruno Buatois
- CEFE, CNRS/University of Montpellier/EPHE/IRD (UMR 5175), 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Dubois
- CEFE, CNRS/University of Montpellier/EPHE/IRD (UMR 5175), 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Maïlys Le Moigne
- CEFE, CNRS/University of Montpellier/EPHE/IRD (UMR 5175), 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Martine Hossaert-McKey
- CEFE, CNRS/University of Montpellier/EPHE/IRD (UMR 5175), 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Yildiz Aumeeruddy-Thomas
- CEFE, CNRS/University of Montpellier/EPHE/IRD (UMR 5175), 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Anne-Geneviève Bagnères
- CEFE, CNRS/University of Montpellier/EPHE/IRD (UMR 5175), 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Magali Proffit
- CEFE, CNRS/University of Montpellier/EPHE/IRD (UMR 5175), 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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20
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Wellawatte GP, Gandhi HA, Seshadri A, White AD. A Perspective on Explanations of Molecular Prediction Models. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:2149-2160. [PMID: 36972469 PMCID: PMC10134429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c01235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Chemists can be skeptical in using deep learning (DL) in decision making, due to the lack of interpretability in "black-box" models. Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) is a branch of artificial intelligence (AI) which addresses this drawback by providing tools to interpret DL models and their predictions. We review the principles of XAI in the domain of chemistry and emerging methods for creating and evaluating explanations. Then, we focus on methods developed by our group and their applications in predicting solubility, blood-brain barrier permeability, and the scent of molecules. We show that XAI methods like chemical counterfactuals and descriptor explanations can explain DL predictions while giving insight into structure-property relationships. Finally, we discuss how a two-step process of developing a black-box model and explaining predictions can uncover structure-property relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geemi P Wellawatte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Heta A Gandhi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Aditi Seshadri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Andrew D White
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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Yang Z, Zhu Y, Zhang X, Zhang H, Zhang X, Liu G, Zhao Q, Bao Z, Ma F. Volatile secondary metabolome and transcriptome analysis reveals distinct regulation mechanism of aroma biosynthesis in Syringa oblata and S. vulgaris. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 196:965-973. [PMID: 36889235 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Lilacs have high ornamental value due to their strong aroma. However, the molecular regulatory mechanisms of aroma biosynthesis and metabolism in lilac were largely unclear. In this study, two varieties with distinct aroma, Syringa oblata 'Zi Kui' (faint aroma) and Syringa vulgaris 'Li Fei' (strong aroma), were used for exploring the regulation mechanism of aroma difference. Via GC-MS analysis, a total of 43 volatile components were identified. Terpene volatiles was the most abundant volatiles constituting the aroma of two varieties. Notably, 3 volatile secondary metabolites were unique in 'Zi Kui' and 30 volatile secondary metabolites were unique in 'Li Fei'. Then, a transcriptome analysis was performed to clarify the regulation mechanism of aroma metabolism difference between these two varieties, and identified 6411 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Interestingly, ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis genes were significantly enriched in DEGs. We further conducted a correlation analysis between the volatile metabolome and transcriptome and found that TPS, GGPPS, and HMGS genes might be the key contributors to the differences in floral fragrance composition between the two lilac varieties. Our study improves the understanding in the regulation mechanism of Lilac aroma and would help improve the aroma of ornamental crops by metabolic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Yang
- Weifang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Weifang, 261071, Shandong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Hailiang Zhang
- Weifang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Weifang, 261071, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Weifang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Weifang, 261071, Shandong, China
| | - Genzhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Qingzhu Zhao
- Weifang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Weifang, 261071, Shandong, China.
| | - Zhilong Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, Shandong, China.
| | - Fangfang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, 271018, Shandong, China.
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Zhang Z, Yu S, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Li H. Comparative Characterization of Fruit Volatiles and Volatile-Related Genes Expression of 'Benihoppe' Strawberry and Its Somaclonal Mutant. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1109. [PMID: 36903969 PMCID: PMC10005569 DOI: 10.3390/plants12051109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Somaclonal variations in tissue cultures can be used in plant breeding programs. However, it is still unclear whether somaclonal variations and their original parent have differences in volatile compounds, and the candidate genes which result in the differences in volatile compounds also need to be identified. In this study, we utilized the 'Benihoppe' strawberry and its somaclonal mutant 'Xiaobai', which has different fruit aromas compared with 'Benihoppe', as research materials. Using HS-SPME-GC-MS, 113 volatile compounds have been identified in the four developmental periods of 'Benihoppe' and 'Xiaobai'. Among them, the quantity and content of some unique esters in 'Xiaobai' were much higher than that in 'Benihoppe'. In addition, we found that the contents and odor activity values of ethyl isovalerate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl butyrate, ethyl pentanoate, linalool, and nerolidol in the red fruit of 'Xiaobai' were much higher compared with 'Benihoppe', which may result from the significantly increased expression of FaLOX6, FaHPL, FaADH, FaAAT, FaAAT1, FaDXS, FaMCS, and FaHDR in 'Xiaobai'. However, the content of eugenol in 'Benihoppe' was higher than that in 'Xiaobai', which may result from the higher expression of FaEGS1a in 'Benihoppe' compared with 'Xiaobai'. The results provide insights into the somaclonal variations that affect the volatile compounds in strawberries and can be used for strawberry quality improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Zhang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Strawberry Breeding and Cultivation, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Shenyang Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Shuang Yu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Strawberry Breeding and Cultivation, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Shenyang Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Strawberry Breeding and Cultivation, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Shenyang Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110866, China
- Analytical and Testing Center, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Junxiang Zhang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Strawberry Breeding and Cultivation, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Shenyang Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - He Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Strawberry Breeding and Cultivation, College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
- Laboratory of Protected Horticulture (Shenyang Agricultural University), Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110866, China
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23
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Zhang M, Bai B, Chen L, Liu H, Jin Q, Wang L, Feng T. Comparative Analysis of the Quality in Ripe Fruits of Cuiguan Pear from Different Regions. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041733. [PMID: 36838724 PMCID: PMC9963954 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Cuiguan pear is called "June snow" and the skin is thin; the meat is crisp and juicy; the taste is thick and fresh; and the juice is rich and sweet. In this study, the volatile organic compounds and the sensory and physicochemical parameters of the Cuiguan pear from four different regions of China (Sichuan (SC), Shangdong (SD), Chongming (CM), Zhuanghang (ZH)) were assessed. The highest differences in the physicochemical parameters were observed between four regions. The volatile fingerprints of GC-IMS showed great differences in the volatile of the Cuiguan pear, which suggested that the aroma of pears could be largely impacted by origin areas. (E)-ethyl-2-hexenoate can be used to distinguish between the 'CM' and pears from other regions. High contents of 2-heptanone, 1-pentanol, 1-butanol, 3-methylbutanol, butyl 2-methylbutanoate, heptyl acetate and butyl acetate were observed in the 'SD'. Dimethyl trisulfide, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, 1-penten-3-one, beta-pinene, γ-terpinene, propanal, (e)-2-pentenal, (e)-2-heptenal, 1-pentanol and 3-methyl-1-pentanol were primarily contained in the 'ZH'. Principal component analysis showed that there was very good discrimination based on the information obtained from GC-IMS for four samples. These findings were in agreement with the sensory analysis. In the opinion of the respondents to the consumer test, 'ZH' resulted in the most appreciated sample based on the average scores of the acceptability. This study provides some reference for the development and utilization of the Cuiguan pear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaoqiang Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Bing Bai
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Qiqi Jin
- Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Liang Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
- Correspondence: (L.W.); (T.F.)
| | - Tao Feng
- School of Perfume and Aroma Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai 201418, China
- Correspondence: (L.W.); (T.F.)
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Yang G, Qin Y, Jia Y, Xie X, Li D, Jiang B, Wang Q, Feng S, Wu Y. Transcriptomic and metabolomic data reveal key genes that are involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway and regulate the floral fragrance of Rhododendron fortunei. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:8. [PMID: 36600207 PMCID: PMC9814181 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-04016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To reveal the key genes involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway, which ultimately governs the fragrance of Rhododendron fortunei, we performed a comprehensive transcriptome and metabolomic analysis of the petals of two different varieties of two alpine rhododendrons: the scented R. fortunei and the unscented Rhododendron 'Nova Zembla'. RESULTS Our transcriptomic and qRT-PCR data showed that nine candidate genes were highly expressed in R. fortunei but were downregulated in Rhododendron 'Nova Zembla'. Among these genes, EGS expression was significantly positively correlated with various volatile benzene/phenylpropanoid compounds and significantly negatively correlated with the contents of various nonvolatile compounds, whereas CCoAOMT, PAL, C4H, and BALDH expression was significantly negatively correlated with the contents of various volatile benzene/phenylpropanoid compounds and significantly positively correlated with the contents of various nonvolatile compounds. CCR, CAD, 4CL, and SAMT expression was significantly negatively correlated with the contents of various benzene/phenylpropanoid compounds. The validation of RfSAMT showed that the RfSAMT gene regulates the synthesis of aromatic metabolites in R. fortunei. CONCLUSION The findings of this study indicated that key candidate genes and metabolites involved in the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway may govern the fragrance of R. fortunei. This lays a foundation for further research on the molecular mechanism underlying fragrance in the genus Rhododendron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxia Yang
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Qin
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yonghong Jia
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaohong Xie
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dongbin Li
- Ningbo Forest Farm, Ningbo, 315100, Zhejiang, China
| | - Baoxin Jiang
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qu Wang
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, Zhejiang, China
| | - Siyu Feng
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yueyan Wu
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, Zhejiang, China.
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25
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Chen G, Mostafa S, Lu Z, Du R, Cui J, Wang Y, Liao Q, Lu J, Mao X, Chang B, Gan Q, Wang L, Jia Z, Yang X, Zhu Y, Yan J, Jin B. The Jasmine (Jasminum sambac) Genome Provides Insight into the Biosynthesis of Flower Fragrances and Jasmonates. GENOMICS, PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2022:S1672-0229(22)00171-1. [PMID: 36587654 PMCID: PMC10372924 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2022.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Jasminum sambac (jasmine flower), a world-renowned plant appreciated for its exceptional flower fragrance, is of cultural and economic importance. However, the genetic basis of its fragrance is largely unknown. Here, we present the first de novo genome of J. sambac with 550.12 Mb (scaffold N50 = 40.10 Mb) assembled into 13 pseudochromosomes. Terpene synthase genes associated with flower fragrance are significantly amplified in the form of gene clusters through tandem duplications in the genome. Gene clusters within the salicylic acid/benzoic acid/theobromine (SABATH) and BAHD superfamilies were identified as related to the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoid/benzenoid compounds. Several key genes involved in jasmonate biosynthesis were duplicated, causing increased copy numbers. In addition, multi-omics analyses identified various aromatic compounds and many genes involved in fragrance biosynthesis pathways. Furthermore, the roles of JsTPS3 in β-ocimene biosynthesis, as well as JsAOC1 and JsAOS in jasmonic acid biosynthesis, were functionally validated. The genome assembled in this study for J. sambac offers a basic genetic resource for studying floral scent and jasmonate biosynthesis and provides a foundation for functional genomic research and variety improvements in Jasminum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Salma Mostafa
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Department of Floriculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt
| | - Zhaogeng Lu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Ran Du
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Jiawen Cui
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yun Wang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qinggang Liao
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Jinkai Lu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xinyu Mao
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Bang Chang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Quan Gan
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhichao Jia
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiulian Yang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yingfang Zhu
- Institute of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Department of Biology, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Jianbin Yan
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China.
| | - Biao Jin
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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26
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Xu C, Wang B, Luo Q, Ma Y, Zheng T, Wang Y, Cai Y, Zuo Z. The uppermost monoterpenes improving Cinnamomum camphora thermotolerance by serving signaling functions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1072931. [PMID: 36589079 PMCID: PMC9800025 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1072931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Terpenes serve important functions in enhancing plant thermotolerance. Cinnamomum camphora mainly has eucalyptol (EuL), camphor (CmR), linalool (LnL) and borneol (BeL) chemotypes basing on the uppermost monoterpenes. To reveal the thermotolerance mechanisms of these uppermost monoterpenes (eucalyptol, camphor, linalool, and borneol) in C. camphora, we surveyed the ROS metabolism and photosynthesis in the 4 chemotypes fumigated with the corresponding uppermost monoterpene after fosmidomycin (Fos) inhibiting monoterpene synthesis under high temperature at 38°C (Fos+38°C+monoterpene), and investigated the related gene expression in EuL and CmR. Meanwhile, the thermotolerance differences among the 4 uppermost monoterpenes were analyzed. In contrast to normal temperature (28°C), ROS levels and antioxidant enzyme activities in the 4 chemotypes increased under 38°C, and further increased in the treatment with Fos inhibiting monoterpene synthesis at 38°C (Fos+38°C), which may be caused by the alterations in expression of the genes related with non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant formation according to the analyses in EuL and CmR. Compared with Fos+38°C treatment, Fos+38°C+monoterpene treatments lowered ROS levels and antioxidant enzyme activities for the increased non-enzymatic antioxidant gene expression and decreased enzymatic antioxidant gene expression, respectively. High temperature at 38°C reduced the chlorophyll and carotenoid content as well as photosynthetic abilities, which may result from the declined expression of the genes associated with photosynthetic pigment biosynthesis, light reaction, and carbon fixation. Fos+38°C treatment aggravated the reduction. In contrast to Fos+38°C treatment, Fos+38°C+monoterpene treatments increased photosynthetic pigment content and improved photosynthetic abilities by up-regulating related gene expression. Among the 4 uppermost monoterpenes, camphor showed strong abilities in lowering ROS and maintaining photosynthesis, while eucalyptol showed weak abilities. This was consistent with the recovery effects of the gene expression in the treatments with camphor and eucalyptol fumigation. Therefore, the uppermost monoterpenes can enhance C. camphora thermotolerance as signaling molecules, and may have differences in the signaling functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingyun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuandan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tiefeng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuyan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhaojiang Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
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Frontini A, De Bellis L, Luvisi A, Blando F, Allah SM, Dimita R, Mininni C, Accogli R, Negro C. The Green Leaf Volatile (Z)-3-Hexenyl Acetate Is Differently Emitted by Two Varieties of Tulbaghia violacea Plants Routinely and after Wounding. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3305. [PMID: 36501344 PMCID: PMC9739665 DOI: 10.3390/plants11233305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
While studying aromas produced by the edible flowers of Tulbaghia violacea, we noticed a different production of (Z)-3-Hexenyl acetate (a green-leaf volatile, GLV) by purple (var. ‘Violacea’) and white (var. ‘Alba’) flowers. The white Tulbaghia flowers constantly emits (Z)-3-Hexenyl acetate, which is instead produced in a lower amount by the purple-flowered variety. Thus, we moved to analyze the production of (Z)-3-Hexenyl acetate by whole plants of the two varieties by keeping them confined under a glass bell for 5 h together with a SPME (Solid Phase Micro Extraction) fiber. Results show that six main volatile compounds are emitted by T. violacea plants: (Z)-3-Hexenyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, nonanal, decanal, (Z)-3-Hexenyl-α-methylbutyrate, and one unknown compound. By cutting at half-height of the leaves, the (Z)-3-Hexenyl acetate is emitted in high quantities from both varieties, while the production of (Z)-3-Hexenyl-α-methylbutyrate increases. (Z)-3-Hexenyl acetate is a GLV capable of stimulating plant defenses, attracting herbivores and their natural enemies, and it is also involved in plant-to-plant communication and defense priming. Thus, T. violacea could represent a useful model for the study of GLVs production and a ‘signal’ plant capable of stimulating natural defenses in the neighboring plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Frontini
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), Salento University, Via Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Luigi De Bellis
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), Salento University, Via Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Andrea Luvisi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), Salento University, Via Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Federica Blando
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Research Unit of Lecce, Via Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Samar Min Allah
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), Salento University, Via Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Rosanna Dimita
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), Salento University, Via Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Carlo Mininni
- Ortogourmet Società Agricola S.r.l., S.C. 14 Madonna delle Grazie, 74014 Laterza, Italy
| | - Rita Accogli
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), Salento University, Via Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Carmine Negro
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), Salento University, Via Prov.le Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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28
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Abbas F, O'Neill Rothenberg D, Zhou Y, Ke Y, Wang HC. Volatile organic compounds as mediators of plant communication and adaptation to climate change. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2022; 174:e13840. [PMID: 36512339 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plant volatile organic compounds are the most abundant and structurally diverse plant secondary metabolites. They play a key role in plant lifespan via direct and indirect plant defenses, attracting pollinators, and mediating various interactions between plants and their environment. The ecological diversity and context-dependence of plant-plant communication driven by volatiles are crucial elements that influence plant performance in different habitats. Plant volatiles are also valued for their multiple applications in food, flavor, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics industries. In the current review, we summarize recent advances that have elucidated the functions of plant volatile organic compounds as mediators of plant interaction at community and individual levels, highlighting the complexities of plant receiver feedback to various signals and cues. This review emphasizes volatile terpenoids, the most abundant class of plant volatile organic compounds, highlighting their role in plant adaptability to global climate change and stress-response pathways that are integral to plant growth and survival. Finally, we identify research gaps and suggest future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhat Abbas
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops-South China/Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dylan O'Neill Rothenberg
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops-South China/Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiwei Zhou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanguo Ke
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Yunnan Urban Agricultural Engineering & Technological Research Center, Kunming University, Kunming, China
- College of Economics and Management, Kunming University, Kunming, China
| | - Hui-Cong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops-South China/Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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29
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Insights into the Cytochrome P450 Monooxygenase Superfamily in Osmanthus fragrans and the Role of OfCYP142 in Linalool Synthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012150. [PMID: 36293004 PMCID: PMC9602793 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Osmanthus fragrans flowers have long been used as raw materials in food, tea, beverage, and perfume industries due to their attractive and strong fragrance. The P450 superfamily proteins have been reported to widely participate in the synthesis of plant floral volatile organic compounds (VOCs). To investigate the potential functions of P450 superfamily proteins in the fragrance synthesis of O. fragrans, we investigated the P450 superfamily genome wide. A total of 276 P450 genes were identified belonging to 40 families. The RNA-seq data suggested that many OfCYP genes were preferentially expressed in the flower or other organs, and some were also induced by multiple abiotic stresses. The expression patterns of seven flower-preferentially expressed OfCYPs during the five different flower aroma content stages were further explored using quantitative real-time PCR, showing that the CYP94C subfamily member OfCYP142 had the highest positive correlation with linalool synthesis gene OfTPS2. The transient expression of OfCYP142 in O. fragrans petals suggested that OfCYP142 can increase the content of linalool, an important VOC of the O. fragrans floral aroma, and a similar result was also obtained in flowers of OfCYP142 transgenic tobacco. Combined with RNA-seq data of the transiently transformed O. fragrans petals, we found that the biosynthesis pathway of secondary metabolites was significantly enriched, and many 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway genes were also upregulated. This evidence indicated that the OfCYP proteins may play critical roles in the flower development and abiotic response of O. fragrans, and that OfCYP142 can participate in linalool synthesis. This study provides valuable information about the functions of P450 genes and a valuable guide for studying further functions of OfCYPs in promoting fragrance biosynthesis of ornamental plants.
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Li J, Yu X, Shan Q, Shi Z, Li J, Zhao X, Chang C, Yu J. Integrated volatile metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis provides insights into the regulation of floral scents between two contrasting varieties of Lonicera japonica. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:989036. [PMID: 36172557 PMCID: PMC9510994 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.989036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lonicera japonica Thunb., belonging to the Caprifoliaceae family, is an important traditional Chinese medicinal plant. The L. japonica flower (LJF) is widely used in medicine, cosmetics, drinks, and food due to its medicinal and sweet-smelling properties. Considerable efforts have been devoted to investigating the pharmacological activities of LJF; however, the regulatory mechanism of the floral scents remains unknown. We previously selected and bred an elite variety of L. japonica var. chinensis Thunb. called 'Yujin2', which has a strong aroma and is used in functional drinks and cosmetics. In order to reveal the regulatory mechanism of the floral scents of LJF, volatile metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses of the LJF at the silver flowering stage of 'Yujin2' (strong aroma) and 'Fengjin1' (bland odor) were performed. Our results revealed that a total of 153 metabolites and 9,523 genes were differentially regulated in LJF between 'Yujin2' and 'Fengjin1'. The integrated analysis of omics data indicated that the biosynthetic pathways of terpenoids (i.e., monoterpenoids, including geraniol and alpha-terpineol; sesquiterpenoids, including farnesol, farnesal, and alpha-farnesene; triterpenoid squalene), tryptophan and its derivatives (methyl anthranilate), and fatty acid derivatives, were major contributors to the stronger aroma of 'Yujin2' compared to 'Fengjin1'. Moreover, several genes involved in the terpenoid biosynthetic pathway were characterized using quantitative real-time PCR. These results provide insights into the metabolic mechanisms and molecular basis of floral scents in LJF, enabling future screening of genes related to the floral scent regulation, such as alpha-terpineol synthase, geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase, farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, anthranilate synthase, as well as transcription factors such as MYB, WRKY, and LFY. The knowledge from this study will facilitate the breeding of quality-improved and more fragrant variety of L. japonica for ornamental purpose and functional beverages and cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Li
- Green Medicine Biotechnology Henan Engineering Laboratory, Engineering Technology Research Center of Nursing and Utilization of Genuine Chinese Crude Drugs in Henan Province, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xinjie Yu
- Green Medicine Biotechnology Henan Engineering Laboratory, Engineering Technology Research Center of Nursing and Utilization of Genuine Chinese Crude Drugs in Henan Province, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Qianru Shan
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Agricultural Microbial Ecology and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhaobin Shi
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Agricultural Microbial Ecology and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Junhua Li
- Green Medicine Biotechnology Henan Engineering Laboratory, Engineering Technology Research Center of Nursing and Utilization of Genuine Chinese Crude Drugs in Henan Province, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiting Zhao
- Green Medicine Biotechnology Henan Engineering Laboratory, Engineering Technology Research Center of Nursing and Utilization of Genuine Chinese Crude Drugs in Henan Province, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Cuifang Chang
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Juanjuan Yu
- Henan International Joint Laboratory of Agricultural Microbial Ecology and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, China
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Mostafa S, Wang Y, Zeng W, Jin B. Plant Responses to Herbivory, Wounding, and Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137031. [PMID: 35806046 PMCID: PMC9266417 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have various self-defense mechanisms against biotic attacks, involving both physical and chemical barriers. Physical barriers include spines, trichomes, and cuticle layers, whereas chemical barriers include secondary metabolites (SMs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Complex interactions between plants and herbivores occur. Plant responses to insect herbivory begin with the perception of physical stimuli, chemical compounds (orally secreted by insects and herbivore-induced VOCs) during feeding. Plant cell membranes then generate ion fluxes that create differences in plasma membrane potential (Vm), which provokes the initiation of signal transduction, the activation of various hormones (e.g., jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, and ethylene), and the release of VOCs and SMs. This review of recent studies of plant–herbivore–infection interactions focuses on early and late plant responses, including physical barriers, signal transduction, SM production as well as epigenetic regulation, and phytohormone responses.
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Biochemical, Sensory, and Molecular Evaluation of Flavour and Consumer Acceptability in Australian Papaya (Carica papaya L.) Varieties. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116313. [PMID: 35682992 PMCID: PMC9181177 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Inconsistency in flavour is one of the major challenges to the Australian papaya industry. However, objectively measurable standards of the compound profiles that provide preferable taste and aroma, together with consumer acceptability, have not been set. In this study, three red-flesh papayas (i.e., ‘RB1’, ‘RB4’, and ‘Skybury’) and two yellow-flesh papayas (i.e., ‘1B’ and ‘H13’) were presented to a trained sensory panel and a consumer panel to assess sensory profiles and liking. The papaya samples were also examined for sugar components, total soluble solids, and 14 selected volatile compounds. Additionally, the expression patterns of 10 genes related to sweetness and volatile metabolism were assessed. In general, red papaya varieties had higher sugar content and tasted sweeter than yellow varieties, while yellow varieties had higher concentrations of citrus floral aroma volatiles and higher aroma intensity. Higher concentrations of glucose, linalool oxide, and terpinolene were significantly associated with decreased consumer liking. Significant differences were observed in the expression profiles of all the genes assessed among the selected papaya varieties. Of these, cpGPT2 and cpBGLU31 were positively correlated to glucose production and were expressed significantly higher in ‘1B’ than in ‘RB1’ or ‘Skybury’. These findings will assist in the strategic selective breeding for papaya to better match consumer and, hence, market demand.
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Functional Analysis of Two Terpene Synthase Genes Isolated from the Flowers of Hosta ‘So Sweet’. HORTICULTURAE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae8050447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The Hosta hybrid cultivar ‘So Sweet’, an important ornamental and widely used horticultural plant, is noted for its rich, fragrant white flowers. The main aroma components of Hosta flowers are terpenoids, mainly monoterpenes. Until now, the terpene synthases responsible for terpene production in Hosta were not described. In this study, two terpene synthase (TPS) genes (HsTPS1 and HsTPS2) were cloned and characterized to further study their function. Furthermore, the volatile terpenes of Hosta ’So Sweet’ in two flower development stages from two in vitro enzyme tests were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). We analyzed the expression levels of two genes at four different developmental stages using quantitative real-time PCR, while localization was analyzed using Nicotina benthamiana leaves. In vitro, the two proteins were identified to mainly produce linalool and nerol. In addition, the active products of the two recombinant proteins were (E,E)-farnesol and (E,E)-farnesal, respectively, using farnesyl pyrophosphate as a substrate. The high expression of HsTPS1 and HsTPS2 was correlated with the release of components of Hosta flowers. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the terpene synthase genes of Hosta species have been isolated and identified, providing an opportunity to study the terpene metabolic pathways in Hosta species.
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