1
|
Araujo-León JA, Sánchez-del Pino I, Ortiz-Andrade R, Hidalgo-Figueroa S, Carrera-Lanestosa A, Brito-Argáez LG, González-Sánchez A, Giácoman-Vallejos G, Hernández-Abreu O, Peraza-Sánchez SR, Xingú-López A, Aguilar-Hernández V. HPLC-Based Metabolomic Analysis and Characterization of Amaranthus cruentus Leaf and Inflorescence Extracts for Their Antidiabetic and Antihypertensive Potential. Molecules 2024; 29:2003. [PMID: 38731493 PMCID: PMC11085149 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29092003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of Amaranthus cruentus flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol, catechin, hesperetin, naringenin, hesperidin, and naringin), cinnamic acid derivatives (p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and caffeic acid), and benzoic acids (vanillic acid and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid) as antioxidants, antidiabetic, and antihypertensive agents. An analytical method for simultaneous quantification of flavonoids, cinnamic acid derivatives, and benzoic acids for metabolomic analysis of leaves and inflorescences from A. cruentus was developed with HPLC-UV-DAD. Evaluation of linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantitation, precision, and recovery was used to validate the analytical method developed. Maximum total flavonoids contents (5.2 mg/g of lyophilized material) and cinnamic acid derivatives contents (0.6 mg/g of lyophilized material) were found in leaves. Using UV-Vis spectrophotometry, the maximum total betacyanin contents (74.4 mg/g of lyophilized material) and betaxanthin contents (31 mg/g of lyophilized material) were found in inflorescences. The leaf extract showed the highest activity in removing DPPH radicals. In vitro antidiabetic activity of extracts was performed with pancreatic α-glucosidase and intestinal α-amylase, and compared to acarbose. Both extracts exhibited a reduction in enzyme activity from 57 to 74%. Furthermore, the in vivo tests on normoglycemic murine models showed improved glucose homeostasis after sucrose load, which was significantly different from the control. In vitro antihypertensive activity of extracts was performed with angiotensin-converting enzyme and contrasted to captopril; both extracts exhibited a reduction of enzyme activity from 53 to 58%. The leaf extract induced a 45% relaxation in an ex vivo aorta model. In the molecular docking analysis, isoamaranthin and isogomphrenin-I showed predictive binding affinity for α-glucosidases (human maltase-glucoamylase and human sucrase-isomaltase), while catechin displayed binding affinity for human angiotensin-converting enzyme. The data from this study highlights the potential of A. cruentus as a functional food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Alfredo Araujo-León
- Unidad de Biología Integrativa, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), Mérida 97205, Yucatán, Mexico; (J.A.A.-L.); (L.G.B.-A.)
| | - Ivonne Sánchez-del Pino
- Unidad de Recursos Naturales, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), Mérida 97205, Yucatán, Mexico;
| | - Rolffy Ortiz-Andrade
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán (UADY), Mérida 97069, Yucatán, Mexico;
| | - Sergio Hidalgo-Figueroa
- CONAHCyT-División de Biología Molecular, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica A.C., San Luis Potosí 78216, San Luis Potosí, Mexico;
| | - Areli Carrera-Lanestosa
- División Académica de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco (UJAT), Villahermosa 86280, Tabasco, Mexico;
| | - Ligia Guadalupe Brito-Argáez
- Unidad de Biología Integrativa, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), Mérida 97205, Yucatán, Mexico; (J.A.A.-L.); (L.G.B.-A.)
| | - Avel González-Sánchez
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán (UADY), Mérida 97203, Yucatán, Mexico; (A.G.-S.); (G.G.-V.)
| | - Germán Giácoman-Vallejos
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán (UADY), Mérida 97203, Yucatán, Mexico; (A.G.-S.); (G.G.-V.)
| | - Oswaldo Hernández-Abreu
- Centro de Investigación de Ciencia y Tecnología Aplicada de Tabasco, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco (UJAT), Cunduacán 86690, Tabasco, Mexico;
| | - Sergio R. Peraza-Sánchez
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), Mérida 97205, Yucatán, Mexico; (S.R.P.-S.); (A.X.-L.)
| | - Andrés Xingú-López
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), Mérida 97205, Yucatán, Mexico; (S.R.P.-S.); (A.X.-L.)
| | - Víctor Aguilar-Hernández
- Unidad de Biología Integrativa, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán (CICY), Mérida 97205, Yucatán, Mexico; (J.A.A.-L.); (L.G.B.-A.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Oteri M, Bartolomeo G, Rigano F, Aspromonte J, Trovato E, Purcaro G, Dugo P, Mondello L, Beccaria M. Comprehensive Chemical Characterization of Chia ( Salvia hispanica L.) Seed Oil with a Focus on Minor Lipid Components. Foods 2022; 12:foods12010023. [PMID: 36613240 PMCID: PMC9818636 DOI: 10.3390/foods12010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive chemical characterization of different lipid components, namely fatty acid composition after derivatization in fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), triacylglycerols (TAGs), phospholipids (PLs), free fatty acids (FFAs), sterols, carotenoids, tocopherols, and polyphenols in Chia seed oil, obtained by Soxhlet extraction, was reported. Reversed phase liquid chromatography (RP-LC) coupled to UV and mass spectrometry (MS) detectors was employed for carotenoids, polyphenols, and TAGs determination; normal phase-LC in combination with fluorescence detector (FLD) was used for tocopherols analysis; PL and FFA fractions were investigated after a rapid solid phase extraction followed by RP-LC-MS and NanoLC coupled to electron ionization (EI) MS, respectively. Furthermore, gas chromatography (GC)-flame ionization (FID) and MS detectors were used for FAMEs and sterols analysis. Results demonstrated a significant content of bioactive compounds, such as the antioxidant tocopherols (22.88 µg mL-1), and a very high content of essential fatty acids (81.39%), namely α-linolenic (62.16%) and linoleic (19.23%) acids. In addition, for the best of authors knowledge, FFA profile, as well as some carotenoid classes has been elucidated for the first time. The importance of free fatty acids in vegetable matrices is related to the fact that they can be readily involved in metabolic processes or biosynthetic pathways of the plant itself. For a fast and reliable determination of this chemical class, a very innovative and sensitive NanoLC-EI-MS analytical determination was applied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Oteri
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Section of Animal Production, University of Messina, I-98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bartolomeo
- Science4Life S.r.l., an Academic Spin-Off of University of Messina, I-98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Francesca Rigano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, I-98168 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-090-676-5722
| | - Juan Aspromonte
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Métodos Analíticos, LIDMA, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, CIC-PBA, CONICET, Calle 47 esq. 115, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Emanuela Trovato
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, I-98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Giorgia Purcaro
- Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Paola Dugo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, I-98168 Messina, Italy
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, I-98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Luigi Mondello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, I-98168 Messina, Italy
- Chromaleont s.r.l., c/o Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, I-98168 Messina, Italy
- Unit of Food Science and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, I-00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Beccaria
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical, and Agricultural Sciences (DOCPAS), Via Luigi Borsari 46, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Calabrò S, Oteri M, Vastolo A, Cutrignelli MI, Todaro M, Chiofalo B, Gresta F. Amaranthus grain as a new ingredient in diets for dairy cows: productive, qualitative, and in vitro fermentation traits. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2022; 102:4121-4130. [PMID: 34997604 PMCID: PMC9304318 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent decades, grain amaranths have attracted attention due to their valuable combination of nutritional traits, with higher protein and oil content than conventional cereals. Before they can be proposed as an unconventional ingredient in animal feed, many aspects still need to be investigated from field production to nutritive value. The present research aimed to study the agronomic traits, proximate composition, and digestibility/degradability, fatty acid profile, antioxidant activity, and total phenolic content of two grain amaranth species, Amaranthus cruentus and Amaranthus hypochondriacus (for a total of six accessions), grown in a Mediterranean environment. RESULTS Both species showed seed yields comparable to or higher than the traditional cereal crops in the same environment. On the whole, A. cruentus resulted in a higher seed production than A. hypochondriacus. Mexico and Montana accessions, both belonging to A. cruentus, showed the highest yield (3.73 t ha-1 , on average). Few differences emerged in nutritive value between species and accessions: the Illinois accession of A. cruentus showed the best performance in terms of in vitro degradability and gas production, but not for volatile fatty acid production; the fermentation kinetics was slowest in the Illinois accession and fastest in the Montana accession of A. cruentus and the India accession of A. hypochondriacus. CONCLUSION From a health perspective, the Nebraska accession of A. hypochondriacus represents the best accession, with the lowest saturated fatty acid content and the highest polyunsaturated fatty acid content. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Calabrò
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production (DMVPA)University of Napoli Federico IINaplesItaly
| | - Marianna Oteri
- Department of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of Messina, Polo Universitario AnnunziataMessinaItaly
| | - Alessandro Vastolo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production (DMVPA)University of Napoli Federico IINaplesItaly
| | | | - Massimo Todaro
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Science (SAAF)University of PalermoPalermoItaly
| | - Biagina Chiofalo
- Department of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of Messina, Polo Universitario AnnunziataMessinaItaly
| | - Fabio Gresta
- Department of Veterinary SciencesUniversity of Messina, Polo Universitario AnnunziataMessinaItaly
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Manyelo TG, Sebola NA, Hassan ZM, Ng’ambi JW, Weeks WJ, Mabelebele M. Chemical Composition and Metabolomic Analysis of Amaranthus cruentus Grains Harvested at Different Stages. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27030623. [PMID: 35163888 PMCID: PMC8839114 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at investigating the impact of early versus normal grain harvesting on the chemical composition and secondary metabolites of Amaranthus cruentus species grown in South Africa. Mature harvested grain had higher (p < 0.05) DM, CF, NDF and ADF content compared to prematurely harvested grain. There were no significant (p > 0.05) differences between CP, ADL and GE of premature and mature harvested grains. Mature harvesting resulted in higher grain Ca, P, Mg and K content. Essential amino acids spectrum and content remained similar regardless of maturity at harvest. The grains displayed an ample amount of unsaturated fatty acids; the highest percentage was linoleic acid: 38.75% and 39.74% in premature and mature grains, respectively. β-Tocotrienol was detected at 5.92 and 9.67 mg/kg in premature and mature grains, respectively. The lowest was δ-tocotrienol which was 0.01 and 0.54 mg/kg in premature and mature grains, respectively. Mature harvested grain had a higher secondary metabolite content compared to premature harvested grains. The results suggest that mature harvested Amaranthus cruentus grain contain more minerals and phytochemicals that have health benefits for human and livestock immunity and gut function, which ultimately improves performance. This study concludes that A. cruentus grown in South Africa is a potential alternative cereal to major conventional cereals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tlou Grace Manyelo
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida 1710, South Africa; (T.G.M.); (N.A.S.); (Z.M.H.)
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Animal Production, University of Limpopo, Sovenga 0727, South Africa;
| | - Nthabiseng Amenda Sebola
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida 1710, South Africa; (T.G.M.); (N.A.S.); (Z.M.H.)
| | - Zahra Mohammed Hassan
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida 1710, South Africa; (T.G.M.); (N.A.S.); (Z.M.H.)
| | - Jones Wilfred Ng’ambi
- Department of Agricultural Economics and Animal Production, University of Limpopo, Sovenga 0727, South Africa;
| | - William James Weeks
- Agricultural Research Services, Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa;
| | - Monnye Mabelebele
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida 1710, South Africa; (T.G.M.); (N.A.S.); (Z.M.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-11-471-3983
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Oteri M, Gresta F, Costale A, Lo Presti V, Meineri G, Chiofalo B. Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. as a Sustainable Source of Nutrients and Bioactive Compounds for Animal Feeding. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:876. [PMID: 34070822 PMCID: PMC8229450 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With the aim to explore the use of A. hypochondriacus seeds for animal feeding, the agronomic traits, nutrients, and bioactive compounds of four accessions with different origin (India, Nebraska, Iowa, and Pennsylvania) grown in a Mediterranean environment were studied. Proximate composition was determined using the official methods of analyses, fatty acid profile by gas chromatography, total phenolic content (TPC) and the scavenging activity (DPPH• and ABTS•+) by colorimetric method. A one-way ANOVA model was performed to determine the differences between accessions. The four A. hypochondriacus accessions showed interesting seed yield results. No significant differences were observed for crude protein and crude fiber; the oil content showed the significant highest values in the seeds from Nebraska and Pennsylvania, but their nutritional characteristics were significantly different. The accession from Nebraska showed the highest oleic and linoleic acid levels, the highest values of polyunsaturated fatty acids, the best atherogenic and thrombogenic indices and hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolaemic ratio, and the highest TPC content. The accession from Pennsylvania showed the highest antioxidant activity and lowest peroxidation index. On the whole, A. hypochondriacus seeds can be used as pseudo-cereal to balance the animal diet and the accession should be chosen according to the different metabolic pathways of unsaturated fatty acids in ruminant and monogastric animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Oteri
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.O.); (F.G.); (V.L.P.)
| | - Fabio Gresta
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.O.); (F.G.); (V.L.P.)
| | - Annalisa Costale
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Torino, Italy;
| | - Vittorio Lo Presti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.O.); (F.G.); (V.L.P.)
| | - Giorgia Meineri
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy;
| | - Biagina Chiofalo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.O.); (F.G.); (V.L.P.)
| |
Collapse
|