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Abdul Rahman MR, Abd Hamid AI, Noh NA, Omar H, Chai WJ, Idris Z, Ahmad AH, Fitzrol DN, Ab. Ghani ARIG, Wan Mohamad WNA, Mohamed Mustafar MF, Hanafi MH, Reza MF, Umar H, Mohd Zulkifly MF, Ang SY, Zakaria Z, Musa KI, Othman A, Embong Z, Sapiai NA, Kandasamy R, Ibrahim H, Abdullah MZ, Amaruchkul K, Valdes-Sosa P, Luisa-Bringas M, Biswal B, Songsiri J, Yaacob HS, Sumari P, Jamir Singh PS, Azman A, Abdullah JM. Alteration in the Functional Organization of the Default Mode Network Following Closed Non-severe Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:833320. [PMID: 35418832 PMCID: PMC8995774 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.833320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The debilitating effect of traumatic brain injury (TBI) extends years after the initial injury and hampers the recovery process and quality of life. In this study, we explore the functional reorganization of the default mode network (DMN) of those affected with non-severe TBI. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a wide-spectrum disease that has heterogeneous effects on its victims and impacts everyday functioning. The functional disruption of the default mode network (DMN) after TBI has been established, but its link to causal effective connectivity remains to be explored. This study investigated the differences in the DMN between healthy participants and mild and moderate TBI, in terms of functional and effective connectivity using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Nineteen non-severe TBI (mean age 30.84 ± 14.56) and twenty-two healthy (HC; mean age 27.23 ± 6.32) participants were recruited for this study. Resting-state fMRI data were obtained at the subacute phase (mean days 40.63 ± 10.14) and analyzed for functional activation and connectivity, independent component analysis, and effective connectivity within and between the DMN. Neuropsychological tests were also performed to assess the cognitive and memory domains. Compared to the HC, the TBI group exhibited lower activation in the thalamus, as well as significant functional hypoconnectivity between DMN and LN. Within the DMN nodes, decreased activations were detected in the left inferior parietal lobule, precuneus, and right superior frontal gyrus. Altered effective connectivities were also observed in the TBI group and were linked to the diminished activation in the left parietal region and precuneus. With regard to intra-DMN connectivity within the TBI group, positive correlations were found in verbal and visual memory with the language network, while a negative correlation was found in the cognitive domain with the visual network. Our results suggested that aberrant activities and functional connectivities within the DMN and with other RSNs were accompanied by the altered effective connectivities in the TBI group. These alterations were associated with impaired cognitive and memory domains in the TBI group, in particular within the language domain. These findings may provide insight for future TBI observational and interventional research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Riddha Abdul Rahman
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
- School of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Nerus, Malaysia
- Brain and Behavior Cluster, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Aini Ismafairus Abd Hamid
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
- Brain and Behavior Cluster, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Aini Ismafairus Abd Hamid,
| | - Nor Azila Noh
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai, Malaysia
| | - Hazim Omar
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
- Brain and Behavior Cluster, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Wen Jia Chai
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
- Brain and Behavior Cluster, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Zamzuri Idris
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
- Brain and Behavior Cluster, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Asma Hayati Ahmad
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Diana Noma Fitzrol
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
- Brain and Behavior Cluster, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Ab. Rahman Izaini Ghani Ab. Ghani
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
- Brain and Behavior Cluster, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Wan Nor Azlen Wan Mohamad
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
- Brain and Behavior Cluster, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Faiz Mohamed Mustafar
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
- Brain and Behavior Cluster, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Hafiz Hanafi
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
- Brain and Behavior Cluster, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Faruque Reza
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
- Brain and Behavior Cluster, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Hafidah Umar
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
- Brain and Behavior Cluster, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Faizal Mohd Zulkifly
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
- Brain and Behavior Cluster, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Song Yee Ang
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
- Brain and Behavior Cluster, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Zaitun Zakaria
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
- Brain and Behavior Cluster, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Kamarul Imran Musa
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Azizah Othman
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Zunaina Embong
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Nur Asma Sapiai
- Department of Radiology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | | | - Haidi Ibrahim
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Zaid Abdullah
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Malaysia
| | - Kannapha Amaruchkul
- Graduate School of Applied Statistics, National Institute of Development Administration (NIDA), Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pedro Valdes-Sosa
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- The Cuban Neurosciences Center, Havana, Cuba
| | - Maria Luisa-Bringas
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- The Cuban Neurosciences Center, Havana, Cuba
| | - Bharat Biswal
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Jitkomut Songsiri
- EE410 Control Systems Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Hamwira Sakti Yaacob
- Department of Computer Science, Kulliyah of Information and Communication Technology, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Putra Sumari
- School of Computer Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Malaysia
| | | | - Azlinda Azman
- School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Malaysia
| | - Jafri Malin Abdullah
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
- Brain and Behavior Cluster, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
- Jafri Malin Abdullah,
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Kang JM, Kim N, Lee SY, Woo SK, Park G, Yeon BK, Park JW, Youn JH, Ryu SH, Lee JY, Cho SJ. Effect of Cognitive Training in Fully Immersive Virtual Reality on Visuospatial Function and Frontal-Occipital Functional Connectivity in Predementia: Randomized Controlled Trial. J Med Internet Res 2021; 23:e24526. [PMID: 33955835 PMCID: PMC8138710 DOI: 10.2196/24526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cognitive training can potentially prevent cognitive decline. However, the results of recent studies using semi-immersive virtual reality (VR)-assisted cognitive training are inconsistent. Objective We aimed to examine the hypothesis that cognitive training using fully immersive VR, which may facilitate visuospatial processes, could improve visuospatial functioning, comprehensive neuropsychological functioning, psychiatric symptoms, and functional connectivity in the visual brain network in predementia. Methods Participants over 60 years old with subjective cognitive decline or mild cognitive impairment from a memory clinic were randomly allocated to the VR (n=23) or the control (n=18) group. The VR group participants received multidomain and neuropsychologist-assisted cognitive training in a fully immersive VR environment twice a week for 1 month. The control group participants did not undergo any additional intervention except for their usual therapy such as pharmacotherapy. Participants of both groups were evaluated for cognitive function using face-to-face comprehensive neuropsychological tests, including the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test (RCFT) copy task; for psychiatric symptoms such as depression, apathy, affect, and quality of life; as well as resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) at baseline and after training. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to compare the effect of cognitive training between groups. Seed-to-voxel–based analyses were used to identify the cognitive improvement–related functional connectivity in the visual network of the brain. Results After VR cognitive training, significant improvement was found in the total score (F1,39=14.69, P=.001) and basic components score of the RCFT copy task (F1,39=9.27, P=.005) compared with those of the control group. The VR group also showed improvements, albeit not significant, in naming ability (F1,39=3.55, P=.07), verbal memory delayed recall (F1,39=3.03, P=.09), and phonemic fluency (F1,39=3.08, P=.09). Improvements in psychiatric symptoms such as apathy (F1,39=7.02, P=.01), affect (F1,39=14.40, P=.001 for positive affect; F1,39=4.23, P=.047 for negative affect), and quality of life (F1,39=4.49, P=.04) were found in the VR group compared to the control group. Improvement in the RCFT copy task was associated with a frontal-occipital functional connectivity increase revealed by rsfMRI in the VR group compared to the control group. Conclusions Fully immersive VR cognitive training had positive effects on the visuospatial function, apathy, affect, quality of life, and increased frontal-occipital functional connectivity in older people in a predementia state. Future trials using VR cognitive training with larger sample sizes and more sophisticated designs over a longer duration may reveal greater improvements in cognition, psychiatric symptoms, and brain functional connectivity. Trial Registration Clinical Research Information Service KCT0005243; https://tinyurl.com/2a4kfasa
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Myeong Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Brain Health Center, Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Nambeom Kim
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sook Young Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Kyun Woo
- Department of Psychiatry, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Geumjin Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong Kil Yeon
- Department of Psychiatry, Gyeonggi Provincial Medical Center Suwon Hospital, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Woon Park
- Department of Game Engineering and IT Convergence Engineering, Graduate School of Gachon University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hae Youn
- Department of Counseling Psychology, Cha University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ho Ryu
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Young Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Jin Cho
- Department of Psychiatry, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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