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Bosch PJ, Kerr G, Cole R, Warwick CA, Wendt LH, Pradeep A, Bagnall E, Aldridge GM. Enhanced spine stability and survival lead to increases in dendritic spine density as an early response to local alpha-synuclein overexpression in mouse prefrontal cortex. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.28.559765. [PMID: 37808820 PMCID: PMC10557684 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.28.559765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Lewy Body Dementias (LBD), including Parkinson's disease dementia and Dementia with Lewy Bodies, are characterized by widespread accumulation of intracellular alpha-Synuclein protein deposits in regions beyond the brainstem, including in the cortex. Patients with LBDs develop cognitive changes, including abnormalities in executive function, attention, hallucinations, slowed processing, and cognitive fluctuations. The causes of these non-motor symptoms remain unclear; however, accumulation of alpha-Synuclein aggregates in the cortex and subsequent interference of synaptic and cellular function could contribute to psychiatric and cognitive symptoms. It is unknown how the cortex responds to local pathology in the absence of significant secondary effects of alpha-Synuclein pathology in the brainstem. To investigate this, we employed viral overexpression of human alpha-Synuclein protein targeting the mouse prefrontal cortex (PFC). We then used in vivo 2-photon microscopy to image awake head-fixed mice via an implanted chronic cranial window to assess the early consequences of alpha-Synuclein overexpression in the weeks following overexpression. We imaged apical tufts of Layer V pyramidal neurons in the PFC of Thy1-YFP transgenic mice at 1-week intervals from 1-2 weeks before and 9 weeks following viral overexpression, allowing analysis of dynamic changes in dendritic spines. We found an increase in the relative dendritic spine density following local overexpression of alpha-Synuclein, beginning at 5 weeks post-injection, and persisting for the remainder of the study. We found that alpha-Synuclein overexpression led to an increased percentage and longevity of newly-persistent spines, without significant changes in the total density of newly formed or eliminated spines. A follow up study utilizing confocal microscopy revealed that the increased spine density is found in cortical cells within the alpha-Synuclein injection site, but negative for alpha-Synuclein phosphorylation at Serine-129, highlighting the potential for effects of dose and local circuits on spine survival. These findings have important implications for the physiological role and early pathological stages of alpha-Synuclein in the cortex.
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Martinez-Banaclocha MA. Targeting the Cysteine Redox Proteome in Parkinson's Disease: The Role of Glutathione Precursors and Beyond. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1373. [PMID: 37507913 PMCID: PMC10376658 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Encouraging recent data on the molecular pathways underlying aging have identified variants and expansions of genes associated with DNA replication and repair, telomere and stem cell maintenance, regulation of the redox microenvironment, and intercellular communication. In addition, cell rejuvenation requires silencing some transcription factors and the activation of pluripotency, indicating that hidden molecular networks must integrate and synchronize all these cellular mechanisms. Therefore, in addition to gene sequence expansions and variations associated with senescence, the optimization of transcriptional regulation and protein crosstalk is essential. The protein cysteinome is crucial in cellular regulation and plays unexpected roles in the aging of complex organisms, which show cumulative somatic mutations, telomere attrition, epigenetic modifications, and oxidative dysregulation, culminating in cellular senescence. The cysteine thiol groups are highly redox-active, allowing high functional versatility as structural disulfides, redox-active disulfides, active-site nucleophiles, proton donors, and metal ligands to participate in multiple regulatory sites in proteins. Also, antioxidant systems control diverse cellular functions, including the transcription machinery, which partially depends on the catalytically active cysteines that can reduce disulfide bonds in numerous target proteins, driving their biological integration. Since we have previously proposed a fundamental role of cysteine-mediated redox deregulation in neurodegeneration, we suggest that cellular rejuvenation of the cysteine redox proteome using GSH precursors, like N-acetyl-cysteine, is an underestimated multitarget therapeutic approach that would be particularly beneficial in Parkinson's disease.
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Paccosi E, Proietti-De-Santis L. Parkinson's Disease: From Genetics and Epigenetics to Treatment, a miRNA-Based Strategy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119547. [PMID: 37298496 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders, characterized by an initial and progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta via a potentially substantial contribution from protein aggregates, the Lewy bodies, mainly composed of α-Synuclein among other factors. Distinguishing symptoms of PD are bradykinesia, muscular rigidity, unstable posture and gait, hypokinetic movement disorder and resting tremor. Currently, there is no cure for PD, and palliative treatments, such as Levodopa administration, are directed to relieve the motor symptoms but induce severe side effects over time. Therefore, there is an urgency for discovering new drugs in order to design more effective therapeutic approaches. The evidence of epigenetic alterations, such as the dysregulation of different miRNAs that may stimulate many aspects of PD pathogenesis, opened a new scenario in the research for a successful treatment. Along this line, a promising strategy for PD treatment comes from the potential exploitation of modified exosomes, which can be loaded with bioactive molecules, such as therapeutic compounds and RNAs, and can allow their delivery to the appropriate location in the brain, overcoming the blood-brain barrier. In this regard, the transfer of miRNAs within Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes has yet to demonstrate successful results both in vitro and in vivo. This review, besides providing a systematic overview of both the genetic and epigenetic basis of the disease, aims to explore the exosomes/miRNAs network and its clinical potential for PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Paccosi
- Unit of Molecular Genetics of Aging, Department of Ecology and Biology (DEB), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Luca Proietti-De-Santis
- Unit of Molecular Genetics of Aging, Department of Ecology and Biology (DEB), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
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4
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Roterman I, Stapor K, Konieczny L. Structural Specificity of Polymorphic Forms of α-Synuclein Amyloid. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051324. [PMID: 37238996 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The structural transformation producing amyloids is a phenomenon that sheds new light on the protein folding problem. The analysis of the polymorphic structures of the α-synuclein amyloid available in the PDB database allows analysis of the amyloid-oriented structural transformation itself, but also the protein folding process as such. The polymorphic amyloid structures of α-synuclein analyzed employing the hydrophobicity distribution (fuzzy oil drop model) reveal a differentiation with a dominant distribution consistent with the micelle-like system (hydrophobic core with polar shell). This type of ordering of the hydrophobicity distribution covers the entire spectrum from the example with all three structural units (single chain, proto-fibril, super-fibril) exhibiting micelle-like form, through gradually emerging examples of local disorder, to structures with an extremely different structuring pattern. The water environment directing protein structures towards the generation of ribbon micelle-like structures (concentration of hydrophobic residues in the center of the molecule forming a hydrophobic core with the exposure of polar residues on the surface) also plays a role in the amyloid forms of α-synuclein. The polymorphic forms of α-synuclein reveal local structural differentiation with a common tendency to accept the micelle-like structuralization in certain common fragments of the polypeptide chain of this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Roterman
- Department of Bioinformatics and Telemedicine, Jagiellonian University-Medical College, Medyczna 7, 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Stapor
- Department of Applied Informatics, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Leszek Konieczny
- Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University-Medical College, Kopernika 7, 31-034 Krakow, Poland
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5
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Stern S, Lau S, Manole A, Rosh I, Percia MM, Ben Ezer R, Shokhirev MN, Qiu F, Schafer S, Mansour AA, Mangan KP, Stern T, Ofer P, Stern Y, Diniz Mendes AP, Djamus J, Moore LR, Nayak R, Laufer SH, Aicher A, Rhee A, Wong TL, Nguyen T, Linker SB, Winner B, Freitas BC, Jones E, Sagi I, Bardy C, Brice A, Winkler J, Marchetto MC, Gage FH. Reduced synaptic activity and dysregulated extracellular matrix pathways in midbrain neurons from Parkinson's disease patients. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2022; 8:103. [PMID: 35948563 PMCID: PMC9365794 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-022-00366-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Several mutations that cause Parkinson's disease (PD) have been identified over the past decade. These account for 15-25% of PD cases; the rest of the cases are considered sporadic. Currently, it is accepted that PD is not a single monolithic disease but rather a constellation of diseases with some common phenotypes. While rodent models exist for some of the PD-causing mutations, research on the sporadic forms of PD is lagging due to a lack of cellular models. In our study, we differentiated PD patient-derived dopaminergic (DA) neurons from the induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) of several PD-causing mutations as well as from sporadic PD patients. Strikingly, we observed a common neurophysiological phenotype: neurons derived from PD patients had a severe reduction in the rate of synaptic currents compared to those derived from healthy controls. While the relationship between mutations in genes such as the SNCA and LRRK2 and a reduction in synaptic transmission has been investigated before, here we show evidence that the pathogenesis of the synapses in neurons is a general phenotype in PD. Analysis of RNA sequencing results displayed changes in gene expression in different synaptic mechanisms as well as other affected pathways such as extracellular matrix-related pathways. Some of these dysregulated pathways are common to all PD patients (monogenic or idiopathic). Our data, therefore, show changes that are central and convergent to PD and suggest a strong involvement of the tetra-partite synapse in PD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shani Stern
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Shong Lau
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andreea Manole
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Idan Rosh
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Menachem Mendel Percia
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ran Ben Ezer
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Maxim N Shokhirev
- Razavi Newman Integrative Genomics and Bioinformatics Core, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Fan Qiu
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Simon Schafer
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Abed AlFatah Mansour
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Kile P Mangan
- Fujifilm Cellular Dynamics, In, Madison, WI, 53711, USA
| | - Tchelet Stern
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Polina Ofer
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yam Stern
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Jose Djamus
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Lynne Randolph Moore
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ritu Nayak
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Sapir Havusha Laufer
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Aidan Aicher
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Amanda Rhee
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Thomas L Wong
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Thao Nguyen
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sara B Linker
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Beate Winner
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Eugenia Jones
- Fujifilm Cellular Dynamics, In, Madison, WI, 53711, USA
| | - Irit Sagi
- Department of Immunology and Regenerative Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Cedric Bardy
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Laboratory for Human Neurophysiology and Genetics, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Flinders University, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI), Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Alexis Brice
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau - Paris Brain Institute - ICM, Inserm, CNRS, APHP, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Juergen Winkler
- Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen- Nürnberg, Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Maria C Marchetto
- Department of Anthropology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Fred H Gage
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Berni A, Ait Lahcen A, Salama KN, Amine A. 3D-porous laser-scribed graphene decorated with overoxidized polypyrrole as an electrochemical sensing platform for dopamine. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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7
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Kulkarni AS, Burns MR, Brundin P, Wesson DW. Linking α-synuclein-induced synaptopathy and neural network dysfunction in early Parkinson’s disease. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac165. [PMID: 35822101 PMCID: PMC9272065 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The prodromal phase of Parkinson’s disease is characterized by aggregation of the misfolded pathogenic protein α-synuclein in select neural centres, co-occurring with non-motor symptoms including sensory and cognitive loss, and emotional disturbances. It is unclear whether neuronal loss is significant during the prodrome. Underlying these symptoms are synaptic impairments and aberrant neural network activity. However, the relationships between synaptic defects and network-level perturbations are not established. In experimental models, pathological α-synuclein not only impacts neurotransmission at the synaptic level, but also leads to changes in brain network-level oscillatory dynamics—both of which likely contribute to non-motor deficits observed in Parkinson’s disease. Here we draw upon research from both human subjects and experimental models to propose a ‘synapse to network prodrome cascade’ wherein before overt cell death, pathological α-synuclein induces synaptic loss and contributes to aberrant network activity, which then gives rise to prodromal symptomology. As the disease progresses, abnormal patterns of neural activity ultimately lead to neuronal loss and clinical progression of disease. Finally, we outline goals and research needed to unravel the basis of functional impairments in Parkinson’s disease and other α-synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya S Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Florida , 1200 Newell Dr, Gainesville, FL 32610 , USA
| | - Matthew R Burns
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida , 1200 Newell Dr, Gainesville, FL 32610 , USA
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Disorders, University of Florida , 1200 Newell Dr, Gainesville, FL 32610 , USA
| | - Patrik Brundin
- Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), F. Hoffman-La Roche , Little Falls, NJ , USA
| | - Daniel W Wesson
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Florida , 1200 Newell Dr, Gainesville, FL 32610 , USA
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Disorders, University of Florida , 1200 Newell Dr, Gainesville, FL 32610 , USA
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8
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Psycho-Neuro-Endocrine-Immunological Basis of the Placebo Effect: Potential Applications beyond Pain Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084196. [PMID: 35457014 PMCID: PMC9028312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The placebo effect can be defined as the improvement of symptoms in a patient after the administration of an innocuous substance in a context that induces expectations regarding its effects. During recent years, it has been discovered that the placebo response not only has neurobiological functions on analgesia, but that it is also capable of generating effects on the immune and endocrine systems. The possible integration of changes in different systems of the organism could favor the well-being of the individuals and go hand in hand with conventional treatment for multiple diseases. In this sense, classic conditioning and setting expectations stand out as psychological mechanisms implicated in the placebo effect. Recent advances in neuroimaging studies suggest a relationship between the placebo response and the opioid, cannabinoid, and monoaminergic systems. Likewise, a possible immune response conditioned by the placebo effect has been reported. There is evidence of immune suppression conditioned through the insular cortex and the amygdala, with noradrenalin as the responsible neurotransmitter. Finally, a conditioned response in the secretion of different hormones has been determined in different studies; however, the molecular mechanisms involved are not entirely known. Beyond studies about its mechanism of action, the placebo effect has proved to be useful in the clinical setting with promising results in the management of neurological, psychiatric, and immunologic disorders. However, more research is needed to better characterize its potential use. This review integrates current knowledge about the psycho-neuro-endocrine-immune basis of the placebo effect and its possible clinical applications.
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Martinez-Banaclocha M. N-Acetyl-Cysteine: Modulating the Cysteine Redox Proteome in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020416. [PMID: 35204298 PMCID: PMC8869501 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last twenty years, significant progress in understanding the pathophysiology of age-associated neurodegenerative diseases has been made. However, the prevention and treatment of these diseases remain without clinically significant therapeutic advancement. While we still hope for some potential genetic therapeutic approaches, the current reality is far from substantial progress. With this state of the issue, emphasis should be placed on early diagnosis and prompt intervention in patients with increased risk of neurodegenerative diseases to slow down their progression, poor prognosis, and decreasing quality of life. Accordingly, it is urgent to implement interventions addressing the psychosocial and biochemical disturbances we know are central in managing the evolution of these disorders. Genomic and proteomic studies have shown the high molecular intricacy in neurodegenerative diseases, involving a broad spectrum of cellular pathways underlying disease progression. Recent investigations indicate that the dysregulation of the sensitive-cysteine proteome may be a concurrent pathogenic mechanism contributing to the pathophysiology of major neurodegenerative diseases, opening new therapeutic opportunities. Considering the incidence and prevalence of these disorders and their already significant burden in Western societies, they will become a real pandemic in the following decades. Therefore, we propose large-scale investigations, in selected groups of people over 40 years of age with decreased blood glutathione levels, comorbidities, and/or mild cognitive impairment, to evaluate supplementation of the diet with low doses of N-acetyl-cysteine, a promising and well-tolerated therapeutic agent suitable for long-term use.
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Abstract
The current nosological concept of α-synucleinopathies characterized by the presence of Lewy bodies (LBs) includes Parkinson’s disease (PD), Parkinson’s disease dementia (PDD), and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), for which the term “Lewy body disease” (LBD) has recently been proposed due to their considerable clinical and pathological overlap. However, even this term does not seem to describe the true nature of this group of diseases. The subsequent discoveries of α-synuclein (αSyn), SNCA gene, and the introduction of new immunohistochemical methods have started intensive research into the molecular-biological aspects of these diseases. In light of today’s knowledge, the role of LBs in the pathogenesis and classification of these nosological entities remains somewhat uncertain. An increasingly more important role is attributed to other factors as the presence of various LBs precursors, post-translational αSyn modifications, various αSyn strains, the deposition of other pathological proteins (particularly β-amyloid), and the discovery of selective vulnerability of specific cells due to anatomical configuration or synaptic dysfunction. Resulting genetic inputs can undoubtedly be considered as the main essence of these factors. Molecular–genetic data indicate that not only in PD but also in DLB, a unique genetic architecture can be ascertained, predisposing to the development of specific disease phenotypes. The presence of LBs thus remains only a kind of link between these disorders, and the term “diseases with Lewy bodies” therefore results somewhat more accurate.
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11
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Correlation Analysis of Lower-Limb Muscle Function With Clinical Status, Balance Tests, and Quality of Life in People With Parkinson Disease. TOPICS IN GERIATRIC REHABILITATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1097/tgr.0000000000000343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Iarkov A, Mendoza C, Echeverria V. Cholinergic Receptor Modulation as a Target for Preventing Dementia in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:665820. [PMID: 34616271 PMCID: PMC8488354 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.665820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) in the midbrain resulting in progressive impairment in cognitive and motor abilities. The physiological and molecular mechanisms triggering dopaminergic neuronal loss are not entirely defined. PD occurrence is associated with various genetic and environmental factors causing inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction in the brain, leading to oxidative stress, proteinopathy, and reduced viability of dopaminergic neurons. Oxidative stress affects the conformation and function of ions, proteins, and lipids, provoking mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutation and dysfunction. The disruption of protein homeostasis induces the aggregation of alpha-synuclein (α-SYN) and parkin and a deficit in proteasome degradation. Also, oxidative stress affects dopamine release by activating ATP-sensitive potassium channels. The cholinergic system is essential in modulating the striatal cells regulating cognitive and motor functions. Several muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChR) and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are expressed in the striatum. The nAChRs signaling reduces neuroinflammation and facilitates neuronal survival, neurotransmitter release, and synaptic plasticity. Since there is a deficit in the nAChRs in PD, inhibiting nAChRs loss in the striatum may help prevent dopaminergic neurons loss in the striatum and its pathological consequences. The nAChRs can also stimulate other brain cells supporting cognitive and motor functions. This review discusses the cholinergic system as a therapeutic target of cotinine to prevent cognitive symptoms and transition to dementia in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Iarkov
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile
| | - Cristhian Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile
| | - Valentina Echeverria
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile.,Research & Development Service, Bay Pines VA Healthcare System, Bay Pines, FL, United States
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Berry JK, Cox D. Increased oscillatory power in a computational model of the olfactory bulb due to synaptic degeneration. Phys Rev E 2021; 104:024405. [PMID: 34525666 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.104.024405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Several neurodegenerative diseases impact the olfactory system, and in particular the olfactory bulb, early in disease progression. One mechanism by which damage occurs is via synaptic dysfunction. Here, we implement a computational model of the olfactory bulb and investigate the effect of weakened connection weights on network oscillatory behavior. Olfactory bulb network activity can be modeled by a system of equations that describes a set of coupled nonlinear oscillators. In this modeling framework, we propagate damage to synaptic weights using several strategies, varying from localized to global. Damage propagated in a dispersed or spreading manner leads to greater oscillatory power at moderate levels of damage. This increase arises from a higher average level of mitral cell activity due to a shift in the balance between excitation and inhibition. That this shift leads to greater oscillations depends critically on the nonlinearity of the activation function. Linearized analysis of the network dynamics predicts when this shift leads to loss of oscillatory activity. We thus demonstrate one potential mechanism involved in the increased gamma oscillations seen in some animal models of Alzheimer's disease, and we highlight the potential that pathological olfactory bulb behavior presents as an early biomarker of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kendall Berry
- University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Daniel Cox
- University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, USA
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14
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Ranku MN, Uwaya GE, Fayemi OE. Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine at Fe 3O 4/SPEEK Modified Electrode. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175357. [PMID: 34500789 PMCID: PMC8434613 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Reported here is the design of an electrochemical sensor for dopamine (DA) based on a screen print carbon electrode modified with a sulphonated polyether ether ketone-iron (III) oxide composite (SPCE-Fe3O4/SPEEK). L. serica leaf extract was used in the synthesis of iron (III) oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4NPs). Successful synthesis of Fe3O4NP was confirmed through characterization using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), ultraviolet–visible light (UV–VIS), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used to investigate the electrochemical behaviour of Fe3O4/SPEEK in 0.1 M of phosphate buffer solution (PBS) containing 5 mM of potassium ferricyanide (III) solution (K3[Fe(CN)6]). An increase in peak current was observed at the nanocomposite modified electrode SPCE-Fe3O4/SPEEK) but not SPCE and SPCE-Fe3O4, which could be ascribed to the presence of SPEEK. CV and square wave voltammetry (SWV) were employed in the electroxidation of dopamine (0.1 mM DA). The detection limit (LoD) of 7.1 μM and 0.005 μA/μM sensitivity was obtained for DA at the SPCE-Fe3O4/SPEEK electrode with concentrations ranging from 5–50 μM. LOD competes well with other electrodes reported in the literature. The developed sensor demonstrated good practical applicability for DA in a DA injection with good resultant recovery percentages and RSDs values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mogomotsi N. Ranku
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University (Mafikeng Campus), Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa; (M.N.R.); (G.E.U.)
- Material Science Innovation and Modelling (MaSIM) Research Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University (Mafikeng Campus), Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Gloria E. Uwaya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University (Mafikeng Campus), Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa; (M.N.R.); (G.E.U.)
- Material Science Innovation and Modelling (MaSIM) Research Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University (Mafikeng Campus), Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Omolola E. Fayemi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University (Mafikeng Campus), Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa; (M.N.R.); (G.E.U.)
- Material Science Innovation and Modelling (MaSIM) Research Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University (Mafikeng Campus), Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
- Correspondence:
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15
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Beekes M. The Neural Gut-Brain Axis of Pathological Protein Aggregation in Parkinson's Disease and Its Counterpart in Peroral Prion Infections. Viruses 2021; 13:1394. [PMID: 34372600 PMCID: PMC8310171 DOI: 10.3390/v13071394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A neuropathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the cerebral deposition of abnormally aggregated α-synuclein (αSyn). PD-associated αSyn (αSynPD) aggregates are assumed to act, in a prion-like manner, as proteinaceous nuclei ("seeds") capable of self-templated propagation. Braak and colleagues put forward the idea of a neural gut-brain axis mediating the centripetal spread of αSynPD pathology from the enteric nervous system (ENS) to the brain in PD. This has sparked great interest and initiated passionate discussions both in support of and opposing the suggested hypothesis. A precedent for the spread of protein seeds or seeding from the gastro-intestinal (GI) tract to the central nervous system (CNS) had been previously revealed for pathological prion protein in peroral prion infections. This article scrutinizes the similarities and dissimilarities between the pathophysiological spread of disease-associated protein aggregation along the neural gut-brain axis in peroral prion infections and PD. On this basis, evidence supporting the proposed neural gut-brain axis in PD is concluded to be not as robust as that established for peroral prion infections. New tools for the ultrasensitive detection of αSynPD-associated seeding activity in archived or fresh human tissue samples such as real-time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC) or protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) assays can possibly help to address this deficit in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Beekes
- Prion and Prionoid Research Unit, ZBS 6-Proteomics and Spectroscopy, ZBS-Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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16
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Thomzig A, Wagenführ K, Pinder P, Joncic M, Schulz-Schaeffer WJ, Beekes M. Transmissible α-synuclein seeding activity in brain and stomach of patients with Parkinson's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2021; 141:861-879. [PMID: 33895878 PMCID: PMC8068459 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02312-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral deposition of abnormally aggregated α-synuclein (αSyn) is a neuropathological hallmark of Parkinson’s disease (PD). PD-associated αSyn (αSynPD) aggregates can act as proteinaceous nuclei (“seeds”) able of self-templated propagation. Since this is strikingly reminiscent to properties of proteinaceous infectious particles (prions), lessons learned from prion diseases suggest to test whether transferred αSynPD can propagate and induce neurological impairments or disease in a new host. Two studies that addressed this question provided divergent results. Intracerebral (i.c.) injection of Lewy body extracts from PD patients caused cerebral αSyn pathology, as well as nigrostriatal neurodegeneration, of wild-type mice and macaques, with the mice also showing motor impairments (Recasens et al. 2014, Ann Neurol 75:351–362). In contrast, i.c. transmission of homogenates from PD brains did not stimulate, after “> 360” days post-injection (dpi), pathological αSyn conversion or clinical symptoms in transgenic TgM83+/− mice hemizygously expressing mutated (A53T) human αSyn (Prusiner et al. 2015, PNAS 112:E5308–E5317). To advance the assessment of possible αSynPD hazards by providing further data, we examined neuropathological and clinical effects upon i.c. transmission of brain, stomach wall and muscle tissue as well as blood from PD patients in TgM83+/− mice up to 612 dpi. This revealed a subtle, yet distinctive stimulation of localized αSyn aggregation in the somatodendritic compartment and dystrophic neurites of individual or focally clustered cerebral neurons after challenge with brain and stomach wall homogenates. No such effect was observed with transmitted blood or homogenized muscle tissue. The detected stimulation of αSyn aggregation was not accompanied by apparent motor impairments or overt neurological disease in TgM83+/− mice. Our study substantiated that transmitted αSynPD seeds, including those from the stomach wall, are able to propagate in new mammalian hosts. The consequences of such propagation and potential safeguards need to be further investigated.
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17
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Martinez-Banaclocha M. Proteomic Complexity in Parkinson's Disease: A Redox Signaling Perspective of the Pathophysiology and Progression. Neuroscience 2020; 453:287-300. [PMID: 33212217 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a prevalent age-related neurodegenerative disorder that results in the progressive impairment of motor and cognitive functions. The majority of PD cases are sporadic, and only 5% of patients are associated with mutations in a few genes, which cause the early onset or familial PD. Environmental toxic substances and the individual genetic susceptibility play a role in sporadic cases, but despite significant efforts to treat and prevent the disease, the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to its onset and progress are not fully understood. In the last decade, genomic and proteomic studies have shown an increasing molecular complexity of sporadic PD, suggesting that a broad spectrum of biochemical pathways underlie its progression. Recent investigations and the literature review suggest the potential role of deregulation of the sensitive-cysteine proteome as a convergent pathogenic mechanism that may contribute to this complexity, opening new therapeutic opportunities.
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18
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Kern DS, Uy D, Rhoades R, Ojemann S, Abosch A, Thompson JA. Discrete changes in brain volume after deep brain stimulation in patients with Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2020; 91:928-937. [PMID: 32651244 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2019-322688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Deep brain stimulation (DBS), targeting the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and globus pallidus interna, is a surgical therapy with class 1 evidence for Parkinson's disease (PD). Bilateral DBS electrodes may be implanted within a single operation or in separate staged surgeries with an interval of time that varies patient by patient. In this study, we used the variation in the timing of implantation from the first to the second implantation allowing for examination of potential volumetric changes of the basal ganglia in patients with PD who underwent staged STN DBS. METHODS Thirty-two patients with a mean time interval between implantations of 141.8 (±209.1; range: 7-700) days and mean duration of unilateral stimulation of 244.7 (±227.7; range: 20-672) days were included in this study. Using volumetric analysis of whole hemisphere and subcortical structures, we observed whether implantation or stimulation affected structural volume. RESULTS We observed that DBS implantation, but not the duration of stimulation, induced a significant reduction of volume in the caudate, pallidum, putamen and thalamus ipsilateral to the implanted hemisphere. These findings were not dependent on the trajectory of the implanted electrode nor on first surgery pneumocephalus (0.07%: %Δ for intracranial volume between first and second surgery). In addition, unique regional atrophy differences were evident in each of the structures. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that DBS implantation surgery may affect hemisphere volume at the level of subcortical structures connected to the surgical target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew S Kern
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Daniel Uy
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Modern Human Anatomy Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Remy Rhoades
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Steven Ojemann
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Aviva Abosch
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - John A Thompson
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA .,Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Modern Human Anatomy Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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19
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de Oliveira WF, dos Santos Silva PM, Coelho LCBB, dos Santos Correia MT. Biomarkers, Biosensors and Biomedicine. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:3519-3533. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190124103125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of new biomarkers associated with cancer, neurological and cardiovascular
diseases is necessary, since these are common, recurrent diseases considered as leading causes of
death in the human population. Molecular signatures of these disorders that can be identified at the
outset of their pathogenesis leading to prompt and targeted treatment may increase patient survival.
Cancer is a heterogeneous disease that can be expressed differently among individuals; in addition,
treatments may have a differentiated approach according to the type of malignant neoplasm. Thus,
these neoplastic cells can synthesize and release specific molecules depending on the site where
carcinogenesis begins. Moreover, life expectancy is increasing especially in developed countries,
however, cases of neurodegenerative diseases have grown in the older members of the population.
Commonly, some neurological disorders, which can occur physiologically by the process of senescence,
are confused with Alzheimer's Disease (AD). In addition, cardiovascular diseases are the
main cause of death in the world; studies capable of identifying, through molecular probes, the beginning
of development of an atherosclerotic process can lead to early treatment to avoid an acute
myocardial infarction. Accuracy in the detection of these biomarkers can be obtained through biosensors
whose design has been increasingly studied to elaborate inexpensive sensory platforms capable
of precise detection, even at low concentrations, of the molecule to be measured. The aim of
this review is to address biomarkers to be used in diagnoses instead of invasive exams; biosensors
for the specific and sensitive detection of these biological markers are also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weslley Felix de Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquimica, Centro de Biociencias, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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20
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Santos PI, Outeiro TF. Protein trapping leads to altered synaptic proteostasis in synucleinopathies. FEBS J 2020; 287:5294-5303. [PMID: 32400966 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with the accumulation of alpha-synuclein (aSyn) in intracellular inclusions known as Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites. Under physiological conditions, aSyn is found at the presynaptic terminal and exists in a dynamic equilibrium between soluble, membrane-associated and aggregated forms. Emerging evidence suggests that, under pathological conditions, aSyn begins to accumulate and acquire a toxic function at the synapse, impairing their normal function and connectivity. However, the precise molecular mechanisms linking aSyn accumulation and synaptic dysfunction are still elusive. Here, we provide an overview of our current findings and discuss the hypothesis that certain aSyn aggregates may interact with proteins with whom aSyn normally does not interact with, thereby trapping them and preventing them from performing their normal functions in the cell. We posit that such abnormal interactions start to occur during the prodromal stages of PD, eventually resulting in the overt manifestation of clinical features. Therefore, understanding the nature and behaviour of toxic aSyn species and their contribution to aSyn-mediated toxicity is crucial for the development of therapeutic strategies capable of modifying disease progression in PD and other synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia I Santos
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tiago F Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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21
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Jellinger KA. Neuropathology and pathogenesis of extrapyramidal movement disorders: a critical update-I. Hypokinetic-rigid movement disorders. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 126:933-995. [PMID: 31214855 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-02028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extrapyramidal movement disorders include hypokinetic rigid and hyperkinetic or mixed forms, most of them originating from dysfunction of the basal ganglia (BG) and their information circuits. The functional anatomy of the BG, the cortico-BG-thalamocortical, and BG-cerebellar circuit connections are briefly reviewed. Pathophysiologic classification of extrapyramidal movement disorder mechanisms distinguish (1) parkinsonian syndromes, (2) chorea and related syndromes, (3) dystonias, (4) myoclonic syndromes, (5) ballism, (6) tics, and (7) tremor syndromes. Recent genetic and molecular-biologic classifications distinguish (1) synucleinopathies (Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson's disease-dementia, and multiple system atrophy); (2) tauopathies (progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, FTLD-17; Guamian Parkinson-dementia; Pick's disease, and others); (3) polyglutamine disorders (Huntington's disease and related disorders); (4) pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration; (5) Wilson's disease; and (6) other hereditary neurodegenerations without hitherto detected genetic or specific markers. The diversity of phenotypes is related to the deposition of pathologic proteins in distinct cell populations, causing neurodegeneration due to genetic and environmental factors, but there is frequent overlap between various disorders. Their etiopathogenesis is still poorly understood, but is suggested to result from an interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Multiple etiologies and noxious factors (protein mishandling, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, energy failure, and chronic neuroinflammation) are more likely than a single factor. Current clinical consensus criteria have increased the diagnostic accuracy of most neurodegenerative movement disorders, but for their definite diagnosis, histopathological confirmation is required. We present a timely overview of the neuropathology and pathogenesis of the major extrapyramidal movement disorders in two parts, the first one dedicated to hypokinetic-rigid forms and the second to hyperkinetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Jellinger
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, Alberichgasse 5/13, 1150, Vienna, Austria.
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22
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Kim DS, Kang ES, Baek S, Choo SS, Chung YH, Lee D, Min J, Kim TH. Electrochemical detection of dopamine using periodic cylindrical gold nanoelectrode arrays. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14049. [PMID: 30232374 PMCID: PMC6145913 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32477-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine is a key molecule in neurotransmission and has been known to be responsible for several neurological diseases. Hence, its sensitive and selective detection is important for the early diagnosis of diseases related to abnormal levels of dopamine. In this study, we reported a new cylindrical gold nanoelectrode (CAuNE) platform fabricated via sequential laser interference lithography and electrochemical deposition. Among the fabricated electrodes, CAuNEs with a diameter of 700 nm, 150 s deposited, was found to be the best for electrochemical dopamine detection. According to cyclic voltammetry results, the linear range of the CAuNE-700 nm was 1-100 µM of dopamine with a limit of detection (LOD) of 5.83 µM. Moreover, owing to the homogeneous periodic features of CAuNEs, human neural cells were successfully cultured and maintained for more than 5 days in vitro without the use of any extracellular matrix proteins and dopamine was detectable in the presence of these cells on the electrode. Therefore, we concluded that the developed dopamine sensing platform CAuNE can be used for many applications including early diagnosis of neurological diseases; function tests of dopaminergic neurons derived from various stem cell sources; and toxicity assessments of drugs, chemicals, and nanomaterials on human neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Seul Kim
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Ee-Seul Kang
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungho Baek
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Sik Choo
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Ho Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hoseo University, Asan City, Chungnam, 31499, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyun Lee
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhong Min
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae-Hyung Kim
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
- Integrative Research Center for Two-Dimensional Functional Materials, Institute of Interdisciplinary Convergence Research, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
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23
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de Schipper LJ, Hafkemeijer A, van der Grond J, Marinus J, Henselmans JML, van Hilten JJ. Altered Whole-Brain and Network-Based Functional Connectivity in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2018; 9:419. [PMID: 29928255 PMCID: PMC5997827 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Functional imaging methods, such as resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging, reflect changes in neural connectivity and may help to assess the widespread consequences of disease-specific network changes in Parkinson's disease. In this study we used a relatively new graph analysis approach in functional imaging: eigenvector centrality mapping. This model-free method, applied to all voxels in the brain, identifies prominent regions in the brain network hierarchy and detects localized differences between patient populations. In other neurological disorders, eigenvector centrality mapping has been linked to changes in functional connectivity in certain nodes of brain networks. Objectives: Examining changes in functional brain connectivity architecture on a whole brain and network level in patients with Parkinson's disease. Methods: Whole brain resting-state functional architecture was studied with a recently introduced graph analysis approach (eigenvector centrality mapping). Functional connectivity was further investigated in relation to eight known resting-state networks. Cross-sectional analyses included group comparison of functional connectivity measures of Parkinson's disease patients (n = 107) with control subjects (n = 58) and correlations with clinical data, including motor and cognitive impairment and a composite measure of predominantly non-dopaminergic symptoms. Results: Eigenvector centrality mapping revealed that frontoparietal regions were more prominent in the whole-brain network function in patients compared to control subjects, while frontal and occipital brain areas were less prominent in patients. Using standard resting-state networks, we found predominantly increased functional connectivity, namely within sensorimotor system and visual networks in patients. Regional group differences in functional connectivity of both techniques between patients and control subjects partly overlapped for highly connected posterior brain regions, in particular in the posterior cingulate cortex and precuneus. Clinico-functional imaging relations were not found. Conclusions: Changes on the level of functional brain connectivity architecture might provide a different perspective of pathological consequences of Parkinson's disease. The involvement of specific, highly connected (hub) brain regions may influence whole brain functional network architecture in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J de Schipper
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Anne Hafkemeijer
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Department of Methodology and Statistics, Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Johan Marinus
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Johanna M L Henselmans
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Antonius Hospital, Woerden, Netherlands
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24
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Fricker M, Tolkovsky AM, Borutaite V, Coleman M, Brown GC. Neuronal Cell Death. Physiol Rev 2018; 98:813-880. [PMID: 29488822 PMCID: PMC5966715 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00011.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 624] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal cell death occurs extensively during development and pathology, where it is especially important because of the limited capacity of adult neurons to proliferate or be replaced. The concept of cell death used to be simple as there were just two or three types, so we just had to work out which type was involved in our particular pathology and then block it. However, we now know that there are at least a dozen ways for neurons to die, that blocking a particular mechanism of cell death may not prevent the cell from dying, and that non-neuronal cells also contribute to neuronal death. We review here the mechanisms of neuronal death by intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis, oncosis, necroptosis, parthanatos, ferroptosis, sarmoptosis, autophagic cell death, autosis, autolysis, paraptosis, pyroptosis, phagoptosis, and mitochondrial permeability transition. We next explore the mechanisms of neuronal death during development, and those induced by axotomy, aberrant cell-cycle reentry, glutamate (excitoxicity and oxytosis), loss of connected neurons, aggregated proteins and the unfolded protein response, oxidants, inflammation, and microglia. We then reassess which forms of cell death occur in stroke and Alzheimer's disease, two of the most important pathologies involving neuronal cell death. We also discuss why it has been so difficult to pinpoint the type of neuronal death involved, if and why the mechanism of neuronal death matters, the molecular overlap and interplay between death subroutines, and the therapeutic implications of these multiple overlapping forms of neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fricker
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales , Australia ; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom ; Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences , Kaunas , Lithuania ; and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom
| | - Aviva M Tolkovsky
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales , Australia ; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom ; Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences , Kaunas , Lithuania ; and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom
| | - Vilmante Borutaite
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales , Australia ; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom ; Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences , Kaunas , Lithuania ; and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom
| | - Michael Coleman
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales , Australia ; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom ; Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences , Kaunas , Lithuania ; and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom
| | - Guy C Brown
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales , Australia ; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom ; Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences , Kaunas , Lithuania ; and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , United Kingdom
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25
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Hassink GC, Raiss CC, Segers-Nolten IMJ, van Wezel RJA, Subramaniam V, le Feber J, Claessens MMAE. Exogenous α-synuclein hinders synaptic communication in cultured cortical primary rat neurons. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193763. [PMID: 29565978 PMCID: PMC5863964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid aggregates of the protein α-synuclein (αS) called Lewy Bodies (LB) and Lewy Neurites (LN) are the pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) and other synucleinopathies. We have previously shown that high extracellular αS concentrations can be toxic to cells and that neurons take up αS. Here we aimed to get more insight into the toxicity mechanism associated with high extracellular αS concentrations (50-100 μM). High extracellular αS concentrations resulted in a reduction of the firing rate of the neuronal network by disrupting synaptic transmission, while the neuronal ability to fire action potentials was still intact. Furthermore, many cells developed αS deposits larger than 500 nm within five days, but otherwise appeared healthy. Synaptic dysfunction clearly occurred before the establishment of large intracellular deposits and neuronal death, suggesting that an excessive extracellular αS concentration caused synaptic failure and which later possibly contributed to neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. C. Hassink
- Clinical Neurophysiology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Postbus, Enschede, the Netherlands
- Biomedical Signal and Systems, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Postbus, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - C. C. Raiss
- Nanobiophysics Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Postbus, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - I. M. J. Segers-Nolten
- Nanobiophysics Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Postbus, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - R. J. A. van Wezel
- Biomedical Signal and Systems, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Postbus, Enschede, the Netherlands
- Biophysics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Postbus, The Netherlands
| | - V. Subramaniam
- Nanobiophysics Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Postbus, Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - J. le Feber
- Clinical Neurophysiology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Postbus, Enschede, the Netherlands
- Biomedical Signal and Systems, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Postbus, Enschede, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - M. M. A. E. Claessens
- Clinical Neurophysiology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Postbus, Enschede, the Netherlands
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26
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by intracellular inclusions of aggregated and misfolded α-Synuclein (α-Syn), and the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the brain. The resulting motor abnormalities mark the progression of PD, while non-motor symptoms can already be identified during early, prodromal stages of disease. Recent studies provide evidence that during this early prodromal phase, synaptic and axonal abnormalities occur before the degenerative loss of neuronal cell bodies. These early phenotypes can be attributed to synaptic accumulation of toxic α-Syn. Under physiological conditions, α-Syn functions in its native conformation as a soluble monomer. However, PD patient brains are characterized by intracellular inclusions of insoluble fibrils. Yet, oligomers and protofibrils of α-Syn have been identified to be the most toxic species, with their accumulation at presynaptic terminals affecting several steps of neurotransmitter release. First, high levels of α-Syn alter the size of synaptic vesicle pools and impair their trafficking. Second, α-Syn overexpression can either misregulate or redistribute proteins of the presynaptic SNARE complex. This leads to deficient tethering, docking, priming and fusion of synaptic vesicles at the active zone (AZ). Third, α-Syn inclusions are found within the presynaptic AZ, accompanied by a decrease in AZ protein levels. Furthermore, α-Syn overexpression reduces the endocytic retrieval of synaptic vesicle membranes during vesicle recycling. These presynaptic alterations mediated by accumulation of α-Syn, together impair neurotransmitter exocytosis and neuronal communication. Although α-Syn is expressed throughout the brain and enriched at presynaptic terminals, DA neurons are the most vulnerable in PD, likely because α-Syn directly regulates dopamine levels. Indeed, evidence suggests that α-Syn is a negative modulator of dopamine by inhibiting enzymes responsible for its synthesis. In addition, α-Syn is able to interact with and reduce the activity of VMAT2 and DAT. The resulting dysregulation of dopamine levels directly contributes to the formation of toxic α-Syn oligomers. Together these data suggest a vicious cycle of accumulating α-Syn and deregulated dopamine that triggers synaptic dysfunction and impaired neuronal communication, ultimately causing synaptopathy and progressive neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessika C Bridi
- King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Hirth
- King's College London, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom
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Dettmer U, Ramalingam N, von Saucken VE, Kim TE, Newman AJ, Terry-Kantor E, Nuber S, Ericsson M, Fanning S, Bartels T, Lindquist S, Levy OA, Selkoe D. Loss of native α-synuclein multimerization by strategically mutating its amphipathic helix causes abnormal vesicle interactions in neuronal cells. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 26:3466-3481. [PMID: 28911198 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Synuclein (αS) forms round cytoplasmic inclusions in Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Evidence suggests a physiological function of αS in vesicle trafficking and release. In contrast to earlier tenets, recent work indicates that αS normally exists in cells in a dynamic equilibrium between monomers and tetramers/multimers. We engineered αS mutants incapable of multimerization, leading to excess monomers at vesicle membranes. By EM, such mutants induced prominent vesicle clustering, leading to round cytoplasmic inclusions. Immunogold labeling revealed abundant αS intimately associated with vesicles of varied size. Fluorescence microscopy with marker proteins showed that the αS-associated vesicles were of diverse endocytic and secretory origin. An αS '3K' mutant (E35K + E46K + E61K) that amplifies the PD/DLB-causing E46K mutation induced αS-rich vesicle clusters resembling the vesicle-rich areas of Lewy bodies, supporting pathogenic relevance. Mechanistically, E46K can increase αS vesicle binding via membrane-induced amphipathic helix formation, and '3K' further enhances this effect. Another engineered αS variant added hydrophobicity to the hydrophobic half of αS helices, thereby stabilizing αS-membrane interactions. Importantly, substituting charged for uncharged residues within the hydrophobic half of the stabilized helix not only reversed the strong membrane interaction of the multimer-abolishing αS variant but also restored multimerization and prevented the aberrant vesicle interactions. Thus, reversible αS amphipathic helix formation and dynamic multimerization regulate a normal function of αS at vesicles, and abrogating multimers has pathogenic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Dettmer
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nagendran Ramalingam
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Victoria E von Saucken
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tae-Eun Kim
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrew J Newman
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elizabeth Terry-Kantor
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Silke Nuber
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Maria Ericsson
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Saranna Fanning
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Tim Bartels
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Susan Lindquist
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- HHMI, Department of Biology, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Oren A Levy
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Dennis Selkoe
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Lin L, Ye J, Zhang H, Han ZF, Zheng ZH. Degree of dopaminergic degeneration measured by 99mTc-TRODAT-1 SPECT/CT imaging. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:1281-1287. [PMID: 30028339 PMCID: PMC6065227 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.235077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To prevent and treat Parkinson’s disease in its early stages, it is essential to be able to detect the degree of early dopaminergic neuron degeneration. Dopamine transporters (DAT) in the striatum regulate synaptic dopamine levels, and striatal 99mTc-TRODAT-1 single-photon emission computed tomography (-SPECT) imaging is a marker for presynaptic neuronal degeneration. However, the association between the degree of dopaminergic degeneration and in vivo99mTc-TRODAT-1 SPECT imaging is unknown. Therefore, this study investigated the association between the degree of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced dopaminergic degeneration and DAT imaging using 99mTc-TRODAT-1 SPECT in rats. Different degrees of nigrostriatal dopamine depletion were generated by injecting different doses of 6-OHDA (2, 4, and 8 μg) into the right medial forebrain bundle. The degree of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuron degeneration was assessed by rotational behavior and immunohistochemical staining. The results showed that striatal 99mTc-TRODAT-1 binding was significantly diminished both in the ipsilateral and the contralateral sides in the 4 and 8 μg 6-OHDA groups, and that DAT 99mTc-TRODAT-1 binding in the ipsilateral striatum showed a high correlation to apomorphine-induced rotations at 8 weeks post-lesion (r = –0.887, P < 0.01). There were significant correlations between DAT 99mTc-TRODAT-1 binding in the ipsilateral striatum and the amount of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons in the ipsilateral substantia nigra in the 2, 4, and 8 μg 6-OHDA groups at 8 weeks post-lesion (r = 0.899, P < 0.01). These findings indicate that striatal DAT imaging using 99mTc-TRODAT-1 is a useful technique for evaluating the severity of dopaminergic degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Lin
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neuroglia and Disease, Fujian Medical University; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Zhong-Fu Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Zheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neuroglia and Disease, Fujian Medical University; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
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29
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Bellucci A, Antonini A, Pizzi M, Spano P. The End Is the Beginning: Parkinson's Disease in the Light of Brain Imaging. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:330. [PMID: 29066967 PMCID: PMC5641408 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), the most common neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by abnormal accumulation of α-synuclein aggregates known as Lewy bodies (LB) and loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons. Recent neuroimaging studies suggest that in the early phases of PD, synaptic and axonal damage anticipate the onset of a frank neuronal death. Paralleling, even post mortem studies on the brain of affected patients and on animal models support that synapses might represent the primary sites of functional and pathological changes. Indeed, α-synuclein microaggregation and spreading at terminals, by dysregulating the synaptic junction, would block neurotransmitter release, thus triggering a retrograde neurodegenerative process ending with neuronal cell loss by proceeding through the axons. Rather than neurodegeneration, loss of dopaminergic neuronal endings and axons could thus underlie the onset of connectome dysfunction and symptoms in PD and parkinsonisms. However, the manifold biases deriving from the interpretation of human brain imaging data hinder the validation of this hypothesis. Here, we present pivotal evidence supporting that novel comparative brain imaging studies, in patients and experimental models of PD in preliminary stages of disease, could be instrumental for proving whether synaptic endings are the sites where degeneration begins and initiating the factual achievement of disease modifying approaches. The need for such investigations is timely to define an early therapeutic window of intervention to attempt disease halting by terminal and/or axonal healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Bellucci
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Laboratory of Preventive and Personalized Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Angelo Antonini
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Camillo, Venezia, Italy
| | - Marina Pizzi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - PierFranco Spano
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Camillo, Venezia, Italy
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30
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Weil RS, Lashley TL, Bras J, Schrag AE, Schott JM. Current concepts and controversies in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease dementia and Dementia with Lewy Bodies. F1000Res 2017; 6:1604. [PMID: 28928962 PMCID: PMC5580419 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.11725.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) are relentlessly progressive neurodegenerative disorders that are likely to represent two ends of a disease spectrum. It is well established that both are characterised pathologically by widespread cortical Lewy body deposition. However, until recently, the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to neuronal damage were not known. It was also not understood why some cells are particularly vulnerable in PDD/DLB, nor why some individuals show more aggressive and rapid dementia than others. Recent studies using animal and cell models as well as human post-mortem analyses have provided important insights into these questions. Here, we review recent developments in the pathophysiology in PDD/DLB. Specifically, we examine the role of pathological proteins other than α-synuclein, consider particular morphological and physiological features that confer vulnerabilities on some neurons rather than others, and finally examine genetic factors that may explain some of the heterogeneity between individuals with PDD/DLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimona S. Weil
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Tammaryn L. Lashley
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Jose Bras
- Dementia Research Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Anette E. Schrag
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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31
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Leinartaité L, Svenningsson P. Folding Underlies Bidirectional Role of GPR37/Pael-R in Parkinson Disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2017. [PMID: 28629580 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Since conformational flexibility, which is required for the function of a protein, comes at the expense of structural stability, many proteins, including G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), are under constant risk of misfolding and aggregation. In this regard GPR37 (also named PAEL-R and ETBR-LP-1) takes a prominent role, particularly in relation to Parkinson disease (PD). GPR37 is a substrate for parkin and accumulates abnormally in autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism, contributing to endoplasmic reticulum stress and death of dopaminergic neurons. GPR37 also constitutes a core structure of Lewy bodies, demonstrating a more general involvement in PD pathology. However, if folded and matured properly, GPR37 seems to be neuroprotective. Moreover, GPR37 modulates functionality of the dopamine transporter and the dopamine D2 receptor and stimulates dopamine neurotransmission. Here we review the multiple roles of GPR37 with relevance to potential disease modification and symptomatic therapies of PD and highlight unsolved issues in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Leinartaité
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Per Svenningsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
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32
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Tenenbaum L, Humbert-Claude M. Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Gene Delivery in Parkinson's Disease: A Delicate Balance between Neuroprotection, Trophic Effects, and Unwanted Compensatory Mechanisms. Front Neuroanat 2017; 11:29. [PMID: 28442998 PMCID: PMC5385337 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2017.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and Neurturin (NRTN) bind to a receptor complex consisting of a member of the GDNF family receptor (GFR)-α and the Ret tyrosine kinase. Both factors were shown to protect nigro-striatal dopaminergic neurons and reduce motor symptoms when applied terminally in toxin-induced Parkinson's disease (PD) models. However, clinical trials based on intraputaminal GDNF protein administration or recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV)-mediated NRTN gene delivery have been disappointing. In this review, several factors that could have limited the clinical benefits are discussed. Retrograde transport of GDNF/NRTN to the dopaminergic neurons soma is thought to be necessary for NRTN/GFR-α/Ret signaling mediating the pro-survival effect. Therefore, the feasibility of treating advanced patients with neurotrophic factors is questioned by recent data showing that: (i) tyrosine hydroxylase-positive putaminal innervation has almost completely disappeared at 5 years post-diagnosis and (ii) in patients enrolled in the rAAV-NRTN trial more than 5 years post-diagnosis, NRTN was almost not transported to the substantia nigra pars compacta. In addition to its anti-apoptotic and neurotrophic properties, GDNF also interferes with dopamine homeostasis via time and dose-dependent effects such as: stimulation of dopamine neuron excitability, inhibition of dopamine transporter activity, tyrosine hydroxylase phosphorylation, and inhibition of tyrosine hydroxylase transcription. Depending on the delivery parameters, the net result of this intricate network of regulations could be either beneficial or deleterious. In conclusion, further unraveling of the mechanism of action of GDNF gene delivery in relevant animal models is still needed to optimize the clinical benefits of this new therapeutic approach. Recent developments in the design of regulated viral vectors will allow to finely adjust the GDNF dose and period of administration. Finally, new clinical studies in less advanced patients are warranted to evaluate the potential of AAV-mediated neurotrophic factors gene delivery in PD. These will be facilitated by the demonstration of the safety of rAAV administration into the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliane Tenenbaum
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurotherapies, Clinical Neuroscience Department, Center for Neuroscience Research, Lausanne University HospitalLausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marie Humbert-Claude
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurotherapies, Clinical Neuroscience Department, Center for Neuroscience Research, Lausanne University HospitalLausanne, Switzerland
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33
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Goldberg NRS, Marsh SE, Ochaba J, Shelley BC, Davtyan H, Thompson LM, Steffan JS, Svendsen CN, Blurton-Jones M. Human Neural Progenitor Transplantation Rescues Behavior and Reduces α-Synuclein in a Transgenic Model of Dementia with Lewy Bodies. Stem Cells Transl Med 2017; 6:1477-1490. [PMID: 28225193 PMCID: PMC5464354 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.16-0362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Synucleinopathies are a group of neurodegenerative disorders sharing the common feature of misfolding and accumulation of the presynaptic protein α‐synuclein (α‐syn) into insoluble aggregates. Within this diverse group, Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB) is characterized by the aberrant accumulation of α‐syn in cortical, hippocampal, and brainstem neurons, resulting in multiple cellular stressors that particularly impair dopamine and glutamate neurotransmission and related motor and cognitive function. Recent studies show that murine neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation can improve cognitive or motor function in transgenic models of Alzheimer's and Huntington's disease, and DLB. However, examination of clinically relevant human NSCs in these models is hindered by the challenges of xenotransplantation and the confounding effects of immunosuppressant drugs on pathology and behavior. To address this challenge, we developed an immune‐deficient transgenic model of DLB that lacks T‐, B‐, and NK‐cells, yet exhibits progressive accumulation of human α‐syn (h‐α‐syn)‐laden inclusions and cognitive and motor impairments. We demonstrate that clinically relevant human neural progenitor cells (line CNS10‐hNPCs) survive, migrate extensively and begin to differentiate preferentially into astrocytes following striatal transplantation into this DLB model. Critically, grafted CNS10‐hNPCs rescue both cognitive and motor deficits after 1 and 3 months and, furthermore, restore striatal dopamine and glutamate systems. These behavioral and neurochemical benefits are likely achieved by reducing α‐syn oligomers. Collectively, these results using a new model of DLB demonstrate that hNPC transplantation can impact a broad array of disease mechanisms and phenotypes and suggest a cellular therapeutic strategy that should be pursued. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:1477–1490
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie R S Goldberg
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Irvine, California, USA.,Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, Irvine, California, USA.,Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Samuel E Marsh
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Irvine, California, USA.,Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, Irvine, California, USA.,Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Joseph Ochaba
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Irvine, California, USA.,Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Brandon C Shelley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Hayk Davtyan
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Huntington Beach, California, USA
| | - Leslie M Thompson
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Irvine, California, USA.,Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, Irvine, California, USA.,Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Joan S Steffan
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Clive N Svendsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mathew Blurton-Jones
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Irvine, California, USA.,Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, Irvine, California, USA.,Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, Irvine, California, USA
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34
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Peterson AC, Zhang S, Hu S, Chao HH, Li CSR. The Effects of Age, from Young to Middle Adulthood, and Gender on Resting State Functional Connectivity of the Dopaminergic Midbrain. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:52. [PMID: 28223929 PMCID: PMC5293810 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of the dopaminergic ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) is implicated in psychiatric disorders including attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), addiction, schizophrenia and movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Although the prevalence of these disorders varies by age and sex, the underlying neural mechanism is not well understood. The objective of this study was to delineate the distinct resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) of the VTA and SNc and examine the effects of age, from young to middle-adulthood, and sex on the rsFC of these two dopaminergic structures in a data set of 250 healthy adults (18-49 years of age, 104 men). Using blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signals, we correlated the time course of the VTA and SNc to the time courses of all other brain voxels. At a corrected threshold, paired t-test showed stronger VTA connectivity to bilateral angular gyrus and superior/middle and orbital frontal regions and stronger SNc connectivity to the insula, thalamus, parahippocampal gyrus (PHG) and amygdala. Compared to women, men showed a stronger VTA/SNc connectivity to the left posterior orbital gyrus. In linear regressions, men but not women showed age-related changes in VTA/SNc connectivity to a number of cortical and cerebellar regions. Supporting shared but also distinct cerebral rsFC of the VTA and SNc and gender differences in age-related changes from young and middle adulthood in VTA/SNc connectivity, these new findings help advance our understanding of the neural bases of many neuropsychiatric illnesses that implicate the dopaminergic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Peterson
- Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine at Quinnipiac University North Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sien Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Herta H Chao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT, USA; Veterans Administration Medical CenterWest Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chiang-Shan R Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT, USA; Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of MedicineNew Haven, CT, USA
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35
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Klingelhoefer L, Reichmann H. Parkinson’s disease as a multisystem disorder. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2017; 124:709-713. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-017-1692-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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36
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Parkinson's Disease and Cryptogenic Epilepsy. Case Rep Neurol Med 2016; 2016:3745631. [PMID: 27688919 PMCID: PMC5027309 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3745631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is an uncommon comorbidity of Parkinson's disease (PD) and has been considered not directly associated with PD. We present five patients (3 men and 2 women; ages 49–85) who had concomitant PD and cryptogenic epilepsy. Although rare, epilepsy can coexist with PD and their coexistence may influence the progression of PD. While this may be a chance association, an evolving understanding of the neurophysiological basis of either disease may suggest a mechanistic association.
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37
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Franke SK, van Kesteren RE, Hofman S, Wubben JAM, Smit AB, Philippens IHCHM. Individual and Familial Susceptibility to MPTP in a Common Marmoset Model for Parkinson's Disease. NEURODEGENER DIS 2016; 16:293-303. [PMID: 26999593 DOI: 10.1159/000442574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Insight into susceptibility mechanisms underlying Parkinson's disease (PD) would aid the understanding of disease etiology, enable target finding and benefit the development of more refined disease-modifying strategies. METHODS We used intermittent low-dose MPTP (0.5 mg/kg/week) injections in marmosets and measured multiple behavioral and neurochemical parameters. Genetically diverse monkeys from different breeding families were selected to investigate inter- and intrafamily differences in susceptibility to MPTP treatment. RESULTS We show that such differences exist in clinical signs, in particular nonmotor PD-related behaviors, and that they are accompanied by differences in neurotransmitter levels. In line with the contribution of a genetic component, different susceptibility phenotypes could be traced back through genealogy to individuals of the different families. CONCLUSION Our findings show that low-dose MPTP treatment in marmosets represents a clinically relevant PD model, with a window of opportunity to examine the onset of the disease, allowing the detection of individual variability in disease susceptibility, which may be of relevance for the diagnosis and treatment of PD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid K Franke
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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38
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Franke SK, van Kesteren RE, Wubben JAM, Hofman S, Paliukhovich I, van der Schors RC, van Nierop P, Smit AB, Philippens IHCHM. Progression and recovery of Parkinsonism in a chronic progressive MPTP-induction model in the marmoset without persistent molecular and cellular damage. Neuroscience 2015; 312:247-59. [PMID: 26431624 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.09.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to low-dose 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) in marmoset monkeys was used to model the prodromal stage of Parkinson's disease (PD), and to investigate mechanisms underlying disease progression and recovery. Marmosets were subcutaneously injected with MPTP for a period of 12weeks, 0.5mg/kg once per week, and clinical signs of Parkinsonism, motor- and non-motor behaviors were recorded before, during and after exposure. In addition, postmortem immunohistochemistry and proteomics analysis were performed. MPTP-induced parkinsonian clinical symptoms increased in severity during exposure, and recovered after MPTP administration was ended. Postmortem analyses, after the recovery period, revealed no alteration of the number and sizes of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra. Also levels of TH in putamen and caudate nucleus were unaltered, no differences were observed in DA, serotonin or nor-adrenalin levels in the caudate nucleus, and proteomics analysis revealed no global changes in protein expression in these brain areas between treatment groups. Our findings indicate that parkinsonian symptoms can occur without detectable damage at the cellular or molecular level. Moreover, we show that parkinsonian symptoms may be reversible when diagnosed and treated early.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Franke
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - R E van Kesteren
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J A M Wubben
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - S Hofman
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - I Paliukhovich
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R C van der Schors
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P van Nierop
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A B Smit
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Jellinger KA. How close are we to revealing the etiology of Parkinson's disease? Expert Rev Neurother 2015; 15:1105-7. [DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2015.1079486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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