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Feldman R, Bracker K, Whelan M. Case report: Management of pregnancy-associated immune thrombocytopenia in a French bulldog with dystocia. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1404337. [PMID: 39071788 PMCID: PMC11273330 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1404337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The objective of this case report is to describe diagnosis and management of life-threatening immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) secondary to pregnancy in a dog with concurrent dystocia. Case summary A 1-year 11-month old female intact French bulldog was referred for management of severe thrombocytopenia and spontaneous hemorrhage during whelping. The thrombocytopenia was progressive from approximately 32 days of gestation. In the absence of an identifiable cause for the thrombocytopenia, the patient was treated for ITP with immunosuppressive therapies and blood and plasma transfusions. The patient was also supported through dystocia until the platelet count normalized so a Caesarean section and ovariohysterectomy (OVH) could be performed. Discussion This is the first report documenting ITP in a whelping canine. Pregnancy is a known trigger and can affect the clinical course of autoimmune diseases in women, including ITP. It is suspected that this patient's pregnancy triggered ITP, paralleling what occurs in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose Feldman
- MSPCA-Angell Animal Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
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LeVine DN, Goggs R, Kohn B, Mackin AJ, Kidd L, Garden OA, Brooks MB, Eldermire ERB, Abrams-Ogg A, Appleman EH, Archer TM, Bianco D, Blois SL, Brainard BM, Callan MB, Fellman CL, Haines JM, Hale AS, Huang AA, Lucy JM, O'Marra SK, Rozanski EA, Thomason JM, Walton JE, Wilson HE. ACVIM consensus statement on the treatment of immune thrombocytopenia in dogs and cats. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:1982-2007. [PMID: 38779941 PMCID: PMC11256181 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.17079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Management of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) in dogs and cats is evolving, but there are no evidence-based guidelines to assist clinicians with treatment decisions. Likewise, the overall goals for treatment of ITP have not been established. Immunosuppressive doses of glucocorticoids are the first line treatment, but optimal treatment regimens beyond glucocorticoids remain uncertain. Additional options include secondary immunosuppressive drugs such as azathioprine, modified cyclosporine, and mycophenolate mofetil, usually selected based on clinician preference. Vincristine, human IV immunoglobulin (hIVIg), and transfusion of platelet or red blood cell-containing products are often used in more severe cases. Splenectomy and thrombopoietin receptor agonists are usually reserved for refractory cases, but when and in which patient these modalities should be employed is under debate. To develop evidence-based guidelines for individualized treatment of ITP patients, we asked 20 Population Intervention Comparison Outcome (PICO) format questions. These were addressed by 17 evidence evaluators using a literature pool of 288 articles identified by a structured search strategy. Evidence evaluators, using panel-designed templates and data extraction tools, summarized evidence and created guideline recommendations. These were integrated by treatment domain chairs and then refined by iterative Delphi survey review to reach consensus on the final guidelines. In addition, 19 non-PICO questions covering scenarios in which evidence was lacking or of low quality were answered by expert opinion using iterative Delphi surveys with panelist integration and refinement. Commentary was solicited from multiple relevant professional organizations before finalizing the consensus. The rigorous consensus process identified few comparative treatment studies, highlighting many areas of ITP treatment requiring additional studies. This statement is a companion manuscript to the ACVIM Consensus Statement on the Diagnosis of Immune Thrombocytopenia in Dogs and Cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana N LeVine
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Robert Goggs
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Barbara Kohn
- Small Animal Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrew J Mackin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Linda Kidd
- Linda Kidd Veterinary Internal Medicine Consulting, Carlsbad, California, USA
| | - Oliver A Garden
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Marjory B Brooks
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Erin R B Eldermire
- Flower-Sprecher Veterinary Library, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Anthony Abrams-Ogg
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth H Appleman
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Animal Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Todd M Archer
- Bluff City Veterinary Specialists, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Domenico Bianco
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
| | - Shauna L Blois
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benjamin M Brainard
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Mary Beth Callan
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Claire L Fellman
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jillian M Haines
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Anne S Hale
- Zia Pet Hospital, Rio Rancho, New Mexico, USA
| | | | - John M Lucy
- Oradell Animal Hospital, Paramus, New Jersey, USA
| | - Shana K O'Marra
- Northwest Veterinary Critical Care Services, Vancouver, Washington, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Rozanski
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John M Thomason
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, USA
| | - Jenny E Walton
- Veterinary Apheresis Service UK, Washington, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom
| | - Helen E Wilson
- Langford Vets, University of Bristol, Langford, Somerset, United Kingdom
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Wolf J, Ruterbories LK, Handel I, Hansen B. The effect of ε-aminocaproic acid on blood product requirement, outcome and thromboelastography parameters in severely thrombocytopenic dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2024; 38:1013-1021. [PMID: 38206934 PMCID: PMC10937475 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND No treatment other than platelet administration is known to protect against spontaneous hemorrhage in thrombocytopenic dogs. OBJECTIVES Primary: determine if treatment with ε-aminocaproic acid (EACA) decreases the requirement for blood transfusions and improves outcome in dogs with severe thrombocytopenia. Secondary: find evidence of hyperfibrinolysis and determine the effect EACA administration on rapid (rTEG) and tissue plasminogen activator-spiked (tPA-rTEG) thromboelastography parameters. ANIMALS Twenty-seven dogs with severe thrombocytopenia were treated with EACA, and data from an additional 33 were obtained from the hospital database as historical control (HC) cohort. METHODS Single arm clinical trial with HCs. The EACA group dogs received EACA (100 mg/kg IV followed by a constant-rate infusion [CRI] of 400 mg/kg/24 hours). Thromboelastography before and during EACA infusion, hospitalization days, number of transfusions, and mortality were compared. RESULTS No difference was found in number of transfusions per dog (median, interquartile range; 1, 0-2.5 vs 0.9, 0-2; P = .5) and hospitalization days (4, 4-6 vs 4.5, 3.75-6; P = .83) between HC and EACA groups, respectively, and no difference in survival was identified by log-rank analysis (P = .15). Maximum amplitude on both rTEG and tPA-rTEG increased after EACA administration (rTEG baseline: 23.6, 9.6-38.9; post-EACA: 27.3, 19.8-43.2; P < .001; tPA-rTEG baseline: 23, 10.9-37.2; post-EACA: 24.7, 16.7-44.8; P < .002). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Although EACA increased clot strength, there was no effect on outcome. Treatment with EACA at this dosage cannot be recommended as a routine treatment but may be considered for dogs with severe ongoing hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Wolf
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of Edinburgh, Easter Bush CampusMidlothianUK
| | - Laura K. Ruterbories
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Ian Handel
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesUniversity of Edinburgh, Easter Bush CampusMidlothianUK
| | - Bernie Hansen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
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