Antimicrobial Potential of Curcumin: Therapeutic Potential and Challenges to Clinical Applications

Neutering pathogens through green synthesized nanoparticles

The rise of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens in animal diseases poses a severe threat to veterinary care and public health, necessitating the development of alternative therapeutic strategies. Traditional antimicrobial treatments are becoming increasingly less effective, creating an urgent need for innovative solutions. One among several other promising avenues is the use of plant-based nanoparticles (NPs), which exhibit powerful antimicrobial properties while offering a sustainable and low-toxicity approach. These nanoparticles, synthesized via green methods using plant-derived phytochemicals as natural reducing and stabilizing agents, provide an eco-friendly, cost-effective, and biocompatible option for addressing MDR pathogens. Additionally, the physicochemical properties of these nanoparticles, including size, shape, and surface characteristics, can be fine-tuned to enhance their antimicrobial potency and target-specific action. This review explores the potential of plant-based nanoparticles as a groundbreaking strategy for tackling MDR pathogens in animal diseases, focusing on their mechanisms of action, green synthesis techniques, and applications in veterinary medicine. By optimizing synthesis processes, assessing toxicity, and evaluating in vivo efficacy, plant-based nanoparticles could emerge as an essential tool in the fight against antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in animals, with implications for global health.

Antiviral Potential and In Silico Insights of Polyphenols as Sustainable Phytopharmaceuticals: A Comprehensive Review

Polyphenols, particularly flavonoids, are reported to have health-promoting, disease-preventing abilities and several polyphenols having a wide spectrum of antiviral activities can be explored for preventive and/or therapeutic purposes. We have compiled the updated literature of diverse polyphenols active against common viral diseases, including herpes, hepatitis, influenza, rota and SARS-corona-viruses. The antiviral activity of bioactive polyphenols depends on the hydroxyl and ester groups of polyphenol molecules, as compounds with five or more hydroxyl groups and three specific methoxy groups showed antiviral potential, like anti-rabies activity. This comprehensive review will explore selective polyphenols isolated from common ethnomedicinal or food plants. Comparing bioactivities of structurally related polyphenols and using bioinformatics studies, we have explored the three most promising phyto-antivirals, including chrysin, resveratrol and quercetin, available in many foods and medicinal plants. Quercetin showed a maximum interaction score with human genes. We also explore the intricate structure-activity relationship between these polyphenols and pathogenic viruses with their mechanisms of antiviral action in selected virus models. Here, we report the promising potential of some phyto-polyphenols in the management of viral diseases through an in-depth analysis of the structure and bioactivity of these compounds.

Synergistic Potential of Curcumin-Vancomycin Therapy in Combating Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections: Exploring a Novel Approach to Address Antibiotic Resistance and Toxicity

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections pose serious treatment challenges, particularly in peritoneal dialysis patients due to their increased susceptibility to infections and antibiotic resistance. Vancomycin, a standard antibiotic treatment for MRSA, is currently being compromised due to the evolution of multidrug-resistant microorganisms. Therefore, there is an urgent need for alternative therapeutic strategies to obstruct the increasing antibiotic resistance and bacterial biofilm formation. The present study explores curcumin, a natural bioactive compound possessing antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, as a potential therapeutic for MRSA. The standard optical density method confirmed the antibacterial activity of curcumin against Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC-3160). Furthermore, we investigated the impact of curcumin on bacterial metabolism. Metabolic analysis of S. aureus culture media over a 20-h period revealed that curcumin exerts bacteriostatic effects by inhibiting specific metabolic pathways, potentially linked to energy and sugar metabolism. Furthermore, the synergistic effect of curcumin combined with vancomycin was assessed against 20 clinical MRSA strains using the broth microdilution method. The results demonstrated that curcumin enhanced the antibacterial activity of vancomycin in 17 strains by reducing its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) significantly. The MIC of curcumin and vancomycin has been found to decrease significantly when used in combination, with curcumin's MIC decreased to as low as 0.5 µg/mL and vancomycin's MIC to 0.5 µg/mL for all strains. Synergistic effects were seen in 17 out of 20 strains, having fractional inhibitory concentration index values between 0.04 and 0.56. These findings suggest that curcumin-vancomycin combination therapy could offer an effective treatment strategy for MRSA infections which may combat antibiotic resistance and reduce treatment-related toxicity.

Antimicrobial Sponge: A Polyvinyl Alcohol, Tannic Acid and Curcumin-Loaded Nanolignin Hydrogel Composite Scaffold

Materials with antimicrobial properties and high adsorption capabilities are crucial for managing exudate in post-surgical cases. However, achieving both properties simultaneously remains a challenge. In this study, we first synthesized curcumin-loaded organosolv lignin nanoparticles (Lig-Cur Nps) using a solvent-shifting approach in a continuous flow reactor. These Lig-Cur NPs were then dispersed in a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution. The PVA-Lig-Cur NP colloidal suspension was further crosslinked with tannic acid (TA) through hydrogen bonding interactions. A simple freeze-thaw cycle of the PVA-Lig-Cur NP suspension with TA resulted in the formation of a stable gel, which was then lyophilized to fabricate the PVA-Lig-Cur-TA hydrogel scaffold. This scaffold features an interconnected microporous network with a swelling percentage of 800%, enabling the rapid adsorption of exudates. Its excellent properties and antimicrobial efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus, a bacterium commonly found on the skin, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa highlight its potential to effectively remove exudates while preventing bacterial colonization.

Harnessing bioactive nanocurcumin and curcumin nanocomposites to combat microbial pathogens: a comprehensive review

The alarming rise in bacterial infections including those caused by multidrug-resistant pathogens has garnered the attention of the scientific community, compelling them to explore as novel and effective alternatives to combat these infections. Moreover, the emerging viruses such as Influenza A virus subtype H1N1 (A/H1N1), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), Ebolavirus, recent coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), etc. also has a significant impact all over the world. Therefore, the management of all such infections without any side effects is one of the most important challenges for the scientific community. Hence, the development of novel and effective antimicrobial agents is a need of the hour. In this context, Curcuma longa, commonly known as turmeric, has been used as traditional medicine for centuries to manage and treat such infections. Its bioactive constituent, curcumin has garnered significant attention in medicine due to its multifunctional bioactivities. Apart from antimicrobial properties, it also possesses potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. However, available reports suggest that its low solubility, stability, and biocompatibility limit its use. Moreover, on the other hand, it has been reported that these limitations associated with the use of curcumin can be resolved by transforming it into its nano-form, specifically curcumin nanoparticles. Recent advancements have brought curcumin nanoparticles into the spotlight, showcasing superior properties and a broad spectrum of antimicrobial applications. In this review, we have mainly focused on antimicrobial potential of curcumin and nanocurcumin, mechanisms underpinning their antimicrobial actions. Moreover, other aspects of toxicity and safety guidelines for nano-based products have been also discussed.

Fmoc-FF Nanogel-Mediated Delivery of Doxorubicin and Curcumin in Thyroid Cancer Cells

Background: Thyroid cancer (TC) is the most prevalent endocrine malignancy, and is categorized into well-differentiated and aggressive anaplastic types. Novel therapeutic modalities are needed for TC. Nanomedicine is a promising strategy for the development of precision medicine. In this context, we investigated the use of nanogels (NGs) to deliver agents with different physicochemical properties, specifically the hydrophilic agent doxorubicin (DOX) and the hydrophobic compound curcumin (CUR), in TC cell lines. Methods: Nα-9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl-diphenylalanine (Fmoc-FF) peptide-based NGs loaded with DOX and CUR were formulated using the solvent-switch method. DOX-loaded NGs were previously characterized. CUR-loaded NGs were characterized through rheology, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Confocal microscopy, q-RT-PCR, and ATP lite assays were performed to evaluate the uptake and delivery of DOX- and CUR-loaded NGs on TC cell lines. Results: CUR-loaded NGs exhibited a mean diameter of approximately 204.3 nm and a zeta potential of -34.6 mV, indicative of a good stability. In vitro release studies revealed a sustained release profile of CUR over 72 h. Functional analyses demonstrated that Fmoc-FF-loaded NGs were internalized into TC cell lines. They were primarily localized in the cytoplasm rather than in early endosomes, thereby ensuring intracellular stability. Furthermore, Fmoc-FF NGs reduced the nuclear uptake kinetics of DOX in TC cells, suggesting a potential reduction in dose-limiting toxicity. Comparative studies with CUR-loaded NGs revealed similar internalization and delayed nuclear uptake, highlighting the efficacy of Fmoc-FF NGs in delivering hydrophobic agents. Conclusions: Overall, the data suggest that Fmoc-FF NGs represent a promising strategy for delivering agents with diverse physicochemical properties in TC, enhancing their efficacy and safety and warranting further investigation.

Advancing Gel Systems with Natural Extracts: Antioxidant, Antimicrobial Applications, and Sustainable Innovations

The integration of natural extracts into gel systems has emerged as a transformative approach to enhance functional properties, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, and therapeutic effects. This review underscores the remarkable potential of natural extract-enriched gels, which effectively combine sustainability with improved functionality. These bioactive compounds, sourced from plants and animals, encompass polyphenols, flavonoids, essential oils, chitosan, proteins, and polysaccharides. They provide an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic additives and find applications across various sectors, including pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food packaging. Despite their promise, challenges remain, such as the variability in natural extract composition, the stability of bioactive compounds, and scalability for industrial use. To address these issues, innovative strategies like nanoencapsulation, responsive hydrogels, and AI-driven optimization have demonstrated significant progress. Additionally, emerging technologies, such as 3D printing and adherence to circular economy principles, further enhance the versatility, efficiency, and sustainability of these systems. By integrating these advanced tools and methodologies, gel systems enriched with natural extracts are well-positioned to meet contemporary consumer and industrial demands for multifunctional and eco-friendly products. These innovations not only improve performance but also align with global sustainability goals, setting the stage for widespread adoption and continued development in various fields.

Development of Curcumin Encapsulated Liposomes in Chlorhexidine-Loaded Organogel Using Ternary Phase Systems for Treatment of Omphalitis in Infants

Infections in infants, after childbirth, remain a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality, globally. A soaring percentage of these infections arise from bacterial colonization of the umbilicus. Current therapy for omphalitis includes the topical application of chlorhexidine on the umbilicus. Bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, which are the key causative organisms of omphalitis, are resistant to chlorhexidine. In this study, curcumin-loaded liposomes were prepared using the "thin film hydration" method. Liposomes were characterized by particle size analysis, light microscopy, encapsulation efficiency, and flux. Stable organogels were formed via a high-speed homogenization method and stabilized by an emulsifier mix. They were evaluated for stability over a period by observing for phase separation. Four gels F1 (curcumin-loaded liposomes in chlorhexidine organogel), F2 (curcumin-loaded liposomes in organogel), F3 (chlorhexidine in organogel), and control (plain organogel) were prepared. Physicochemical properties of all gels were evaluated such as organoleptic tests, gel-to-sol transition, rheological studies, pH, skin irritancy, spreadability, accelerated stability, and antibacterial activity studies. Liposomes were spherical with an average size of 7 μm and an encapsulation efficiency of 97%. The in vitro release profile best fits the Higuchi mathematical model implying that curcumin release was by diffusion and dissolution mechanism. In vitro release was also higher at pH 5.5. F1 had the highest spreadability of 63 mm2g-1 and the lowest viscosity of 184,400 MPas at a shear rate of 10 rotations per minute with a pH of 6.5. Formulation F1 also displayed the highest antibacterial activity against all three bacteria. It can be concluded that the synergistic interaction between curcumin and chlorhexidine may be responsible for the significant antibacterial potency exhibited in formulation F1. Curcumin-loaded liposomes in chlorhexidine organogel (F1) can serve as a prototype for the development of an antibacterial topical formulation having intrinsic activity and enhanced potency to combat omphalitis.

Oral supplementation of curcumin-encapsulated chitosan nanoconjugates as an innovative strategy for mitigating nickel-mediated hepatorenal toxicity in rats

Nickel pollution adversely affects human health and causes various disorders, mainly hepatic and renal dysfunction. The present work focused on a comparative evaluation of the pure form of curcumin (CU) with curcumin-encapsulated chitosan nanoconjugates (CS/CU NCs), on mitigation of the delirious effects of Ni on hepatorenal tissue. Forty-two male rats were allocated into 6 groups (n = 7 for each) as follows: (1) control, (2) CU, (3) CS/CU NCs, (4) Ni, (5) Ni + CU, (6) Ni + CS/CU NCs. After 30 days, blood and tissue (liver and kidneys) were collected to measure hepatorenal biomarkers, oxidant/antioxidant balance, inflammatory gene expression, liver and kidney histopathology, and immunohistochemistry. Results revealed disruption of hepatorenal functions, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers at biochemical and molecular levels associated with severe hepatorenal histopathological alterations and abnormal immunohistochemical tissue expression for caspase-3 and cyclooxygenase-2. On the contrary, the treatment of Ni-intoxicated rats with CS/CU NCs markedly mitigated the adverse effect of Ni on hepatorenal tissue via regulation of oxidative stress, inflammatory, and apoptotic markers. The present study provides a novel nanoformulation for curcumin using CS NPs encapsulation that selectively targets the injured cells and improves the beneficial effect of CU via enhancing the antioxidant activity and regulating both inflammatory and apoptotic markers.

Lipid-based nanodelivery systems of curcumin: Recent advances, approaches, and applications

Despite its many beneficial effects, pharmaceutical applications of curcumin (CUR) are limited due to its chemical instability, low solubility/absorption and weak bioavailability. Recent advances in nanotechnology have enabled the development of CUR-loaded nanodelivery systems to tackle those issues. Within many different nanocarriers developed for CUR up to date, lipid-based nanocarriers (LBNs) are among the most extensively studied systems. LBNs such as nanoemulsions, solid lipid carriers, nanostructured phospholipid/surfactant carriers are shown to be potential delivery systems capable of improving the solubility, bioavailability, and chemical stability of CUR. The particle characteristics, stability, bioavailability, and release properties of CUR-loaded LBNs can be tailored via optimizing the formulation and processing parameters. This paper reviews the most recent studies on the development of various CUR-loaded LBNs. Approaches to the improvement of CUR bioavailability and release characteristics of LBNs are discussed. Furthermore, challenges in the development of CUR-loaded LBNs and their potential applications are presented.

Curcumin-Loaded Lipid Nanoparticles: A Promising Antimicrobial Strategy Against Enterococcus faecalis in Endodontic Infections

Background/Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of curcumin (CUR), a natural polyphenol with potent antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, when formulated as solid lipid nanoparticles (CUR-loaded SLN) against Enterococcus faecalis. Methods: Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) were prepared as a carrier for CUR, which significantly improved its solubility. SLNs made with cetyl palmitate and Tween 80 were obtained via the hot ultrasonication method. The physicochemical properties of CUR-loaded SLNs were evaluated, including their size, stability, and release profile. Antimicrobial testing was conducted against both sessile and planktonic E. faecalis populations. Cytotoxicity was assessed on human gingival fibroblasts. Results: The CUR-loaded SLNs exhibited about 200 nm and a -25 mV surface potential, and the encapsulation of CUR did not affect the physicochemical properties of SLNs. CURs were released from SLNs in a controlled and sustained manner over 100 h. The nanoparticles remained stable for at least two months when stored at 4 °C or 25 °C, making them suitable for clinical use. Antioxidant activity was confirmed through DPPH and ABTS assays. Free CUR significantly reduced the planktonic E. faecalis CFU counts by approximately 65% after 24 h of exposure. However, this inhibitory effect diminished with longer exposure times (48 and 72 h). Antimicrobial activity studies of CUR-loaded SLNs showed dose- and time-dependent effects, in the 2.5-10 µg/mL range, against both sessile and planktonic E. faecalis populations, over 24 to 72 h. The CUR-loaded SLNs showed good cytocompatibility with human fibroblasts up to 2.5 μg/mL, suggesting low toxicity. Conclusions: CUR-loaded SLNs demonstrate significant antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis, along with good cytocompatibility, indicating their potential as an effective adjunct therapy in endodontic treatments.

Natural products in the treatment of diabetic foot infection

Diabetic foot infections (DFIs) are a significant complication in diabetes mellitus, leading to increased morbidity, hospitalizations, and healthcare burdens. The growing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens has reduced the efficacy of conventional treatments, highlighting the need for alternative therapeutic strategies. Natural products, known for their antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing properties, have garnered attention as potential treatments for DFIs. This review examines key natural compounds, including eugenol, thymol, carvacrol, curcumin, and Aloe vera, and their mechanisms of action in combating diabetic infections. We analyze the antimicrobial efficacy of these compounds, their ability to inhibit biofilm formation, and their role in wound healing. The review also explores challenges in integrating natural products into clinical practice and the potential for their use alongside or in place of traditional antibiotic therapies. Our findings suggest that natural products could play a crucial role in developing sustainable and effective treatment strategies for DFIs, especially in the face of rising antimicrobial resistance.

Edible Coating Combining Liquid Smoke from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches and Turmeric Extract to Prolong the Shelf Life of Mackerel

This research aimed to evaluate the use of edible coating from a combination of liquid smoke and turmeric extract as a preservative for mackerel at room temperature. Liquid smoke was obtained from the pyrolysis of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) at a temperature of 380 °C and purified by distillation at 190 °C. Liquid smoke with a concentration of 3% was combined with turmeric extract at a ratio of 2, 4, 6, and 8 g/L (CLS 2:1, CLS 4:1, CLS 6:1 and CLS 8:1). TVB-N testing showed that the mixture of liquid smoke and turmeric at a ratio of CLS 6: 1 and CLS 8: 1 maintains the freshness of fish for 48 h. Meanwhile, organoleptic testing reports that the best mixture was CLS 8:1. The number of colonies in the CLS 2:1, CLS 4:1, CLS 6:1, and CLS 8:1 mixtures were 4.92, 4.92, 4.16, and 4 × 10⁵ colonies/g after 44 h of soaking. The MPN test result at 48 h of soaking is 1.1 × 103 MPN/g. Generally, mackerel preserved with a mixture of turmeric extract and liquid smoke with a ratio of 8:1 can be consumed up to a shelf life of 48 h at room temperature storage.

Synergistic effects of incorporated additives in multifunctional dressings for chronic wound healing: An updated comprehensive review

Detailed reviewing of the complicated process of wound healing reveals that it resembles an orchestrated symphony via a precise and calculated collaboration of relevant cells at the wound site. The domino-like function of various cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and small biological molecules such as antibacterial peptides all come together to successfully execute the wound healing process. Therefore, it appears that the use of a wound dressing containing only a single additive with specific properties and capabilities may not be particularly effective in treating the complex conditions that are usual in the environment of chronic wounds. The use of multifunctional dressings incorporating various additives has shown promising results in enhancing wound healing processes. This comprehensive review article explores the synergistic effects of integrated additives in such dressings, aiming to provide an updated understanding of their combined therapeutic potential. By analysing recent advancements and research findings, this review sheds light on the intricate interactions between different additives, their mechanisms of action and their cumulative impact on wound healing outcomes. Moreover, the review discusses the importance of utilising combined therapies in wound care and highlights the potential future directions and implications for research and clinical practice in the field of wound healing management.

Engineered Magneto-Piezoelectric Nanoparticles-Enhanced Scaffolds Disrupt Biofilms and Activate Oxidative Phosphorylation in Icam1+ Macrophages for Infectious Bone Defect Regeneration

Infectious bone defects pose significant clinical challenges due to persistent infection and impaired bone healing. Icam1+ macrophages were identified as crucial and previously unrecognized regulators in the repair of bone defects, where impaired oxidative phosphorylation within this macrophage subset represents a significant barrier to effective bone regeneration. To address this challenge, dual-responsive iron-doped barium titanate (BFTO) nanoparticles were synthesized with magnetic and ultrasonic properties. These nanoparticles were further loaded with the anti-inflammatory agent curcumin and coated with engineered mesenchymal stem cell membranes (EMM) modified with γ3 peptide, creating BFTO-Cur@EMM nanoparticles specifically designed to target Icam1+ macrophages. These nanoparticles were shown to disrupt bacterial biofilms under alternating magnetic fields (AMF) and to activate oxidative phosphorylation and osteogenic immune responses in Icam1+ macrophages via low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS). Transcriptomic sequencing and validation experiments demonstrated that this approach activates oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) by stimulating the JAK2-STAT3 pathway and inhibiting the MAPK-JNK pathway, thereby promoting the polarization of Icam1+ macrophages toward a pro-reparative phenotype and enhancing the secretion of pro-angiogenic and osteogenic cytokines. These nanoparticles were subsequently integrated into quaternized chitosan (QCS) and tricalcium phosphate (TCP) to create a bioink for three-dimensional (3D) printing anti-infection QT/BFTO-Cur@EMM bone repair scaffolds. In vivo studies indicated that these scaffolds significantly improved the healing of infectious bone defects without causing thermal damage to surrounding tissues. This work highlights the potential of this material and the targeting of Icam1+ macrophages as an effective strategy for simultaneously controlling infection and promoting bone regeneration.

Soothing the Itch: The Role of Medicinal Plants in Alleviating Pruritus in Palliative Care

Chronic pruritus, or persistent itching, is a debilitating condition that severely impacts quality of life, especially in palliative care settings. Traditional treatments often fail to provide adequate relief or are associated with significant side effects, prompting interest in alternative therapies. This review investigates the antipruritic potential of eight medicinal plants: chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla), aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis), calendula (Calendula officinalis), curcumin (Curcuma longa), lavender (Lavandula angustifolia), licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), peppermint (Mentha piperita), and evening primrose (Oenothera biennis). These plants are analyzed for their traditional applications, active bioactive compounds, mechanisms of action, clinical evidence, usage, dosage, and safety profiles. Comprehensive searches were conducted in databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and b-on, focusing on in vitro, animal, and clinical studies using keywords like "plant", "extract", and "pruritus". Studies were included regardless of publication date and limited to English-language articles. Findings indicate that active compounds such as polysaccharides in aloe vera, curcuminoids in turmeric, and menthol in peppermint exhibit significant anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immune-modulating properties. Chamomile and calendula alleviate itching through anti-inflammatory and skin-soothing effects, while lavender and licorice offer antimicrobial benefits alongside antipruritic relief. Evening primrose, rich in gamma-linolenic acid, is effective in atopic dermatitis-related itching. Despite promising preclinical and clinical results, challenges remain in standardizing dosages and formulations. The review highlights the necessity of further clinical trials to ensure efficacy and safety, advocating for integrating these botanical therapies into complementary palliative care practices. Such approaches emphasize holistic treatment, addressing chronic pruritus's physical and emotional burden, thereby enhancing patient well-being.

Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antiviral Activity, and Mechanisms of Action of Plant Polyphenols

This review describes the enhanced classification of polyphenols into flavonoids, lignans, phenolic acids, stilbenes, and tannins. Its focus is the natural sources of polyphenols and an in-depth discussion of their antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activity. Besides a broad literature overview, this paper contains authors' experimental data according to some daily consumed vegetables such as tomatoes, different varieties of onion, garlic, parsley, and cayenne pepper and the probable relation of these activities to polyphenols. The isolation of polyphenols via conventional and ultrasonic, pressurized liquids and pulse-field extractions, as well as their methods for detection and determination, are interpreted as well. The main mechanisms by which polyphenols inhibit the growth of bacteria, fungi, and viruses, such as protein synthesis, cell membrane destabilization, and ROS production induction, are in focus. Data on polyphenol concentrations and their respective MIC or the inhibition zone diameters of different bacterial and fungal species and suppressing viral replication are depicted. The toxicity of polyphenols in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo towards microorganisms and human/animal cells, and the safety of the polyphenols applied in clinical and industrial applications are expanded. This review also characterizes the antimicrobial effects of some chemically synthesized polyphenol derivatives. Biotechnological advances are also reported, especially the entrapment of polyphenols in biocompatible nanoparticles to enhance their bioavailability and efficacy. Polyphenols are promising for exploring molecules' novel antimicrobial substances and paving the path for effective novel antimicrobial agents' discovery, taking into consideration their positives and negatives.

Advancing Anti-Biofilm Strategies: Innovations to Combat Biofilm-Related Challenges and Enhance Efficacy

Biofilms are complex communities of microorganisms that can cause significant challenges in various settings, including industrial processes, environmental systems, and human health. The protective nature of biofilms makes them resistant to traditional anti-biofilm strategies, such as chemical agents, mechanical interventions, and surface modifications. To address the limitations of conventional anti-biofilm methods, researchers have explored emerging strategies that encompass the use of natural compounds, nanotechnology-based methods, quorum-sensing inhibition, enzymatic degradation, and antimicrobial photodynamic/sonodynamic therapy. There is an increasing focus on combining multiple anti-biofilm strategies to combat resistance and enhance effectiveness. Researchers are continuously investigating the mechanisms of biofilm formation and developing innovative approaches to overcome the limitations of conventional anti-biofilm methods. These efforts aim to improve the management of biofilms and prevent infections while preserving the environment. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in anti-biofilm strategies. Given the dynamic nature of this field, exploring new approaches is essential to stimulate further research and development initiatives. The effective management of biofilms is crucial for maintaining the health of industrial processes, environmental systems, and human populations.

Assessing the efficacy of carbon nanodots derived from curcumin on infectious diseases

INTRODUCTION

The threat of new, emerging, and multidrug-resistant microbes is increasing which has created the necessity for new antimicrobials. In this regard, nanotechnology can be an alternative for the treatment of infectious microbes. Curcumin has been used since ancient times as antimicrobials; however, it has limitations due to its less aqueous solubility, bioavailability, and biocompatibility. This problem can be solved by curcumin-derived carbon nanodots, which are emerging antimicrobials of <10 nm size, water-soluble, biocompatible, less toxic, and fluorescent.

AREAS COVERED

The review discusses the application of curcumin-derived carbon nanodots against various pathogenic microbes including bacteria and dreaded viruses like SARS-CoV-2. In addition, the role of curcumin carbon nanodots in biolabelling of pathogenic microbes, mechanism of action, bioimaging, and therapy has been critically examined.

EXPERT OPINION

Carbon nanodots play an important role in combating pathogenic microbes by early diagnosis, bioimaging, nanocarrier for antimicrobial drugs, and therapy of infectious diseases. Curcumin carbon nanodots have already demonstrated their benefits of being water soluble, bioavailable, and biocompatible. However, more thorough research is needed to understand the efficacy and safety of curcumin carbon nanodots. In the future, curcumin-derived carbon nanodots can be used as alternative antimicrobial agents to fight microbial infections including multidrug-resistant microbes.

Exploring the antimicrobial potential of crude peptide extracts from Allium sativum and Allium oschaninii against antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains

CONTEXT

Plant peptides garner attention for their potential antimicrobial properties amid the rising concern over antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

OBJECTIVE

This study investigates the antibacterial potential of crude peptide extracts from 27 Thai plants collected locally.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Peptide extracts from 34 plant parts, derived from 27 Thai plants, were tested for their antimicrobial efficacy against four highly resistant bacterial strains: Streptococcus aureus MRSA, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Escherichia coli. The stability of these peptide extracts was examined at different temperatures, and the synergistic effects of two selected plant peptide extracts were investigated. Additionally, the time-kill kinetics of the individual extracts and their combination were determined against the tested pathogens.

RESULTS

Peptides from Allium sativum L. and Allium oschaninii O. Fedtsch (Amaryllidaceae) were particularly potent, inhibiting bacterial growth with MICs ranging from 1.43 to 86.50 µg/mL. The consistent MICs and MBCs of these extracts across various extraction time points highlight their reliability. Stability tests reveal that these peptides maintain their antimicrobial activity at -20 °C for over a month, emphasizing their durability for future exploration and potential applications in addressing antibiotic resistance. Time-kill assays elucidate the time and concentration-dependent nature of these antimicrobial effects, underscoring their potent initial activity and sustained efficacy over time.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

This study highlights the antimicrobial potential of Allium-derived peptides, endorsing them for combating antibiotic resistance and prompting further investigation into their mechanisms.

Structural characterization of rhamnogalacturonan-I purified from Curcuma longa and its anti-lung cancer efficacy via immunostimulation

In this study, we investigated the structural characteristics, immunostimulatory activities, and anti-cancer effects of turmeric-derived polysaccharides (TPE-I). Several results related to the structural features revealed that TPE-I possesses a typical rhamnogalacturonan (RG)-I structure. Furthermore, macrophage cytokine secretion was significantly reduced by partial side chain and main chain cleavage of TPE-I via sequential enzymatic and chemical degradation. In contrast, the administration of TPE-I effectively enhanced the cytotoxic effects of natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes against tumor cells. Additionally, the administration of TPE-I potently inhibited lung cancer induced by Colon26-M3.1, and this efficacy persisted even in mice with NK cell function blocked by anti-asialo GM1 antibody. Consequently, it was confirmed that TPE-I, a RG-I type polysaccharide purified from turmeric, has potent anticancer effects which are closely related to immunostimulation. The results of this study support the hypothesis that curcuminoids are not the only bioactive substances present in turmeric.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-024-01595-z.

Effect of curcumin-loaded polycaprolactone scaffold on Achilles tendon repair in rats

Scaffolds play a crucial role in tendon healing by providing structural support, promoting cell infiltration, and guiding tissue regeneration. Polycaprolactone (PCL) has been used as a polymer in biological scaffolds for several tissue engineering studies. This study aimed to investigate the effects of curcumin-loaded PCL scaffold on Achilles tendon using a tenotomy model in rats. Twenty adult male Wistar rats were randomized into two groups. In control group, tenotomy and suture placement were performed. The identical intervention followed by the implantation of curcumin-loaded PCL scaffold around the tendon stumps was performed in the treatment group. The nanofibrous PCL scaffold containing 5.00% curcumin was fabricated by electrospinning. Walking track analysis was performed weekly. Then, after 6 weeks, histopathological examination and tendon mechanical tests were performed. The weekly walking track analysis revealed a significant improvement in Achilles functional index in scaffold-treated rats from week three to six. The rate of functional improvement was remarkably slower in the control group. Histopathological examination revealed aseptic inflammation and enhanced neovascularization in the treatment group. Also, collagen arrangement and density were significantly improved in this group compared to the control samples including less regular orientation and loose organization of collagen fibers. Significant increase in mechanical properties, except for strain, was observed in the treatment group. The present study demonstrated that implantation of curcumin-loaded PCL scaffold resulted in increased fibrillar architecture, as well as improved mechanical properties and Achilles functional index in rats. To reduce the biodegradation-induced inflammation, an anti-inflammatory treatment is recommended.

Development, optimization, and characterization of polymeric micelles to improve dasatinib oral bioavailability: Hep G2 cell cytotoxicity and in vivo pharmacokinetics for targeted liver cancer therapy

The efficacy of dasatinib (DAS) in treating hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is hindered by its poor bioavailability, limiting its clinical potential. In this study, we explored the use of TPGS-Soluplus micelles as an innovative drug delivery platform to enhance DAS solubility, stability, and therapeutic impact. A series of TPGS-Soluplus copolymers were synthesized, varying the D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (TPGS) forms (1000, 2000, and 3500) and adjusting the TPGS to Soluplus weight ratios (1:1, 1:2, and 1:3). Our goal was to identify the optimal formulation with the highest entrapment efficiency, smallest particle size, and enhanced drug loading. The TPGS1000-Soluplus copolymer, with a DAS-to-polymer ratio of 1:30 and a TPGS ratio of 1:2, demonstrated superior performance, achieving an entrapment efficiency of 64.479 ± 1.45 % and drug loading of 5.05 ± 1.01 %. The DAS-loaded micelles (DAS-PMs) exhibited a notably small particle size of 64.479 ± 1.45 nm and demonstrated controlled release kinetics, with 85.60 ± 5.4 % of the drug released over 72 h. Cellular uptake studies using Hep G2 cells revealed significantly enhanced absorption of DAS-PMs compared to free DAS, reflected in lower IC50 values in MTT assays at 24 and 48 h. Pharmacokinetic analysis further highlighted the benefits of the DAS-PMs, with an AUC0-∞ 2.16 times higher and mean residual time (MRT) 1.3 times longer than free DAS, a statistically significant improvement (p < 0.01). These findings suggest that TPGS-Soluplus micelles offer a promising strategy for improving the bioavailability and efficacy of DAS in HCC treatment, presenting a potential new therapeutic avenue for patients with limited options. This innovative formulation could significantly enhance DAS delivery, potentially leading to improved clinical outcomes in liver cancer therapy.

Repurposing Plant-Based Histone Acetyltransferase Inhibitors: A Review of Novel Therapeutic Strategies Against Drug-Resistant Fungal Biofilms

The rapid emergence of drug-resistant fungal strains necessitates the development of novel therapeutic approaches for battling biofilm-related infections. Biofilms, efflux pumps, and suppression of virulence traits in pathogenic yeasts are governed by epigenetic enzymes, namely, histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs). The review article is focused on the use of histone acetyltransferase inhibitors (HATi), a mechanism-based epidrug that inactivates the regular function of HATs. With an emphasis on specific plant-based HATi and their Structure-Activity Relationship (SAR), the review enumerates the extensive list of anticancer HATi that can be screened for antifungal activities. By repurposing these anticancer HATi, this approach may help generate broad-spectrum antifungal medications that highlight common biological pathways between fungus and cancer, possibly revolutionizing both treatment domains.

Biochemistry and Future Perspectives of Antibiotic Resistance: An Eye on Active Natural Products

Antibiotic resistance poses a serious threat to the current healthcare system, negatively impacting the effectiveness of many antimicrobial treatments. The situation is exacerbated by the widespread overuse and abuse of available antibiotics, accelerating the evolution of resistance. Thus, there is an urgent need for novel approaches to therapy to overcome established resistance mechanisms. Plants produce molecules capable of inhibiting bacterial growth in various ways, offering promising paths for the development of alternative antibiotic medicine. This review emphasizes the necessity of research efforts on plant-derived chemicals in the hopes of finding and creating novel drugs that can successfully target resistant bacterial populations. Investigating these natural chemicals allows us to improve our knowledge of novel antimicrobial pathways and also expands our antibacterial repertoire with novel molecules. Simultaneously, it is still necessary to utilize present antibiotics sparingly; prudent prescribing practices must be encouraged to extend the effectiveness of current medications. The combination of innovative drug research and responsible drug usage offers an integrated strategy for managing the antibiotic resistance challenge.

Advances in antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus (Review)

Nanoparticles (NPs) are one of the promising strategies to deal with bacterial infections. As the main subset of NPs, metal and metal oxide NPs show destructive power against bacteria by releasing metal ions, direct contact of cell membranes and antibiotic delivery. Recently, a number of researchers have focused on the antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Currently, there is a lack of a comprehensive review on ZnO NPs against S. aureus. Therefore, in this review, the antibacterial activity against S. aureus of ZnO NPs made by various synthetic methods was summarized, particularly the green synthetic ZnO NPs. The synergistic antibacterial effect against S. aureus of ZnO NPs with antibiotics was also summarized. Furthermore, the present review also emphasized the enhanced activities against S. aureus of ZnO nanocomposites, nano-hybrids and functional ZnO NPs.

Comparing the Effects of Duo-Functional Triple-Layer Films Enriched with Different Sources of Curcumin on the Shelf-Life of Fish

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of two types of active triple-layer films containing curcumin on the shelf-life of salmon fillets. One film (Film A) contained pure curcumin dissolved in lemongrass essential oil, while the other (Film B) incorporated curcumin from Curcuma longa extract dissolved in citral. The impact of these active films on the preservation of salmon fillets quality and safety was studied by analyzing factors such as color parameters, sensory evaluation, lipid oxidation, and biogenic amines. Despite good active properties measured in vitro, both films harmed the sensory quality and color of salmon. However, the incorporation of active ingredients in biopolymer films has shown the potential to inhibit biogenic amine formation. The findings pave the way for future research to explore the synergistic effects of combining various natural extracts with active packaging films.

Investigating antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties of synthetic curcuminoids

The concept of intratumoral microbiota is gaining attention in current research. Tumor-associated microbiota can activate oncogenic signaling pathways such as NF-κB, thereby promoting tumor development and progression. Numerous studies have demonstrated that curcumin and its analogs possess strong antitumor effects by targeting the NF-κB signaling pathway, along with potent antibacterial properties. In this study, we tested the antibacterial activity of two curcuminoids, Py-cPen and V-cPen, against the Gram-negative bacterial strains Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli and the Gram-positive bacterial strain Streptococcus aureus using in vitro assays and fluorescent microscopy. We observed that both Py-cPen and V-cPen reduced NF-κB activation upon lipopolysacharide (LPS) challenge in cell assays. In addition, our findings indicate that Py-cPen and V-cPen interact with LPS, as demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy and confirmed using in silico analyses, thereby modulating LPS activity. Overall, our data indicate that Py-cPen and V-cPen exhibit strong antibacterial and antiinflammatory properties, suggesting their potential as candidates for new multitarget therapeutic strategies.

Synthetic vs. natural antimicrobial agents for safer textiles: a comparative review

Textiles in all forms act as carriers in transmitting pathogens and provide a medium of microbial growth, especially in those fabrics which are used in sports, medical and innerwear clothing. More attention towards hygiene and personal healthcare made it a necessity to develop pathogen-free textiles. Synthetic and natural antimicrobial compositions are used to control and reduce microbial activity by killing or inhibiting microbial growth on textiles. Synthetic metallic nanoparticles of Ag, Zn, Cu Ti and Ga are the most commonly and recently used advanced nanocomposites. Synthetic organic materials such as triclosan, quaternary ammonium compounds, polyhexamethylene biguanide, and N-halamines have proven antimicrobial activity. Carbon quantum dots are one of the advanced nanomaterials prepared from different kinds of organic carbon material with photoluminescence efficiency also work efficiently in antimicrobial textiles. A greener approach for producing natural antimicrobial textiles has gained significant importance and demand for personal care due to their less toxic effects on health and the environment In comparison to synthetic. The naturally existing materials including extracts and essential oils of plants have significant applications for antimicrobial textiles. Additionally, a number of animal extracts are also used as antimicrobial agents include chitosan, alginate, collagen hydrolysate to prepare naturally treated antimicrobial textiles. This review focuses on the comparative performance of antimicrobial fabrics between synthetic and natural materials. Textiles with synthetic substances cause health and environmental concerns whereas textiles treated with natural compositions are more safe and eco-friendly. Finally, it is concluded that textiles modified with natural antimicrobial compositions may be a better alternative and option as functional textiles.

Quaternized Curcumin Derivative-Synthesis, Physicochemical Characteristics, and Photocytotoxicity, Including Antibacterial Activity after Irradiation with Blue Light

Over the past few years, numerous bacterial strains have become resistant to selected drugs from various therapeutic groups. A potential tool in the fight against these strains is antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT). APDT acts in a non-specific manner by generating reactive oxygen species and radicals, thereby inducing multidimensional intracellular effects. Importantly, the chance that bacteria will develop defense mechanisms against APDT is considered to be low. In our research, we performed the synthesis and physicochemical characterization of curcumin derivatives enriched with morpholine motifs. The obtained compounds were assessed regarding photostability, singlet oxygen generation, aggregation, and acute toxicity toward prokaryotic Aliivibrio fischeri cells in the Microtox® test. The impact of the compounds on the survival of eukaryotic cells in the MTT assay was also tested (WM266-4, WM115-melanoma, MRC-5-lung fibroblasts, and PHDF-primary human dermal fibroblasts). Initial studies determining the photocytotoxicity, and thus the potential APDT usability, were conducted with the following microbial strains: Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It was noted that the exposure of bacteria to LED light at 470 nm (fluence: 30 J/cm2) in the presence of quaternized curcumin derivatives at the conc. of 10 µM led to a reduction in Staphylococcus aureus survival of over 5.4 log.

Double-walled encapsulation of curcumin in starch and cellulose, its characterization and application as a sensing material to monitor food quality

The curcumin was encapsulated within a double-layered complex shell of nano-sized cellulose as the primary layer and the native starch (MDC) or the nano-sized starch (NDC) as the secondary layer to improve its stability, decreasing its release rate, while masking bitterness. The double-walled curcumin capsules were studied for encapsulation efficiency, colour behaviour at different pH and characterization using FTIR, DSC & FESEM. The encapsulation efficiency for NDC and MDC was 97.11 % & 90.46 %. The FTIR showed a shift of peaks to higher wavelength particularly at 1043 cm -1 and most of the curcumin peaks disappeared or had low intensity as enclosed within the layers of the capsules. Further, fish fillets were coated in starch paste containing 20 % double-walled curcumin capsules and the visible colour change was observed during a 7-day storage period at refrigerated conditions that could confirm the spoilage of fish to consumers without opening the package.

Biofilm Eradication and Inhibition of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Clinical Isolates by Curcumin-Chitosan Magnetic Nanoparticles

Biofilm-producing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (MR-CoNS) pose clinical challenges in treating healthcare-associated infections. As alternative antimicrobial options are needed, in this study, we aimed to determine the effect of curcumin-chitosan magnetic nanoparticles (Cur-Chi-MNP) on the biofilms of staphylococcal clinical isolates. MRSA and CoNS clinical isolates were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the broth microdilutions. Nanoparticles were synthesized by the co-precipitation of magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) and encapsulated by the ionotropic gelation of curcumin (Cur) and chitosan (Chi). Biofilm inhibition and eradication by nanoparticles, with and without the addition of oxacillin (OXA), were assessed in Staphylococcus strains. Cur-Chi-MNP showed antimicrobial activity against planktonic cells of MRSA and MR-CoNS strains and inhibited MRSA biofilm. The addition of OXA to Cur-Chi-MNP increased the biofilm inhibition and eradication activity against all staphylococcal strains (P = 0.0007), and higher biofilm activity was observed in the early biofilm stages. Cur-Chi-MNP showed antimicrobial and biofilm inhibitory activities against S. aureus. Addition of OXA increased biofilm inhibition and eradication activity against all staphylococcal strains. A combination treatment of Cur-Chi-MNP and OXA could potentially be used to treat staphylococcal biofilm-associated infections in the early stages before the establishment of biofilm bacterial cells.

Computational Designed and Optimized Liposomal Curcumin-Embedded Bifunctional Cross-Linked Hydrogels for Wound Healing

Curcumin (CUR) bifunctional cross-linked nanocomposite hydrogels are presented as an efficient method for CUR delivery in wound healing. CUR-loaded liposomes (CUR-Ls) were optimized using the Box-Behnken design to augment particle size, size distribution, zeta potential, and CUR concentration. The antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity of CUR-Ls were assessed. Hyaluronic acid (HA)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogels were optimized with a central composite design; then, poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone-co-itaconic acid) (PNVP-ITA) was synthesized to enrich the properties of the hydrogels. The drug release kinetics of the CUR-L@HA/PVA/PNVP-ITA hydrogels were studied. Skin recovery was investigated in vivo on rat dorsal skin. The optimized CUR-Ls were constructed from 2.7% Tween® 20, 0.04% oleic acid, and 8.1% CUR, yielding nano-CUR-L with a narrow size distribution, negative surface charge, and CUR content of 19.92 ± 0.54 µg/mg. CUR-Ls improved the antioxidant effects of CUR. The optimized hydrogel contained 5% HA and 10% PVA. PNVP-ITA improved the properties of the hydrogels via enhanced cross-linking. CUR-Ls exhibited a more rapid release than CUR, whereas the hydrogels enhanced CUR release via a diffusion-controlled mechanism. CUR-L@HA/PVA/PNVP-ITA hydrogels improved the skin recovery rate compared to the commercial patch after 5 days. Therefore, the optimized CUR-L@HA/PVA/PNVP-ITA hydrogels facilitated skin recovery and could be a promising nanocomposite for wound dressings.

Clinical Trial Findings and Drug Development Challenges for Curcumin in Infectious Disease Prevention and Treatment

Since ancient times, turmeric, scientifically known as Curcuma longa, has been renowned for its therapeutic properties. Recently, extensive documentation has highlighted the prevalence of microbial diseases without effective treatments, the increased expense of certain antimicrobial medications, and the growing occurrence of antimicrobial drug resistance. Experts predict that drug resistance will emerge as a significant global cause of death by the middle of this century, thereby necessitating intervention. Curcumin, a major curcuminoid molecule, has shown extensive antimicrobial action. Improving and altering the use of natural antimicrobial agents is the most effective approach to addressing issues of targeted specificity and drug resistance in chemically synthesized medicines. Further research is required to explore the efficacy of curcumin and other natural antimicrobial substances in combating microbial infections. The solubility and bioavailability of curcumin impede its antimicrobial capability. To enhance curcumin's antimicrobial effectiveness, researchers have recently employed several methods, including the development of curcumin-based nanoformulations. This review seeks to compile the latest available literature to assess the advantages of curcumin as a natural antimicrobial agent (particularly antiviral and antibacterial) and strategies to enhance its medical efficacy. The future application of curcumin will help to alleviate microbial infections, thereby promoting the sustainability of the world's population.

Antivirulence activities of Rutin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles against pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus

BACKGROUND

Staphylococcus aureus is an infectious bacterium that is frequently found in healthcare settings and the community. This study aimed to prepare rutin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (Rut-CS NPs) and assess their antibacterial activity against pathogenic strains of S. aureus.

RESULTS

The synthesized Rut-CS NPs exhibited an amorphous morphology with a size ranging from 160 to 240 nm and a zeta potential of 37.3 mV. Rut-CS NPs demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against S. aureus strains. Following exposure to Rut-CS NPs, the production of staphyloxanthin pigment decreased by 43.31-89.63%, leading to increased susceptibility of S. aureus to hydrogen peroxide. Additionally, visual inspection of cell morphology indicated changes in membrane integrity and permeability upon Rut-CS NPs exposure, leading to a substantial increase (107.07-191.08%) in cytoplasmic DNA leakage in the strains. Furthermore, ½ MIC of Rut-CS NPs effectively inhibited the biofilm formation (22.5-37.5%) and hemolytic activity (69-82.59%) in the S. aureus strains.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study showcases that Rut-CS NPs can serve as a novel treatment agent to combat S. aureus infections by altering cell morphology and inhibiting virulence factors of S. aureus.

Application of nanoparticles in breast cancer treatment: a systematic review

It is estimated that cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. The primary or secondary cause of cancer-related mortality for women is breast cancer. The main treatment method for different types of cancer is chemotherapy with drugs. Because of less water solubility of chemotherapy drugs or their inability to pass through membranes, their body absorbs them inadequately, which lowers the treatment's effectiveness. Drug specificity and pharmacokinetics can be changed by nanotechnology using nanoparticles. Instead, targeted drug delivery allows medications to be delivered to the targeted sites. In this review, we focused on nanoparticles as carriers in targeted drug delivery, their characteristics, structure, and the previous studies related to breast cancer. It was shown that nanoparticles could reduce the negative effects of chemotherapy drugs while increasing their effectiveness. Lipid-based nanocarriers demonstrated notable results in this instance, and some products that are undergoing various stages of clinical trials are among the examples. Nanoparticles based on metal or polymers demonstrated a comparable level of efficacy. With the number of cancer cases rising globally, many researchers are now looking into novel treatment approaches, particularly the use of nanotechnology and nanoparticles in the treatment of cancer. In order to help clinicians, this article aimed to gather more information about various areas of nanoparticle application in breast cancer therapy, such as modifying their synthesis and physicochemical characterization. It also sought to gain a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying the interactions between nanoparticles and biologically normal or infected tissues.

Novel Functional Dressing Materials for Intraoral Wound Care

Intraoral wounds represent a particularly challenging category of mucosal and hard tissue injuries, characterized by the unique structures, complex environment, and distinctive healing processes within the oral cavity. They have a common occurrence yet frequently inflict significant inconvenience and pain on patients, causing a serious decline in the quality of life. A variety of novel functional dressings specifically designed for the moist and dynamic oral environment have been developed and realized accelerated and improved wound healing. Thoroughly analyzing and summarizing these materials is of paramount importance in enhancing the understanding and proficiently managing intraoral wounds. In this review, the particular processes and unique characteristics of intraoral wound healing are firstly described. Up-to-date knowledge of various forms, properties, and applications of existing products are then intensively discussed, which are categorized into animal products, plant extracts, natural polymers, and synthetic products. To conclude, this review presents a comprehensive framework of currently available functional intraoral wound dressings, with an aim to provoke inspiration of future studies to design more convenient and versatile materials.

Bio-active metabolites from Chinese Medicinal Herbs for treatment of skin diseases

Skin diseases have become serious issues to human health and affect one-third of the world's population according to the World Health Organisation (WHO). These consist of internal (endogenous) and external (exogenous) factors referring to genetics, hormones, and the body's immune system, as well as environmental situations, UV radiation, or environmental pollution respectively. Generally, Western Medicines (WMs) are usually treated with topical creams or strong medications for skin diseases that help superficially, and often do not treat the root cause. The relief may be instant and strong, sometimes these medicines have adverse reactions that are too strong to be able and sustained over a long period, especially steroid drug type. Chinese Medicinal Herbs (CMHs) are natural resources and relatively mild in the treatment of both manifestation and the root cause of disease. Nowadays, CMHs are attractive to many scientists, especially in studying their formulations for the treatment of skin diseases.

METHODS

The methodology of this review was searched in nine electronic databases including WanFang Data, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, Springer Link, SciFinder, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), without regard to language constraints. All eligible studies are analysed and summarised.

RESULTS

Based on the literature findings, some extracts or active metabolites divided from CMHs, including Curcumin, Resveratrol, Liquorice, Dandelions, Cortex Moutan, and Calendula officinalis L., are effective for the treatment and prevention of skin diseases because of a wide range of pharmacological activities, e.g. anti-bacterial, anti-microbial, anti-virus, and anti-inflammation to enhance the body's immune system. It is also responsible for skin whitening to prevent pigmentation and premature ageing through several mechanisms, such as regulation or inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (IκB/NF-κB) signalling pathways.

CONCLUSION

This is possible to develop CMHs, such as Curcumin, Resveratrol, Liquorice, Dandelions, Cortex Moutan and Calendula officinalis L. The ratio of multiple CMH formulations and safety assessments on human skin diseases required studying to achieve better pharmacological activities. Nano formulations are the future investigation for CMHs to combat skin diseases.

Unraveling In vivo Potential of Curcumin-loaded Graphene Quantum Dots on Drug Delivery and Release Kinetics Aspects of Cancer Treatment

This study introduces an innovative magnetic-based multifunctional anti-cancer drug carrier aiming to enhance the efficacy of curcumin in cancer therapy. The research investigates the potential of Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs) as a curcumin drug delivery system for inhibiting in vivo cancer growth. GQDs with a particle diameter below 10 nm were synthesized via hydrothermal and Hummers methods, exhibiting homogeneity and crystalline structure according to AFM and XRD analyses. FTIR analysis confirmed functionalization success, revealing the formation of bonds between GQDs and curcumin. The optical properties of GQDs were assessed using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer and spectrofluorometer, resulting in vigorous fluorescence with a quantum yield of 1.32%. Subsequently, loading curcumin onto GQDs (CQDs/cur) resulted in an efficient system for delivering the anti-cancer drug, demonstrating significant in vivo efficacy. It was indicated by reduced tumor diameter and increased body weight in mice. Furthermore, the release kinetics of curcumin from GQDs were analyzed using the Peppas-Sahlin equation under varying pH conditions (4, 7, and 9), revealing the highest release rate in acidic conditions. In conclusion, this study highlights the potential of GQDs as highly efficient carriers for targeted curcumin delivery, showcasing promising prospects in cancer treatment.

Multifunctional, High-Strength Electronic Skin Based on the Natural Sheepskin Fiber Network for Multifaceted Human Health Monitoring and Management

Inspired by the animal skin fiber network, we developed an electronic skin (e-skin) utilizing natural sheepskin as the primary substrate. This innovative design addresses the limitations of conventional e-skins, including inadequate mechanical strength, overly complex artificial network construction, and limited health monitoring capabilities. This e-skin successfully retains the structure and properties of natural sheepskin while exhibiting exceptional mechanical strength (with a breaking strength of 4.01 MPa) and high elongation (with an elongation at a break of 304.8%). Moreover, it possesses various desirable attributes such as electrical conductivity, antibacterial properties, biocompatibility, and environmental stability. In addition, this e-skin has the advantage of diverse data collection (joint movement, bioelectricity, foot health detection, and speech disorder communication systems). Therefore, this e-skin breaks the traditional construction strategy and single-mode application and is expected to become an ideal material for building smart sensor devices.

Curcumin-loaded polymeric nanomaterials as a novel therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer's disease: A comprehensive review

Alzheimer's disease (AD) stands as a formidable challenge in modern medicine, characterized by progressive neurodegeneration, cognitive decline, and memory impairment. Despite extensive research, effective therapeutic strategies remain elusive. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties of curcumin, found in turmeric, have demonstrated promise. The poor bioavailability and rapid systemic clearance of this drug limit its clinical application. This comprehensive review explores the potential of curcumin-loaded polymeric nanomaterials as an innovative therapeutic avenue for AD. It delves into the preparation and characteristics of diverse polymeric nanomaterial platforms, including liposomes, micelles, dendrimers, and polymeric nanoparticles. Emphasis is placed on how these platforms enhance curcumin's bioavailability and enable targeted delivery to the brain, addressing critical challenges in AD treatment. Mechanistic insights reveal how these nanomaterials modulate key AD pathological processes, including amyloid-beta aggregation, tau phosphorylation, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. The review also highlighted the preclinical studies demonstrate reduced amyloid-beta plaques and neuroinflammation, alongside improved cognitive function, while clinical trials show promise in enhancing curcumin's bioavailability and efficacy in AD. Additionally, it addresses the challenges of clinical translation, such as regulatory issues, large-scale production, and long-term stability. By synthesizing recent advancements, this review underscores the potential of curcumin-loaded polymeric nanomaterials to offer a novel and effective therapeutic approach for AD, aiming to guide future research and development in this field.

Curcumin inhibits growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis by arrest of bacterial dipeptidyl peptidase activity

Background

Curcumin is a multi-functional polyphenol with anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory effects and may have potential for treatment of periodontal diseases. The present study was conducted to examine the molecular basis of the anti-bacterial effect of curcumin against Porphyromonas gingivalis using metabolome analysis.

Materials and Methods

P. gingivalis were incubated with 10 µg/mL curcumin, and then metabolites were analyzed with CE-TOF/MS. Expression levels of sigma factors were also evaluated using RT-PCR assays. The activities of dipeptidyl peptidases (DPPs) were assessed by examining the degradation reactions of MCA-labeled peptides.

Results

The relative amounts of various glycogenic amino acids were significantly decreased when P. gingivalis was incubated with curcumin. Furthermore, the metabolites on the amino acid degradation pathway, including high-energy compounds such as ATP, various intermediate metabolites of RNA/DNA synthesis, nucleoside sugars and amino sugars were also decreased. Additionally, the expression levels of sigma-54 and sigma-70 were significantly decreased, and the same results as noted following nutrient starvation. Curcumin also significantly suppressed the activities of some DPPs, while the human DPP-4 inhibitors markedly inhibited the growth of P. gingivalis and activities of the DPPs.

Conclusions

Curcumin suppresses the growth of P. gingivalis by inhibiting DPPs and also interferes with nucleic acid synthesis and central metabolic pathways, beginning with amino acid metabolism.

Augmenting Neutrophil Extracellular Traps with Carbonized Polymer Dots: A Potential Treatment for Bacterial Sepsis

Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that can progress to septic shock as the body's extreme response to pathogenesis damages its own vital organs. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) accounts for 50% of nosocomial infections, which are clinically treated with antibiotics. However, methicillin-resistant strains (MRSA) have emerged and can withstand harsh antibiotic treatment. To address this problem, curcumin (CCM) is employed to prepare carbonized polymer dots (CPDs) through mild pyrolysis. Contrary to curcumin, the as-formed CCM-CPDs are highly biocompatible and soluble in aqueous solution. Most importantly, the CCM-CPDs induce the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) from the neutrophils, which entrap and eliminate microbes. In an MRSA-induced septic mouse model, it is observed that CCM-CPDs efficiently suppress bacterial colonization. Moreover, the intrinsic antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anticoagulation activities resulting from the preserved functional groups of the precursor molecule on the CCM-CPDs prevent progression to severe sepsis. As a result, infected mice treated with CCM-CPDs show a significant decrease in mortality even through oral administration. Histological staining indicates negligible organ damage in the MRSA-infected mice treated with CCM-CPDs. It is believed that the in vivo studies presented herein demonstrate that multifunctional therapeutic CPDs hold great potential against life-threatening infectious diseases.

The advances in adjuvant therapy for tuberculosis with immunoregulatory compounds

Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic bacterial disease, as well as a complex immune disease. The occurrence, development, and prognosis of TB are not only related to the pathogenicity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), but also related to the patient's own immune state. The research and development of immunotherapy drugs can effectively regulate the body's anti-TB immune responses, inhibit or eliminate Mtb, alleviate pathological damage, and facilitate rehabilitation. This paper reviews the research progress of immunotherapeutic compounds for TB, including immunoregulatory compounds and repurposing drugs, and points out the existing problems and future research directions, which lays the foundation for studying new agents for host-directed therapies of TB.

Neuroprotective Effects of Curcumin in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Curcumin, a hydrophobic polyphenol extracted from the rhizome of Curcuma longa, is now considered a candidate drug for the treatment of neurological diseases, including Parkinson's Disease (PD), Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Huntington's Disease (HD), Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), and prion disease, due to its potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant potential, anticancerous, immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, antiproliferative, and antibacterial activities. Traditionally, curcumin has been used for medicinal and dietary purposes in Asia, India, and China. However, low water solubility, poor stability in the blood, high rate of metabolism, limited bioavailability, and little capability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) have limited the clinical application of curcumin, despite the important pharmacological activities of this drug. A variety of nanocarriers, including liposomes, micelles, dendrimers, cubosome nanoparticles, polymer nanoparticles, and solid lipid nanoparticles have been developed with great success to effectively deliver the active drug to brain cells. Functionalization on the surface of nanoparticles with brain-specific ligands makes them target-specific, which should significantly improve bioavailability and reduce harmful effects. The aim of this review is to summarize the studies on curcumin and/or nanoparticles containing curcumin in the most common neurodegenerative diseases, highlighting the high neuroprotective potential of this nutraceutical.

Wharton's jelly stem cells delivered via a curcumin-loaded nanofibrous wound dressings improved diabetic wound healing via upregulating VEGF and IGF genes: An in vitro and in vivo study

Diabetic wounds pose an enduring clinical hurdle, marked by delayed recovery, persistent inflammation, and an elevated susceptibility to infections. Conventional treatment approaches often fall short of delivering optimal outcomes, prompting the exploration of innovative methods to enhance the healing process. Electrospun wound dressings offer superior healing, controlled drug release, enhanced cell proliferation, biocompatibility, high surface area, and antimicrobial properties. In the current study, polycaprolactone/gelatin-based nanofibrous wound dressings were developed for the delivery of Wharton's jelly stem cells and curcumin into the diabetic wounds bed. Curcumin was loaded into the polycaprolactone/gelatin solution and electrospun to produce curcumin-loaded scaffolds. In vitro experiments including scanning electron microscopy, cell viability assay, release assay, hemocompatibility assay, cell proliferation assay, and antibacterial assay were utilized to characterize the delivery system. Then, curcumin-loaded scaffolds were seeded with 30,000 Wharton's jelly stem cells and implanted into a rat model of diabetic wounds. Study showed that the scaffolds containing both Wharton's jelly stem cells and curcumin significantly improved diabetic wound closure (86.32 3.88% at the end of 14th day), augmented collagen deposition, and improved epithelial tissue formation. Gene expression studies showed that VEGF and IGF genes were significantly upregulated by the co-delivery system. Our developed system may have augmented diabetic wound healing via upregulating pro-healing genes.

Antimicrobial Activities of Natural Bioactive Polyphenols

Secondary metabolites, polyphenols, are widespread in the entire kingdom of plants. They contain one or more hydroxyl groups that have a variety of biological functions in the natural environment. These uses include polyphenols in food, beauty products, dietary supplements, and medicinal products and have grown rapidly during the past 20 years. Antimicrobial polyphenols are described together with their sources, classes, and subclasses. Polyphenols are found in different sources, such as dark chocolate, olive oil, red wine, almonds, cashews, walnuts, berries, green tea, apples, artichokes, mushrooms, etc. Examples of benefits are antiallergic, antioxidant, anticancer agents, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, and antimicrobe properties. From these sources, different classes of polyphenols are helpful for the growth of internal functional systems of the human body, providing healthy fats, vitamins, and minerals, lowering the risk of cardiovascular diseases, improving brain health, and rebooting our cellular microbiome health by mitochondrial uncoupling. Among the various health benefits of polyphenols (curcumin, naringenin, quercetin, catechin, etc.) primarily different antimicrobial activities are discussed along with possible future applications. For polyphenols and antimicrobial agents to be proven safe, adverse health impacts must be substantiated by reliable scientific research as well as in vitro and in vivo clinical data. Future research may be influenced by this evaluation.

Chemical Composition of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) Ethanol Extract and Its Antimicrobial Activities and Free Radical Scavenging Capacities

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is a perennial tuberous plant from the genus Curcuma (Zingiberaceae) and has been widely used in foods for thousands of years. The present study examined the ethanol extract of turmeric for its chemical composition, antimicrobial activity, and free radical scavenging properties. UHPLC-MS/MS analysis tentatively identified eight compounds in the turmeric extract. Potential antimicrobial effects of 0.1, 1.0, and 10 mg turmeric equivalents (TE)/mL were evaluated in vitro against a variety of Gram-negative bacteria (i.e., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas sp.) and Gram-positive bacteria (i.e., Enterococcus faecalis, Listeria innocua, and Staphylococcus aureus). Concentrations of 0.1 and 1.0 mg TE/mL inhibited the growth of S. aureus and significantly suppressed that of Pseudomonas sp., E. faecalis, and L. innocua. The growth of all strains, including E. coli, was inhibited by 10 mg TE/mL. Moreover, free radical scavenging capacities were determined using HO●, ABTS●+, and DPPH● (HOSC, ABTS, and RDSC, respectively) radicals. The turmeric ethanol extract had a TPC value of 27.12 mg GAE/g, together with HOSC, RDSC, and ABTS values of 1524.59, 56.38, and 1.70 μmol TE/g, respectively. Our results suggest that turmeric extract has potential applications for use in functional foods to reduce microbial burdens and oxidative stress-related health problems.

Coumarin linked to 2-phenylbenzimidazole derivatives as potent α-glucosidase inhibitors

α-Glucosidase inhibitors have emerged as crucial agents in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In the present study, a new series of coumarin-linked 2-phenylbenzimidazole derivatives 5a-m was designed, synthesized, and evaluated as anti-α-glucosidase agents. Among these derivatives, compound 5k (IC50 = 10.8 µM) exhibited a significant inhibitory activity in comparison to the positive control acarbose (IC50 = 750.0 µM). Through kinetic analysis, it was revealed that compound 5k exhibited a competitive inhibition pattern against α-glucosidase. To gain insights into the interactions between the title compounds and α-glucosidase molecular docking was employed. The obtained results highlighted crucial interactions that contribute to the inhibitory activities of the compounds against α-glucosidase. These derivatives show immense potential as promising starting points for developing novel α-glucosidase inhibitors.

Irreversible colorimetric bio-based curcumin bilayer membranes for smart food packaging temperature control applications

Research into innovative food safety technologies has led to the development of smart packaging with embedded chemical sensors that can monitor food quality throughout the supply chain. Thermochromic materials (TM), which are able to dynamically change colour in response to temperature fluctuations, have proven to be reliable indicators of food quality in certain environments. Natural colourants such as curcumin are becoming increasingly popular for smart packaging due to their low toxicity, environmental friendliness and ability to change colour. The innovation in this research lies in the production of a bio-based bilayer membrane specifically designed for irreversible temperature monitoring. Membrane A was prepared by dissolving cellulose acetate and curcumin in acetone at room temperature, with glycerol serving as a plasticiser. At the same time, membrane B was carefully formulated by dissolving cellulose acetate and triethanolamine in acetone, with sorbitol as plasticiser. The preparation of these different membranes revealed a remarkable event: a gradual and irreversible colour transition from an initial yellow to a brick-red hue after 24 hours of storage at 25 °C. The chemical structure and morphological analyses of the membranes were performed using several techniques, including FTIR, DSC and SEM. The membrane labels were adhered to aluminium cans and their colorimetric response was observed over a period of 10 days. Minimal colour variations were observed, confirming the reproducibility and stability of the curcumin-based membranes as temperature sensors.