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Tian KE, Aldian D, Luo G, Sossou A, Yayota M. Condensed tannin-induced variations in the rumen metabolome and the correlation with fermentation characteristics in goats. Anim Sci J 2024; 95:e13925. [PMID: 38462234 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we characterized the effects of CT dietary inclusion at 2% (wt/wt) dry matter on the goat rumen metabolome and fermentation characteristics. Barley (BA) and corn (CN) were separately used as basal grain for the control rations, and rations supplemented with CT were BACT and CNCT, respectively. The rations were tested using eight Japanese Shiba × Saanen goats in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square arrangement (28 days for each period). Ruminal fluid was obtained on day 25 of each period, and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) analysis was performed. Metabolites from BACT against BA and CNCT against CN were mostly associated with purine metabolism. Moreover, BACT against BA showed intensified biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, and CNCT against CN resulted in strengthened amino acid metabolism. Furthermore, strong correlations were observed between rumen NH3 -N and the copy number of total bacteria with most of the differential metabolites. The present paper provides a better understanding of the relationship between the rumen metabolome and fermentation characteristics and supports a shift in concern about using CT as a strategy to manipulate rumen metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Tian
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- Postdoctoral Workstation of Animal Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dicky Aldian
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Gan Luo
- College of Animal and Veterinary Science, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, China
| | - Armess Sossou
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Masato Yayota
- The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
- Education and Research Center for Food Animal Health, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
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2
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Pornsuwan R, Pootthachaya P, Bunchalee P, Hanboonsong Y, Cherdthong A, Tengjaroenkul B, Boonkum W, Wongtangtintharn S. Evaluation of the Physical Characteristics and Chemical Properties of Black Soldier Fly ( Hermetia illucens) Larvae as a Potential Protein Source for Poultry Feed. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2244. [PMID: 37508022 PMCID: PMC10376289 DOI: 10.3390/ani13142244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate and compare the effects of different drying methods on the physical and chemical properties of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) to determine their potential as an alternative protein source in animal feed. The experimental design was a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design (BSFL type × drying method), with five replications. The influence of post-harvest procedures was studied, including the different BSFL types (non-defatted and defatted) and drying methods (parabola dome, hot air oven, and microwave). The results showed that the types of BSFL, drying methods, and their interaction significantly (p < 0.001) influenced the feed's physical properties; these included the brightness of color (L* 29.74-54.07; a* 0.40-5.95; b* 9.04-25.57), medium bulk density (381.54-494.58 g/L), free flow with an angle of repose (41.30-45.40°), and small particle size. They significantly (p < 0.001) influenced the nutritive value of BSFL, which contained 42-59% crude protein, 7-14% crude fiber, 9-30% ether extract, and 5035-5861 kcal/kg of energy. Overall, both BSFL types and all the drying methods resulted in a slight variation in the proximate composition. However, a microwave and a hot-air oven were considered the most suitable methods for producing BSFL powder because of the high levels of nutrients retained and the improved physical parameters when compared to a parabola dome. This characterization of the physical and chemical composition of BSFL represents a preliminary methodology that could be used to initially preprocess larvae for use as an alternative protein source in animal feed and for other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rattanakorn Pornsuwan
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Padsakorn Pootthachaya
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Pasakorn Bunchalee
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44150, Thailand
| | - Yupa Hanboonsong
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Anusorn Cherdthong
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Bundit Tengjaroenkul
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Wuttigrai Boonkum
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Network Center for Animal Breeding and Omics Research, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Sawitree Wongtangtintharn
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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Panea B, Ripoll G. Sex Does Not Affect the Colour, Shear Stress, and Lipid Oxidation of Pork Meat, but Feed-Added Plant-Derived Extracts, Storage Time and Packaging Type Do. Foods 2023; 12:foods12081720. [PMID: 37107515 PMCID: PMC10137771 DOI: 10.3390/foods12081720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Essential plant oils added to products, packaging or animal feed are used as a method of preserving food quality because they extend the shelf-life of meat due their antioxidant and/or antimicrobial capacity. This action can be achieved with the correct packaging that preserves the meat's quality and safety. This study investigates the effects of plant-derived extracts (PDE) on the meat quality and shelf-life of pork packaged in vacuum or modified atmosphere packaging (MAP). Thirty-six barrows and thirty-six gilts were allocated into three experimental groups: the control, garlic extract (1 kg/ton of feed) and oregano-rosemary oil (2 kg/ton of feed) with the same base-diet. Two packaging were used: vacuum and a commercial MAP (70% O2, 30% CO2). The meat fat content, pH, colour, TBARS values and Warner-Bratzler shear stress were investigated. The sex of the animals did not affect any of the studied variables, whereas PDE affected some of the colour variables and the shear stress; both the packaging type and the storage time affected the colour variables, lipid oxidation and shear stress. Vacuum-packed meat was more stable in terms of colour, lipid oxidation and shear stress than MAP-packed meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Panea
- Animal Science Area, Agrifood Research and Technology Centre of Aragon (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
- Agrifood Institute of Aragon-IA2 (CITA-Zaragoza University), Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Guillermo Ripoll
- Animal Science Area, Agrifood Research and Technology Centre of Aragon (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, 50059 Zaragoza, Spain
- Agrifood Institute of Aragon-IA2 (CITA-Zaragoza University), Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
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Peng R, Zhang W, Wang Y, Deng Y, Wang B, Gao J, Li Z, Wang L, Fu X, Xu J, Han H, Tian Y, Yao Q. Genetic engineering of complex feed enzymes into barley seed for direct utilization in animal feedstuff. Plant Biotechnol J 2023; 21:560-573. [PMID: 36448454 PMCID: PMC9946151 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Currently, feed enzymes are primarily obtained through fermentation of fungi, bacteria, and other microorganisms. Although the manufacturing technology for feed enzymes has evolved rapidly, the activities of these enzymes decline during the granulating process and the cost of application has increased over time. An alternative approach is the use of genetically modified plants containing complex feed enzymes for direct utilization in animal feedstuff. We co-expressed three commonly used feed enzymes (phytase, β-glucanase, and xylanase) in barley seeds using the Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method and generated a new barley germplasm. The results showed that these enzymes were stable and had no effect on the development of the seeds. Supplementation of the basal diet of laying hens with only 8% of enzyme-containing seeds decreased the quantities of indigestible carbohydrates, improved the availability of phosphorus, and reduced the impact of animal production on the environment to an extent similar to directly adding exogenous enzymes to the feed. Feeding enzyme-containing seeds to layers significantly increased the strength of the eggshell and the weight of the eggs by 10.0%-11.3% and 5.6%-7.7% respectively. The intestinal microbiota obtained from layers fed with enzyme-containing seeds was altered compared to controls and was dominated by Alispes and Rikenella. Therefore, the transgenic barley seeds produced in this study can be used as an ideal feedstuff for use in animal feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ri‐He Peng
- Biotechnology Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural SciencesShanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and BreedingShanghaiChina
- Key Laboratory for Safety Assessment (Environment) of Agricultural Genetically Modified OrganismsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsShanghaiChina
| | - Wen‐Hui Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural SciencesShanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and BreedingShanghaiChina
- Key Laboratory for Safety Assessment (Environment) of Agricultural Genetically Modified OrganismsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsShanghaiChina
| | - Yu Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural SciencesShanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and BreedingShanghaiChina
- Key Laboratory for Safety Assessment (Environment) of Agricultural Genetically Modified OrganismsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsShanghaiChina
| | - Yong‐Dong Deng
- Biotechnology Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural SciencesShanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and BreedingShanghaiChina
- Key Laboratory for Safety Assessment (Environment) of Agricultural Genetically Modified OrganismsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsShanghaiChina
| | - Bo Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural SciencesShanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and BreedingShanghaiChina
- Key Laboratory for Safety Assessment (Environment) of Agricultural Genetically Modified OrganismsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsShanghaiChina
| | - Jian‐Jie Gao
- Biotechnology Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural SciencesShanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and BreedingShanghaiChina
- Key Laboratory for Safety Assessment (Environment) of Agricultural Genetically Modified OrganismsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsShanghaiChina
| | - Zhen‐Jun Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural SciencesShanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and BreedingShanghaiChina
- Key Laboratory for Safety Assessment (Environment) of Agricultural Genetically Modified OrganismsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsShanghaiChina
| | - Li‐Juan Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural SciencesShanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and BreedingShanghaiChina
- Key Laboratory for Safety Assessment (Environment) of Agricultural Genetically Modified OrganismsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsShanghaiChina
| | - Xiao‐Yan Fu
- Biotechnology Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural SciencesShanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and BreedingShanghaiChina
- Key Laboratory for Safety Assessment (Environment) of Agricultural Genetically Modified OrganismsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsShanghaiChina
| | - Jing Xu
- Biotechnology Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural SciencesShanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and BreedingShanghaiChina
- Key Laboratory for Safety Assessment (Environment) of Agricultural Genetically Modified OrganismsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsShanghaiChina
| | - Hong‐Juan Han
- Biotechnology Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural SciencesShanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and BreedingShanghaiChina
- Key Laboratory for Safety Assessment (Environment) of Agricultural Genetically Modified OrganismsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsShanghaiChina
| | - Yong‐Sheng Tian
- Biotechnology Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural SciencesShanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and BreedingShanghaiChina
- Key Laboratory for Safety Assessment (Environment) of Agricultural Genetically Modified OrganismsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsShanghaiChina
| | - Quan‐Hong Yao
- Biotechnology Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural SciencesShanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and BreedingShanghaiChina
- Key Laboratory for Safety Assessment (Environment) of Agricultural Genetically Modified OrganismsMinistry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsShanghaiChina
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Liu Y, Jin Y, Guo Q, Wang X, Luo S, Yang W, Li J, Chen Y. Immunoaffinity Cleanup and Isotope Dilution-Based Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Six Major Mycotoxins in Feed and Feedstuff. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14090631. [PMID: 36136569 PMCID: PMC9503004 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14090631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for simultaneous determination of deoxynivalenol, aflatoxin B1, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, T-2 toxin and fumonisin B1 in feed and feedstuff was established. The sample was extracted with an acetonitrile–water mixture (60:40, v/v), purified by an immunoaffinity column, eluted with a methanol–acetic acid mixture (98:2, v/v), and reconstituted with a methanol–water mixture (50:50, v/v) after drying with nitrogen. Finally, the reconstituted solution was detected by LC-MS/MS and quantified by isotope internal standard method. The six mycotoxins had a good linear relationship in a certain concentration range, the correlation coefficients were all greater than 0.99, the limits of detection were between 0.075 and 1.5 µg·kg−1, and the limits of quantification were between 0.5 and 5 µg·kg−1. The average spike recoveries in the four feed matrices ranged from 84.2% to 117.1% with relative standard deviations less than 11.6%. Thirty-six actual feed samples were analyzed for mycotoxins, and at least one mycotoxin was detected in each sample. The proposed method is reliable and suitable for detecting common mycotoxins in feed samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yongpeng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qi Guo
- Clover Technology Group Inc., Beijing 100044, China
| | - Xiong Wang
- Clover Technology Group Inc., Beijing 100044, China
| | - Sunlin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenjun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Juntao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yiqiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (Y.C.)
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6
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Zhai C, Yu Y, Han J, Hu J, He D, Zhang H, Shi J, Mohamed SR, Dawood DH, Wang G, Xu J. Isolation, Characterization, and Application of Clostridium sporogenes F39 to Degrade Zearalenone under Anaerobic Conditions. Foods 2022; 11:foods11091194. [PMID: 35563917 PMCID: PMC9103434 DOI: 10.3390/foods11091194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is produced by Fusarium spp. and is widely found in moldy wheat, corn, and other grains. ZEN has a strong toxicity and causes reproductive and immune disorders and estrogenic syndrome in animals and humans. Biodegradation has been demonstrated as an efficient way to control the hazardous effect of ZEN. A promising way to apply biodegradation in feed is to introduce anaerobic ZEN-degrading microorganisms, which can function during the digestion process in animal intestines. The aim of this study was to isolate anaerobic ZEN-degrading bacteria from anaerobic environments. A strain named F39 was isolated from animal intestinal contents and had a ZEN-degradation rate of 87.35% in 48 h to form trace amount of α- and β-zearalenol. Based on the morphological and physiological properties and phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA and rpoB gene sequences, F39 was identified as Clostridium sporogenes. The optimum temperature for the growth of F39 was 37 °C, the optimum pH was 7.0, and the most suitable carbon source was beef extract, while the optimal conditions for the degradation of ZEN were as follows: 35 °C, pH 7.0, and GAM medium. ZEN was degraded by F39 with a high efficiency in the concentration range of 1–15 mg/L. The bioactive factors responsible for ZEN degradation were mainly distributed intracellularly. F39 can degrade most of the ZEN present, but a small amount is broken down into two secondary metabolites, α- and β-zearalenol, and the toxicity of the degradation products is reduced. With an efficiency of 49%, F39 can more effectively degrade ZEN in wheat-based feedstuffs than in other feedstuff, and the degradation efficiency was pH related. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of Clostridium sporogenes F39’s ability to maintain the biodegradation potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congning Zhai
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (C.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.Z.); (J.S.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.H.); (J.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Yangguang Yu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (C.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.Z.); (J.S.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.H.); (J.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Jun Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.H.); (J.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Junqiang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.H.); (J.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Dan He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.H.); (J.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Hongyin Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (C.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.Z.); (J.S.)
| | - Jianrong Shi
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (C.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.Z.); (J.S.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.H.); (J.H.); (D.H.)
| | - Sherif Ramzy Mohamed
- Food Industries and Nutrition Research Institute, Food Toxicology and Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, Tahreer St., Dokki, Giza 12411, Egypt;
| | - Dawood H. Dawood
- Department of Agriculture Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt;
| | - Gang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology/Key Laboratory for Agro-Product Safety Risk Evaluation (Nanjing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory for Control Technology and Standard for Agro-Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety/Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.H.); (J.H.); (D.H.)
- Correspondence: (G.W.); (J.X.)
| | - Jianhong Xu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; (C.Z.); (Y.Y.); (H.Z.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence: (G.W.); (J.X.)
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Rangel F, Enes P, Gasco L, Gai F, Hausmann B, Berry D, Oliva-Teles A, Serra CR, Pereira FC. Differential Modulation of the European Sea Bass Gut Microbiota by Distinct Insect Meals. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:831034. [PMID: 35495644 PMCID: PMC9041418 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.831034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aquaculture industry is one of the fastest-growing sectors in animal food production. However, farming of carnivorous fish strongly relies on the use of wild fish-based meals, a practice that is environmentally and economically unsustainable. Insect-based diets constitute a strong candidate for fishmeal substitution, due to their high nutritional value and low environmental footprint. Nevertheless, data on the impact of insect meal (IM) on the gut microbiome of farmed fish are so far inconclusive, and very scarce in what concerns modulation of microbial-mediated functions. Here we use high-throughput 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and quantitative PCR to evaluate the impact of different IMs on the composition and chitinolytic potential of the European sea bass gut digesta- and mucosa-associated communities. Our results show that insect-based diets of distinct origins differently impact the gut microbiota of the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). We detected clear modulatory effects of IM on the gut microbiota, which were more pronounced in the digesta, where communities differed considerably among the diets tested. Major community shifts were associated with the use of black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens, HM) and pupal exuviae (HEM) feeds and were characterized by an increase in the relative abundance of the Firmicutes families Bacillaceae, Enterococcaceae, and Lachnospiraceae and the Actinobacteria family Actinomycetaceae, which all include taxa considered beneficial for fish health. Modulation of the digesta community by HEM was characterized by a sharp increase in Paenibacillus and a decrease of several Gammaproteobacteria and Bacteroidota members. In turn, a mealworm larvae-based diet (Tenebrio molitor, TM) had only a modest impact on microbiota composition. Further, using quantitative PCR, we demonstrate that shifts induced by HEM were accompanied by an increase in copy number of chitinase ChiA-encoding genes, predominantly originating from Paenibacillus species with effective chitinolytic activity. Our study reveals an HEM-driven increase in chitin-degrading taxa and associated chitinolytic activity, uncovering potential benefits of adopting exuviae-supplemented diets, a waste product of insect rearing, as a functional ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Rangel
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- CIMAR/CIIMAR Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Paula Enes
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- CIMAR/CIIMAR Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Laura Gasco
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Francesco Gai
- Institute of Science of Food Production, National Research Council, Torino, Italy
| | - Bela Hausmann
- Joint Microbiome Facility of the Medical University of Vienna and the University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Berry
- Joint Microbiome Facility of the Medical University of Vienna and the University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Microbial Ecology, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Aires Oliva-Teles
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- CIMAR/CIIMAR Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Claudia R. Serra
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- CIMAR/CIIMAR Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Fátima C. Pereira
- Division of Microbial Ecology, Department of Microbiology and Ecosystem Science, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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8
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Zumbo A, Tardiolo G, Genovese C, Sutera AM, Raccuia SA, D'Alessandro E. Cardoon ( Cynara cardunculus L. var. altilis) seeds presscake: a natural by-product for pigs feeding. Nat Prod Res 2021; 36:4557-4562. [PMID: 34689664 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.1993218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The cardoon seeds presscake is a natural by-product resulting from the mechanical treatment of the cardoon plant seeds. The chemical composition suggests its possible use in animal nutrition due to the content of proteins, fibre, lipids and biologically active substances. The presscake studied contained 7.1% of fat, 26.8% of fibre, 23.9% of protein, 37.1% of nitrogen-free extract and a goodly phenolic content (13.36 mg GAE g-1 DW). The major fatty acids were oleic (26.5%) and linoleic (58.4%), showing a high degree of unsaturation. This study evaluated for the first time the inclusion of the cardoon presscake in pigs' diet. The effects of the dietary treatment on meat quality and fatty acids profile were assessed. The results indicate that the intramuscular fat (IMF) was higher in the untreated animals. The monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) were lower in the IMF of the treated pigs, whereas the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Zumbo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Tardiolo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Claudia Genovese
- Institute for Agricultural and Forest Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council, Catania, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Sutera
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Antonino Raccuia
- Institute for Agricultural and Forest Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council, Catania, Italy
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9
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Ikeda NY, Ambrosio CMS, Miano AC, Rosalen PL, Gloria EM, Alencar SM. Essential Oils Extracted from Organic Propolis Residues: An Exploratory Analysis of Their Antibacterial and Antioxidant Properties and Volatile Profile. Molecules 2021; 26:4694. [PMID: 34361848 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The industrial processing of crude propolis generates residues. Essential oils (EOs) from propolis residues could be a potential source of natural bioactive compounds to replace antibiotics and synthetic antioxidants in pig production. In this study, we determined the antibacterial/antioxidant activity of EOs from crude organic propolis (EOP) and from propolis residues, moist residue (EOMR), and dried residue (EODR), and further elucidated their chemical composition. The EOs were extracted by hydrodistillation, and their volatile profile was tentatively identified by GC-MS. All EOs had an antibacterial effect on Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus plantarum as they caused disturbances on the growth kinetics of both bacteria. However, EODR had more selective antibacterial activity, as it caused a higher reduction in the maximal culture density (D) of E. coli (86.7%) than L. plantarum (46.9%). EODR exhibited mild antioxidant activity, whereas EOMR showed the highest antioxidant activity (ABTS = 0.90 μmol TE/mg, FRAP = 463.97 μmol Fe2+/mg) and phenolic content (58.41 mg GAE/g). Each EO had a different chemical composition, but α-pinene and β-pinene were the major compounds detected in the samples. Interestingly, specific minor compounds were detected in a higher relative amount in EOMR and EODR as compared to EOP. Therefore, these minor compounds are most likely responsible for the biological properties of EODR and EOMR. Collectively, our findings suggest that the EOs from propolis residues could be resourcefully used as natural antibacterial/antioxidant additives in pig production.
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Oteri M, Gresta F, Costale A, Lo Presti V, Meineri G, Chiofalo B. Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. as a Sustainable Source of Nutrients and Bioactive Compounds for Animal Feeding. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:876. [PMID: 34070822 PMCID: PMC8229450 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With the aim to explore the use of A. hypochondriacus seeds for animal feeding, the agronomic traits, nutrients, and bioactive compounds of four accessions with different origin (India, Nebraska, Iowa, and Pennsylvania) grown in a Mediterranean environment were studied. Proximate composition was determined using the official methods of analyses, fatty acid profile by gas chromatography, total phenolic content (TPC) and the scavenging activity (DPPH• and ABTS•+) by colorimetric method. A one-way ANOVA model was performed to determine the differences between accessions. The four A. hypochondriacus accessions showed interesting seed yield results. No significant differences were observed for crude protein and crude fiber; the oil content showed the significant highest values in the seeds from Nebraska and Pennsylvania, but their nutritional characteristics were significantly different. The accession from Nebraska showed the highest oleic and linoleic acid levels, the highest values of polyunsaturated fatty acids, the best atherogenic and thrombogenic indices and hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolaemic ratio, and the highest TPC content. The accession from Pennsylvania showed the highest antioxidant activity and lowest peroxidation index. On the whole, A. hypochondriacus seeds can be used as pseudo-cereal to balance the animal diet and the accession should be chosen according to the different metabolic pathways of unsaturated fatty acids in ruminant and monogastric animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Oteri
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.O.); (F.G.); (V.L.P.)
| | - Fabio Gresta
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.O.); (F.G.); (V.L.P.)
| | - Annalisa Costale
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Torino, Italy;
| | - Vittorio Lo Presti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.O.); (F.G.); (V.L.P.)
| | - Giorgia Meineri
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy;
| | - Biagina Chiofalo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (M.O.); (F.G.); (V.L.P.)
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11
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Gresta F, Meineri G, Oteri M, Santonoceto C, Lo Presti V, Costale A, Chiofalo B. Productive and Qualitative Traits of Amaranthus Cruentus L.: An Unconventional Healthy Ingredient in Animal Feed. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1428. [PMID: 32824062 PMCID: PMC7459667 DOI: 10.3390/ani10081428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Agronomic traits, oil content, fatty acid composition, antioxidant activity, and total phenolic content were studied on eight A. cruentus accessions cultivated in Southern Italy. A one-way ANOVA model was performed to compare accessions and the Principal Components Analysis was applied to identify patterns in our dataset and highlight similarities and differences. A. cruentus showed valuable seed yield (0.27 kg/m2, on average) comparable to the main tradition cereals used for animal feeding. Seed-oil composition showed significant differences among the accessions. Data showed a higher lipid content than most cereal grains (from 5.6 to 7.3%). Approximately 60% of fatty acids were unsaturated; linoleic fatty acid ranged from 19 to 34%, oleic acid from 29 to 36%, and alfa-linolenic fatty acid from 0.3 to 0.5%, respectively. The saturated/unsaturated fatty acid ratio ranged from 0.5 to 0.8, the hypocholesterolemic:hypercholesterolaemic ratio from 1.7 to 2.7, the Atherogenic Index from 0.38 to 0.66, the Thrombogenic Index from 0.85 to 1.48, the total phenolic content from 0.14 to 0.36 mg/g seeds, and the antioxidant activity (DPPH•) from 0.30 to 0.50. The studied seed-oil composition evidenced A. cruentus as a healthy ingredient for animal feed and consequently, as a possible substitute for traditional cereals. Accessions from Mexico and Arizona emerged for their high qualitative traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Gresta
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (F.G.); (V.L.P.)
| | - Giorgia Meineri
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy;
| | - Marianna Oteri
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Carmelo Santonoceto
- Department AGRARIA, University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy;
| | - Vittorio Lo Presti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (F.G.); (V.L.P.)
| | - Annalisa Costale
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, 10125 Torino, Italy;
| | - Biagina Chiofalo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (F.G.); (V.L.P.)
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12
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Monllor P, Romero G, Muelas R, Sandoval-Castro CA, Sendra E, Díaz JR. Ensiling Process in Commercial Bales of Horticultural By-products from Artichoke and Broccoli. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10050831. [PMID: 32403309 PMCID: PMC7278401 DOI: 10.3390/ani10050831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Artichoke and broccoli crops are widespread throughout the world, mainly in the Mediterranean region. After artichoke harvests and industrial processing of artichoke and broccoli, large amounts of by-products are generated. The use of these alternative and cheaper feedstuffs in ruminants’ diets would reduce waste caused by the agri-food industry, disposal costs, and the land and natural resources used in animal feed production, contributing to the circular economy. Because of the high water content and the seasonality of these feedstuffs, ensiling might be a technology to preserve its nutritional quality for a long time, and this must be considered and studied at commercial scale. This paper looks into the viability of ensiling broccoli and artichoke by-products as commercial round bale silos (300 kg), their shelf life, and their suitability for ruminant feeding. The three silage by-products are stabilised on day 30. The high microbial quality and the appropriate nutritional composition at final stage (day 200) make them suitable for inclusion in ruminant diet, in combination with other energy and protein sources over a long period after the crop season. Abstract Wastes from artichoke and broccoli crops and cannery industries represent an environmental problem. A viable option to this problem is ensiling them for use as ruminants feed. The aim of this study was to characterise the ensiling process of broccoli and artichoke by-products and assess their suitability to be part of the ruminant diet, as well their minimum shelf life. Twenty-one commercial round bale silos (300 kg and 0.64 m3) of each by-product were made. Samples were analysed at days 0, 7, 15, 30, 60, and 200 to determine microbial populations, fermentation metabolites, nutritional components, and phytosanitary residues. Feedstuffs showed good suitability for ensiling, and stabilisation was achieved on day 30. The variables with the greatest significant differences among sampling times were microbial populations and fermentative components. There were no important dry matter losses, and some significant differences were observed in the nutritional composition, especially in crude protein and fibrous fractions, but they were not relevant for the loss of nutritional quality of silages. The phytosanitary residues determined on day 200 were below the maximum residue limits set by European legislation. So, ensiling these by-products in commercial round bale silos is a suitable and profitable technique that allows their preservation for a long time (200 days).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Monllor
- Departamento de Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03312 Alicante, Spain; (P.M.); (G.R.); (R.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Gema Romero
- Departamento de Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03312 Alicante, Spain; (P.M.); (G.R.); (R.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Raquel Muelas
- Departamento de Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03312 Alicante, Spain; (P.M.); (G.R.); (R.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Carlos A. Sandoval-Castro
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Medicina y Ciencia Animal, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida 97100, Mexico;
| | - Esther Sendra
- Departamento de Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03312 Alicante, Spain; (P.M.); (G.R.); (R.M.); (E.S.)
| | - José Ramón Díaz
- Departamento de Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03312 Alicante, Spain; (P.M.); (G.R.); (R.M.); (E.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-966-749-707
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García-Rodríguez J, Ranilla MJ, France J, Alaiz-Moretón H, Carro MD, López S. Chemical Composition, In Vitro Digestibility and Rumen Fermentation Kinetics of Agro-Industrial By-Products. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E861. [PMID: 31653022 PMCID: PMC6912480 DOI: 10.3390/ani9110861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The nutritive value of 26 agro-industrial by-products was assessed from their chemical composition, in vitro digestibility and rumen fermentation kinetics. By-products from sugar beet, grape, olive tree, almond, broccoli, lettuce, asparagus, green bean, artichoke, peas, broad beans, tomato, pepper, apple pomace and citrus were evaluated. Chemical composition, in vitro digestibility and fermentation kinetics varied largely across the by-products. Data were subjected to multivariate and principal component analyses (PCA). According to a multivariate cluster analysis chart, samples formed four distinctive groups (A-D). Less degradable by-products were olive tree leaves, pepper skins and grape seeds (group A); whereas the more degradable ones were sugar beet, orange, lemon and clementine pulps (group D). In the PCA plot, component 1 segregated samples of groups A and B from those of groups C and D. Considering the large variability among by-products, most of them can be regarded as potential ingredients in ruminant rations. Depending on the characteristic nutritive value of each by-product, these feedstuffs can provide alternative sources of energy (e.g., citrus pulps), protein (e.g., asparagus rinds), soluble fibre (e.g., sugar beet pulp) or less digestible roughage (e.g., grape seeds or pepper skin).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairo García-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de León, E-24007 León, Spain.
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, Finca Marzanas s/n, 24346 Grulleros, Spain.
| | - María José Ranilla
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de León, E-24007 León, Spain.
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, Finca Marzanas s/n, 24346 Grulleros, Spain.
| | - James France
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Héctor Alaiz-Moretón
- Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica de Sistemas y Automática, Escuela de Ingeniería Industrial e Informática, Universidad de León, Campus Universitario de Vegazana, 24071 León, Spain.
| | - María Dolores Carro
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Agroalimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Secundino López
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de León, E-24007 León, Spain.
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña, CSIC-Universidad de León, Finca Marzanas s/n, 24346 Grulleros, Spain.
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Liu G, Li S, Su X, He Y, Zhang L, Lu L, Liao X, Luo X. Estimation of standardized mineral availabilities in feedstuffs for broilers. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:794-802. [PMID: 30418571 PMCID: PMC6358257 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to estimate standardized mineral (Ca, P, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) availabilities (SMA) in commonly used feedstuffs and verify the additivity of SMA for diet formulation of broilers. In Exp. 1, after 3 d of acclimation, a total of 96 22-d-old Arbor Acres male broilers were fasted for 24 h. Then the broilers were fed a mineral-free, corn, soybean meal (SBM), or corn-soybean meal (C-SBM) diet for 4 h and the excreta samples were collected for 48 h after feed withdrawal (totally 52 h). The results showed that the endogenous losses of Ca, P, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn for chickens fed the mineral-free diet were 13.7, 113, 0.064, 0.593, 0.094, and 0.132 mg/52 h per bird, respectively. The standardized availability values of Ca, P, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn were 20.8%, 39.6%, 37.8%, 47.4%, 10.7%, and 45.2% in corn as well as 54.3%, 51.1%, 39.7%, 27.6%, 26.1%, and 51.0% in SBM, respectively. The determined values of SMA in C-SBM diet were close (P > 0.09) to the predicted summations of SMA from corn and SBM (Ca, 48.6% vs. 48.1%; P, 44.9% vs. 46.0%; Cu, 41.7% vs. 39.1%; Fe, 35.3% vs. 33.2%; Mn, 22.7% vs. 22.2%; Zn, 46.2% vs. 48.4%). In Exp. 2, a total of 144 22-d-old Arbor Acres male broilers were used to estimate the SMA values in 6 feedstuffs by using the above procedure. The results showed that the standardized availability values in wheat, wheat bran, corn distillers dried grains with solubles, cottonseed meal, rapeseed meal, and corn gluten meal diets were 24.7% to 55.8% for Ca, 35.6% to 46.6% for P, 24.5% to 45.7% for Cu, 21.6% to 43.5% for Fe, 9.3% to 34.5% for Mn, and 22.9% to 52.9% for Zn, respectively. The results from the present study indicated that the mineral-free diet could be used for estimating the endogenous losses of the above minerals and SMA values of feedstuffs for broilers, and the estimates of SMA in feedstuffs for the C-SBM diet formulation were additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Liu
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Sufen Li
- Department of Animal Science, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, P.R. China
| | - Xin Su
- Department of Animal Science, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, P.R. China
- Jinghai Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Ying He
- Department of Animal Science, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, P.R. China
| | - Liyang Zhang
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Lin Lu
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiudong Liao
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xugang Luo
- Mineral Nutrition Research Division, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
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Wolf P, Siesenop U, Verspohl J, Kamphues J. [Hygienic quality of feedstuffs for small mammals sent to the consultation service]. Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere 2014; 42:101-106. [PMID: 24737185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluation of the hygienic status of feedstuffs for small mammals, including rabbits, guinea pigs and chinchilla, kept as pets. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 356 feedstuffs that had been sent to the consulting service of the institute with a usable case history between January 2000 and April 2011 were analysed by sensory testing and microbiological examination. The interpretation of the microbiological results was performed with regard to benchmarks given by the working group "feed microbiology of section VI of the VDLUFA" for hay, straw and further feedstuffs. RESULTS Within the sensory evaluation, the parameters "texture" (indicating the moisture content of a feed) and "smell" (mouldy or yeasty nuances) provided the first important information on feed quality. Deviations in these parameters were observed in 29.0% and 41.2%, respectively, of the analysed roughages and in 27.4% and 15.1% of mixed feeds, respectively. In about 10% of the feeds, pests (mites, Psocoptera as an indicator of mould infestation) were diagnosed microscopically. Using the differentiation of the germs as described above, faults in the hygienic quality could be detected mainly in roughage (hay, straw) and the so-called coloured feed (mixed feed based on ingredients including oat, barley or corn) whereas they occurred rarely in commercial pelleted mixed feeds based on green meal. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In cases of hygienic deficits in feedstuffs, it was often unclear whether the reduced hygienic quality resulted from the production conditions (i.e. in the factory) or by improper storage of the feedstuffs by traders or pet owners. A general recommendation should be given to the owner to check the feed using a critical sensory evaluation to avoid health disorders in pets due to higher levels of germs or poisonous plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Wolf
- Dr. Petra Wolf, Institut für Tierernährung, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173 Hannover, E-Mail:
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16
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Wang X, Liu Y, Su Y, Yang J, Bian K, Wang Z, He LM. High-throughput screening and confirmation of 22 banned veterinary drugs in feedstuffs using LC-MS/MS and high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:516-527. [PMID: 24364540 DOI: 10.1021/jf404501j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A new analytical strategy based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) combined with accurate mass high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry (HR-Orbitrap MS) was performed for high-throughput screening, confirmation, and quantification of 22 banned or unauthorized veterinary drugs in feedstuffs according to Bulletin 235 of the Ministry of Agriculture, China. Feed samples were extracted with acidified acetonitrile, followed by cleanup using solid-phase extraction cartridge. The extracts were first screened by LC-MS/MS in a single selected reaction monitoring mode. The suspected positive samples were subjected to a specific pretreatment for confirmation and quantification of analyte of interest with LC-MS/MS and HR-Orbitrap MS. Mean recoveries for all target analytes (except for carbofuran and chlordimeform, which were about 35 and 45%, respectively) ranged from 52.2 to 90.4%, and the relative standard deviations were <15% except for 20% for carbofuran. The decision limits (CCαs) for target analytes in formulated feed were between 2.6 and 23 μg/kg, and the detection capabilities (CCβs) were between 4.2 and 34 μg/kg. The method was successfully applied to screening of real samples obtained from local feed markets and confirmation of the suspected target analytes. It provides a high-throughput, sensitive, and reliable screening, identification, and quantification of banned veterinary drugs in routine monitoring programs of feedstuffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufeng Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou 510642, China
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Abbès S, Salah-Abbès JB, Bouraoui Y, Oueslati S, Oueslati R. Natural occurrence of aflatoxins (B₁ and M₁) in feed, plasma and raw milk of lactating dairy cows in Beja, Tunisia, using ELISA. Food Addit Contam Part B Surveill 2011; 5:11-5. [PMID: 24779689 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2011.640756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Beja is an agricultural area in northwest Tunisia. It contributes to national needs by offering cereals and milk to the market for human and animal consumption. A small number of studies on mycotoxin occurrence in feedstuffs and raw milk from lactating dairy cows in this region are available. Therefore, 226 samples were collected from farms and local markets during November 2008 until April 2010. Samples consisted of 112 raw cow milk, 56 blood from lactating cows and 58 feed destined for dairy cows. Plasma and feed were analysed for aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁). Milk samples were analysed for aflatoxin M₁ (AFM₁). All samples were treated using a simultaneous methanolic-aqueous extraction, followed by immunoaffinity column clean-ups and were investigated by competitive enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA). Recoveries were 80%-95% and 81%-92% for AFB₁ and AFM₁, respectively, while the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.01 µg/kg or µg/l for both mycotoxins. Results revealed the presence of AFB₁ in 84.4% of the feed samples (mean 18.7 ± 1.4 µg/kg), and 39.2% of the plasma-examined samples (median 7.1 ± 1.0 µg/l) were found to be contaminated at levels higher than the Tunisian and the European Union (EU) limit for dairy animals, which are 20 and 5 µg/kg in animal feed, respectively. AFM₁ was detected in 60.7% of the cow raw milk samples examined (median 13.6 ± 1.4 µg/l). Contaminated levels were higher than the EU limit of 0.05 µg/l. It was concluded that more precaution should be taken on hygiene controls in order to prevent fungal contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Abbès
- a Unit of Immunology, Environmental Microbiology and Cancerology, Faculty of Sciences Bizerte, University of Carthage , Tunisia
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