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Nighot M, Liao PL, Morris N, McCarthy D, Dharmaprakash V, Ullah Khan I, Dalessio S, Saha K, Ganapathy AS, Wang A, Ding W, Yochum G, Koltun W, Nighot P, Ma T. Long-Term Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors Disrupts Intestinal Tight Junction Barrier and Exaggerates Experimental Colitis. J Crohns Colitis 2023; 17:565-579. [PMID: 36322638 PMCID: PMC10115233 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjac168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proton pump inhibitors [PPIs] are widely used to treat a number of gastro-oesophageal disorders. PPI-induced elevation in intragastric pH may alter gastrointestinal physiology. The tight junctions [TJs] residing at the apical intercellular contacts act as a paracellular barrier. TJ barrier dysfunction is an important pathogenic factor in inflammatory bowel disease [IBD]. Recent studies suggest that PPIs may promote disease flares in IBD patients. The role of PPIs in intestinal permeability is not clear. AIM The aim of the present study was to study the effect of PPIs on the intestinal TJ barrier function. METHODS Human intestinal epithelial cell culture and organoid models and mouse IBD models of dextran sodium sulphate [DSS] and spontaneous enterocolitis in IL-10-/- mice were used to study the role of PPIs in intestinal permeability. RESULTS PPIs increased TJ barrier permeability via an increase in a principal TJ regulator, myosin light chain kinase [MLCK] activity and expression, in a p38 MAPK-dependent manner. The PPI-induced increase in extracellular pH caused MLCK activation via p38 MAPK. Long-term PPI administration in mice exaggerated the increase in intestinal TJ permeability and disease severity in two independent models of DSS colitis and IL-10-/- enterocolitis. The TJ barrier disruption by PPIs was prevented in MLCK-/- mice. Human database studies revealed increased hospitalizations associated with PPI use in IBD patients. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that long-term use of PPIs increases intestinal TJ permeability and exaggerates experimental colitis via an increase in MLCK expression and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghali Nighot
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Pei-Luan Liao
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Nathan Morris
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Dennis McCarthy
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Viszwapriya Dharmaprakash
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Inam Ullah Khan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Shannon Dalessio
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Kushal Saha
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | | | - Alexandra Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Wei Ding
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Gregory Yochum
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Walter Koltun
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Prashant Nighot
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Thomas Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Šimek M, Turková K, Schwarzer M, Nešporová K, Kubala L, Hermannová M, Foglová T, Šafránková B, Šindelář M, Šrůtková D, Chatzigeorgiou S, Novotná T, Hudcovic T, Velebný V. Molecular weight and gut microbiota determine the bioavailability of orally administered hyaluronic acid. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 313:120880. [PMID: 37182970 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
The ability of hyaluronan as a dietary supplement to increase skin moisture and relieve knee pain has been demonstrated in several clinical studies. To understand the mechanism of action, determining hyaluronan's bioavailability and in vivo fate is crucial. Here, we used 13C-hyaluronan combined with LC-MS analysis to compare the absorption and metabolism of oral hyaluronan in germ-free and conventional wild-type mice. The presence of Bacteroides spp. in the gut was crucial for hyaluronan absorption. Specific microorganisms cleave hyaluronan into unsaturated oligosaccharides (<3 kDa) which are partially absorbed through the intestinal wall. The remaining hyaluronan fragments are metabolized into short-chain fatty acids, which are only metabolites available to the host. The poor bioavailability (~0.2 %) of oral hyaluronan indicates that the mechanism of action is the result of the systematic regulatory function of hyaluronan or its metabolites rather than the direct effects of hyaluronan at distal sites of action (skin, joints).
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Bondegaard PW, Torp AM, Guerra P, Kristensen KA, Christfort JF, Krogfelt KA, Nielsen LH, Zor K, Boisen A, Mortensen MS, Bahl MI, Licht TR. Delivery of E. coli Nissle to the mouse gut by mucoadhesive microcontainers does not improve its competitive ability against strains linked to ulcerative colitis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2023; 370:fnad110. [PMID: 37863838 PMCID: PMC10612143 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnad110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
For patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), administration of the probiotic E. coli Nissle (EcN) holds promise for alleviation of disease symptoms. The mechanisms are unclear, but it has been hypothesised that a capacity of the probiotic to outcompete potentially detrimental UC-associated E. coli strains plays an important role. However, this could previously not be confirmed in a mouse model of competition between EcN and two UC-associated strains, as reported by Petersen et al. 2011. In the present study, we re-evaluated the idea, hypothesising that delivery of EcN by a micro device dosing system (microcontainers), designed for delivery into the intestinal mucus, could support colonisation and confer a competition advantage compared to classical oral dosing. Six groups of mice were pre-colonised with one of two UC-associated E. coli strains followed by oral delivery of EcN, either in capsules containing microcontainers with freeze-dried EcN powder, capsules containing freeze-dried EcN powder, or as a fresh sucrose suspension. Co-colonisation between the probiotic and the disease-associated strains was observed regardless of dosing method, and no competition advantages linked to microcontainer delivery were identified within this setup. Other approaches are thus needed if the competitive capacity of EcN in the gut should be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pi Westi Bondegaard
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Anders Meyer Torp
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Priscila Guerra
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Katja Ann Kristensen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | | | - Karen Angeliki Krogfelt
- Department of Science and Environment, Molecular and Medical Biology, Roskilde University, Roskilde, 4000, Denmark
| | - Line Hagner Nielsen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Kinga Zor
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Anja Boisen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | | | - Martin Iain Bahl
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Tine Rask Licht
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
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4
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Pelton R. The Microbiome Theory of Aging (MTA). Integr Med (Encinitas) 2023; 21:28-34. [PMID: 36820269 PMCID: PMC9938673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The Microbiome Theory of Aging (MTA) explains how microbial imbalance in the intestinal tract, which is also referred to as dysbiosis, causes health problems that accelerate biological aging. The underlying mechanisms involved include increased inflammation, elevated levels of zonulin, destruction of intestinal tight junctions, and intestinal permeability, which allow lipopolysaccharides (LPS) to leak into systemic circulation. LPS is a powerful endotoxin that causes chronic inflammation throughout the body. Chronic inflammation is associated with chronic diseases and the acceleration of biological aging. Postbiotic metabolites are compounds that are created by probiotic bacteria in the colon. Postbiotic metabolites have been called the new frontier in microbiome science due to their key roles in regulating the structure and function of the gut microbiome and many aspects of human health.
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Martinez E, Rodriguez C, Crèvecoeur S, Lebrun S, Delcenserie V, Taminiau B, Daube G. Impact of environmental conditions and gut microbiota on the in vitro germination and growth of Clostridioides difficile. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2022; 369:6692865. [PMID: 36066913 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnac087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile is a spore-forming anaerobic Gram-positive bacterium responsible for a broad spectrum of intestinal symptoms and healthcare-associated diarrhoea. The hypothesis of this work was that different in vitro conditions, notably pH and human faecal microbiota composition, impact the germination and/or the growth of C. difficile. This study aimed to correlate growth kinetics of the bacterium with these two physiochemical parameters by using a static in vitro model. To better understand the initial gut colonisation, several growth curve assays were carried out to monitor the behaviour of the spores and vegetative forms of C. difficile strain 078 under different conditions mimicking the gut environment. When the faeces were added, no spore germination or growth was observed, but C. difficile spores germinated in vitro when the pH was maintained between 6.6 and 6.9 for four different faeces donors. The evolution of microbiota studied by 16S rDNA profiling showed high proportions of Enterobacteriaceae and E. coli/Shigella when C. difficile grew, regardless of the inoculated faeces. This model helped us to understand that the germination and growth of C. difficile are strongly pH dependent, and further research is needed to evaluate the potential impact of the gut microbiota composition on C. difficile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Martinez
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Département des Sciences des Denrées alimentaires, Université de Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, 4000 Liège, Belgique
| | - Cristina Rodriguez
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA. Málaga, Spain. Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, 29590, Spain
| | - Sébastien Crèvecoeur
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Département des Sciences des Denrées alimentaires, Université de Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, 4000 Liège, Belgique
| | - Sarah Lebrun
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Département des Sciences des Denrées alimentaires, Université de Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, 4000 Liège, Belgique
| | - Véronique Delcenserie
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Département des Sciences des Denrées alimentaires, Université de Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, 4000 Liège, Belgique
| | - Bernard Taminiau
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Département des Sciences des Denrées alimentaires, Université de Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, 4000 Liège, Belgique
| | - Georges Daube
- Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Département des Sciences des Denrées alimentaires, Université de Liège, Avenue de Cureghem 10, 4000 Liège, Belgique
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Button JE, Autran CA, Reens AL, Cosetta CM, Smriga S, Ericson M, Pierce JV, Cook DN, Lee ML, Sun AK, Alousi AM, Koh AY, Rechtman DJ, Jenq RR, McKenzie GJ. Dosing a synbiotic of human milk oligosaccharides and B. infantis leads to reversible engraftment in healthy adult microbiomes without antibiotics. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:712-725.e7. [PMID: 35504279 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Predictable and sustainable engraftment of live biotherapeutic products into the human gut microbiome is being explored as a promising way to modulate the human gut microbiome. We utilize a synbiotic approach pairing the infant gut microbe Bifidobacterium longum subspecies infantis (B. infantis) and human milk oligosaccharides (HMO). B. infantis, which is typically absent in adults, engrafts into healthy adult microbiomes in an HMO-dependent manner at a relative abundance of up to 25% of the bacterial population without antibiotic pretreatment or adverse effects. Corresponding changes in metabolites are detected. Germ-free mice transplanted with dysbiotic human microbiomes also successfully engraft with B. infantis in an HMO-dependent manner, and the synbiotic augments butyrate levels both in this in vivo model and in in vitro cocultures of the synbiotic with specific Firmicutes species. Finally, the synbiotic inhibits the growth of enteropathogens in vitro. Our findings point to a potential safe mechanism for ameliorating dysbioses characteristic of numerous human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Adam K Sun
- Prolacta Bioscience, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Amin M Alousi
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Andrew Y Koh
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA; Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Microbiology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | | | - Robert R Jenq
- Department of Genomic Medicine, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Karaliute I, Ramonaite R, Bernatoniene J, Petrikaite V, Misiunas A, Denkovskiene E, Razanskiene A, Gleba Y, Kupcinskas J, Skieceviciene J. Reduction of gastrointestinal tract colonization by Klebsiella quasipneumoniae using antimicrobial protein KvarIa. Gut Pathog 2022; 14:17. [PMID: 35473598 PMCID: PMC9040220 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-022-00492-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Klebsiella quasipneumoniae is an opportunistic pathogen causing antibiotic-resistant infections of the gastrointestinal tract in many clinical cases. Orally delivered bioactive Klebsiella-specific antimicrobial proteins, klebicins, could be a promising method to eradicate Klebsiella species infecting the gut. Methods Mouse infection model was established based on infection of antibiotic-treated BALB/C mice with K. quasipneumoniae strain DSM28212. Four study groups were used (3 animals/group) to test the antimicrobial efficacy of orally delivered klebicin KvarIa: vehicle-only group (control, phosphate-buffered saline), and other three groups with bacteria, antibiotic therapy and 100 µg of uncoated Kvarla, 100 µg coated KvarIa, 1000 µg coated-KvarIa. Because of the general sensitivity of bacteriocins to gastroduodenal proteases, Kvarla doses were coated with Eudragit®, a GMP-certified formulation agent that releases the protein at certain pH. The coating treatment was selected based on measurements of mouse GI tract pH. The quantity of Klebsiella haemolysin gene (khe) in faecal samples of the study animals was used to quantify the presence of Klebsiella. Results GI colonization of K. quasipneumoniae was achieved only in the antibiotic-treated mice groups. Significant changes in khe marker quantification were found after the use of Eudragit® S100 formulated klebicin KvarIa, at both doses, with a significant reduction of K. quasipneumoniae colonization compared to the vehicle-only control group. Conclusions Mouse GI tract colonization with K. quasipneumoniae can be achieved if natural gut microbiota is suppressed by prior antibiotic treatment. The study demonstrates that GI infection caused by K. quasipneumoniae can be significantly reduced using Eudragit®-protected klebicin KvarIa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indre Karaliute
- Institute for Digestive Research, Laboratory of Clinical and Molecular Gastroenterology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Mickeviciaus st. 9, 44307, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rima Ramonaite
- Institute for Digestive Research, Laboratory of Clinical and Molecular Gastroenterology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Mickeviciaus st. 9, 44307, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jurga Bernatoniene
- Department of Drug Technology and Social Pharmacy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu Pr. 13, 50161, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vilma Petrikaite
- Laboratory of Drug Targets Histopathology, Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 50162, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | | | | | | | - Yuri Gleba
- Nomad Bioscience GmbH, Biozentrum Halle, Weinbergweg 22, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Juozas Kupcinskas
- Institute for Digestive Research, Laboratory of Clinical and Molecular Gastroenterology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Mickeviciaus st. 9, 44307, Kaunas, Lithuania.,Department of Gastroenterology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 44307, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Jurgita Skieceviciene
- Institute for Digestive Research, Laboratory of Clinical and Molecular Gastroenterology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Mickeviciaus st. 9, 44307, Kaunas, Lithuania.
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Dave R, Randhawa G, Kim D, Simpson M, Hoare T. Microgels and Nanogels for the Delivery of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:1704-1721. [PMID: 35319212 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
While microgels and nanogels are most commonly used for the delivery of hydrophilic therapeutics, the water-swollen structure, size, deformability, colloidal stability, functionality, and physicochemical tunability of microgels can also offer benefits for addressing many of the barriers of conventional vehicles for the delivery of hydrophobic therapeutics. In this review, we describe approaches for designing microgels with the potential to load and subsequently deliver hydrophobic drugs by creating compartmentalized microgels (e.g., core-shell structures), introducing hydrophobic domains in microgels, leveraging host-guest interactions, and/or applying "smart" environmentally responsive materials with switchable hydrophobicity. In particular, the challenge of promoting hydrophobic drug loading without compromising the inherent advantages of microgels as delivery vehicles and ensuring practically relevant release kinetics from such structures is highlighted, with an eye toward the practical translation of such vehicles to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ridhdhi Dave
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Gurpreet Randhawa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Daeun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Madeline Simpson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Todd Hoare
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
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Biocompatible poly(galacturonic acid) micro/nanogels with controllable degradation via tunable chemical crosslinking. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 201:351-363. [PMID: 34998881 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Here, one-pot labor-less preparation of two different polygalacturonic acid (PGA) micro/nanogel formulations, PGA-1 and PGA-2, by respectively crosslinking the PGA chains with divinyl sulfone (DVS) and trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether (TMPGDE) were reported. Various crosslinker ratios, 2.5, 10, 50, and 100% were used for both crosslinkers to demonstrate the tunability of their degradation properties. The PGA micro/nanogels were found spherical-shaped porous particles in 0.5-5.0 μm size range by SEM. The hydrolytic degradation and stability of PGA micro/nanogels in pH 1.0, 7.4, and 9.0 buffer solutions can be controlled by changing the degree of crosslinking. Accordingly, 32 ± 8% and 36 ± 2% weight losses were attained for PGA-1-10% and PGA-2-10% micro/nanogels at pH 1, respectively, and 46 ± 6%, and 68 ± 6% degradations were determined at pH 7.4 within 4 weeks. However, no degradation was observed for both PGA-based micro/nanogel formulations prepared at 25% and 100% crosslinker ratios at all pH conditions. All PGA-based micro/nanogels were totally degraded within 7-10 days at pH 9.0. In the presence of pectinase and amyloglucosidase enzymes, all formulations of PGA micro/nanogels showed more than 80% degradation within 12 h. Furthermore, both PGA formulations showed no significant cytotoxicity against L929 fibroblast cells with 90% and above cell viability up to 250 mg/mL concentrations.
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10
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In Vivo Healthy Benefits of Galacto-Oligosaccharides from Lupinus albus (LA-GOS) in Butyrate Production through Intestinal Microbiota. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11111658. [PMID: 34827656 PMCID: PMC8615603 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal digestive systems host microorganism ecosystems, including integrated bacteria, viruses, fungi, and others, that produce a variety of compounds from different substrates with healthy properties. Among these substrates, α-galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are considered prebiotics that promote the grow of gut microbiota with a metabolic output of Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs). In this regard, we evaluated Lupinus albus GOS (LA-GOS) as a natural prebiotic using different animal models. Therefore, the aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of LA-GOS on the gut microbiota, SCFA production, and intestinal health in healthy and induced dysbiosis conditions (an ulcerative colitis (UC) model). Twenty C57BL/6 mice were randomly allocated in four groups (n = 5/group): untreated and treated non-induced animals, and two groups induced with 2% dextran sulfate sodium to UC with and without LA-GOS administration (2.5 g/kg bw). We found that the UC treated group showed a higher goblet cell number, lower disease activity index, and reduced histopathological damage in comparison to the UC untreated group. In addition, the abundance of positive bacteria to butyryl-CoA transferase in gut microbiota was significantly increased by LA-GOS treatment, in healthy conditions. We measured the SCFA production with significant differences in the butyrate concentration between treated and untreated healthy groups. Finally, the pH level in cecum feces was reduced after LA-GOS treatment. Overall, we point out the in vivo health benefits of LA-GOS administration on the preservation of the intestinal ecosystem and the promotion of SCFA production.
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11
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Liang Q, Vallance BA. What's for dinner? How Citrobacter rodentium's metabolism helps it thrive in the competitive gut. Curr Opin Microbiol 2021; 63:76-82. [PMID: 34243134 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Enteric bacterial infections impose a significant and global health burden on society, and their threat is increasing in concert with a rise in antibiotic resistance. There is thus a great need to quickly develop new antimicrobial treatments and interest is growing in targeting pathogen nutrition and metabolism. In this review, we highlight recent research on the metabolism of Citrobacter rodentium, a murine-specific relative of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC). We focus on the mechanisms by which C. rodentium acquires nutrients as well as the distinct metabolic strategies that C. rodentium employs in varying spatiotemporal niches. We propose that identifying and targeting nutrients found essential for bacterial pathogenesis is an attractive anti-microbial approach in the new post-antibiotic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaochu Liang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Bruce A Vallance
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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12
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Li J, Qiu H, Gong H, Tong W. Broad-Spectrum Reactive Oxygen Species Scavenging and Activated Macrophage-Targeting Microparticles Ameliorate Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:3107-3118. [PMID: 34160209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a refractory chronic inflammatory disease. An excessively high level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the colon is one of the characteristics and pathogenic factors of IBD. Therefore, scavenging excessive ROS is a feasible method to treat IBD. Because ROS include many types of species, scavenging a single kind of ROS is not enough to reduce the ROS level and cure IBD effectively. Herein, broad-spectrum ROS scavenging and activated macrophage-targeting microparticles (MPs) are successfully fabricated by coprecipitation of catalase (CAT) and bovine serum albumin into a MnCO3 template followed by deposition of polydopamine (PDA), assembly of targeting molecules on the surface, and finally removal of MnCO3. The CAT content of MPs is about 34.1%. The obtained MPs can effectively scavenge the broad spectrum of ROS and retain 88% of the radical scavenging activity even after the treatment of simulated gastric fluid. The surface-modified dextran sulfate endows MPs with the targeting ability toward activated macrophages, achieving a better therapeutic effect. The MPs with components mostly derived from natural substances exhibit good biocompatibility and can show excellent ROS scavenging ability in cell experiments. In animal experiments, oral administration of a proper dosage of MPs can substantially mitigate colonic inflammation, as evidenced by disease activity index scores reduced by ∼40%, reduced body weight loss, and the production of typical proinflammatory cytokines in the inflammatory colon. This kind of MP can also be utilized for the treatment of other inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Huiqiang Qiu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Hengtai Gong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Weijun Tong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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