1
|
Ó Murchú SC, O'Halloran KD. BREATHE DMD: boosting respiratory efficacy after therapeutic hypoxic episodes in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. J Physiol 2024. [PMID: 38837229 DOI: 10.1113/jp280280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a fatal genetic neuromuscular disorder, characterised by progressive decline in skeletal muscle function due to the secondary consequences of dystrophin deficiency. Weakness extends to the respiratory musculature, and cardiorespiratory failure is the leading cause of death in men with DMD. Intermittent hypoxia has emerged as a potential therapy to counteract ventilatory insufficiency by eliciting long-term facilitation of breathing. Mechanisms of sensory and motor facilitation of breathing have been well delineated in animal models. Various paradigms of intermittent hypoxia have been designed and implemented in human trials culminating in clinical trials in people with spinal cord injury and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Application of therapeutic intermittent hypoxia to DMD is considered together with discussion of the potential barriers to progression owing to the complexity of this devastating disease. Notwithstanding the considerable challenges and potential pitfalls of intermittent hypoxia-based therapies for DMD, we suggest it is incumbent on the research community to explore the potential benefits in pre-clinical models. Intermittent hypoxia paradigms should be implemented to explore the proclivity to express respiratory plasticity with the longer-term aim of preserving and potentiating ventilation in pre-clinical models and people with DMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seán C Ó Murchú
- Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ken D O'Halloran
- Department of Physiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mulcahy MC, El Habbal N, Redd JR, Sun H, Gregg BE, Bridges D. GDF15 knockout does not substantially impact perinatal body weight or neonatal outcomes in mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.30.591359. [PMID: 38746399 PMCID: PMC11092610 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.30.591359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF15) increases in circulation during pregnancy and has been implicated in food intake, weight loss, complications of pregnancy, and metabolic illness. We used a Gdf15 knockout mouse model (Gdf15-/- ) to assess the role of GDF15 in body weight regulation and food intake during pregnancy. We found that Gdf15-/- dams consumed a similar amount of food and gained comparable weight during the course of pregnancy compared to Gdf15+/+ dams. Insulin sensitivity on gestational day 16.5 was also similar between genotypes. In the postnatal period, litter size, and survival rates were similar between genotypes. There was a modest reduction in birth weight of Gdf15-/- pups, but this difference was no longer evident postnatal day 3.5 to 14.5. We observed no detectable differences in milk volume production or milk fat percentage. These data suggest that GDF15 is dispensable for changes in food intake, and body weight as well as insulin sensitivity during pregnancy in a mouse model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Molly C. Mulcahy
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Nutritional Sciences
| | - Noura El Habbal
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Nutritional Sciences
| | - JeAnna R. Redd
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Nutritional Sciences
| | - Haijing Sun
- Michigan Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology
| | - Brigid E. Gregg
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Nutritional Sciences
- Michigan Medicine, Department of Pediatric Endocrinology
| | - Dave Bridges
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Nutritional Sciences
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lariviere D, Craig SJC, Paul IM, Hohman EE, Savage JS, Wright RO, Chiaromonte F, Makova KD, Reimherr ML. Methylation profiles at birth linked to early childhood obesity. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2024; 15:e7. [PMID: 38660759 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174424000060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Childhood obesity represents a significant global health concern and identifying its risk factors is crucial for developing intervention programs. Many "omics" factors associated with the risk of developing obesity have been identified, including genomic, microbiomic, and epigenomic factors. Here, using a sample of 48 infants, we investigated how the methylation profiles in cord blood and placenta at birth were associated with weight outcomes (specifically, conditional weight gain, body mass index, and weight-for-length ratio) at age six months. We characterized genome-wide DNA methylation profiles using the Illumina Infinium MethylationEpic chip, and incorporated information on child and maternal health, and various environmental factors into the analysis. We used regression analysis to identify genes with methylation profiles most predictive of infant weight outcomes, finding a total of 23 relevant genes in cord blood and 10 in placenta. Notably, in cord blood, the methylation profiles of three genes (PLIN4, UBE2F, and PPP1R16B) were associated with all three weight outcomes, which are also associated with weight outcomes in an independent cohort suggesting a strong relationship with weight trajectories in the first six months after birth. Additionally, we developed a Methylation Risk Score (MRS) that could be used to identify children most at risk for developing childhood obesity. While many of the genes identified by our analysis have been associated with weight-related traits (e.g., glucose metabolism, BMI, or hip-to-waist ratio) in previous genome-wide association and variant studies, our analysis implicated several others, whose involvement in the obesity phenotype should be evaluated in future functional investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Lariviere
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Sarah J C Craig
- Department of Biology, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Center for Medical Genomics, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Ian M Paul
- Center for Medical Genomics, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Emily E Hohman
- Center for Childhood Obesity Research, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer S Savage
- Center for Childhood Obesity Research, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Nutrition Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | | | - Francesca Chiaromonte
- Center for Medical Genomics, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Statistics, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
- L'EMbeDS, Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies, Piazza Martiri della Libertà, Pisa, Italy
| | - Kateryna D Makova
- Department of Biology, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Center for Medical Genomics, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Matthew L Reimherr
- Center for Medical Genomics, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Statistics, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
McCormack NM, Nguyen NY, Tully CB, Oliver T, Fiorillo AA, Heier CR. Vamorolone improves Becker muscular dystrophy and increases dystrophin protein in bmx model mice. iScience 2023; 26:107161. [PMID: 37534133 PMCID: PMC10391915 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
There is no approved therapy for Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD), a genetic muscle disease caused by in-frame dystrophin deletions. We previously developed the dissociative corticosteroid vamorolone for treatment of the allelic, dystrophin-null disease Duchenne muscular dystrophy. We hypothesize vamorolone can treat BMD by safely reducing inflammatory signaling in muscle and through a novel mechanism of increasing dystrophin protein via suppression of dystrophin-targeting miRNAs. Here, we test this in the bmx mouse model of BMD. Daily oral treatment with vamorolone or prednisolone improves bmx grip strength and hang time phenotypes. Both drugs reduce myofiber size and decrease the percentage of centrally nucleated fibers. Vamorolone shows improved safety versus prednisolone by avoiding or reducing key side effects to behavior and growth. Intriguingly, vamorolone increases dystrophin protein in both heart and skeletal muscle. These data indicate that vamorolone, nearing approval for Duchenne, shows efficacy in bmx mice and therefore warrants clinical investigation in BMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikki M. McCormack
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Nhu Y. Nguyen
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Christopher B. Tully
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Trinitee Oliver
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Biology, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alyson A. Fiorillo
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Christopher R. Heier
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bongers KS, McDonald RA, Winner KM, Falkowski NR, Brown CA, Baker JM, Hinkle KJ, Fergle DJ, Dickson RP. Antibiotics cause metabolic changes in mice primarily through microbiome modulation rather than behavioral changes. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265023. [PMID: 35298489 PMCID: PMC8929607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The microbiome is an important and increasingly-studied mediator of organismal metabolism, although how the microbiome affects metabolism remains incompletely understood. Many investigators use antibiotics to experimentally perturb the microbiome. However, antibiotics have poorly understood yet profound off-target effects on behavior and diet, including food and water aversion, that can confound experiments and limit their applicability. We thus sought to determine the relative influence of microbiome modulation and off-target antibiotic effects on the behavior and metabolic activity of mice. Results Mice treated with oral antibiotics via drinking water exhibited significant weight loss in fat, liver, and muscle tissue. These mice also exhibited a reduction in water and food consumption, with marked variability across antibiotic regimens. While administration of bitter-tasting but antimicrobially-inert compounds caused a similar reduction in water consumption, this did not cause tissue weight loss or reduced food consumption. Mice administered intraperitoneal antibiotics (bypassing the gastrointestinal tract) exhibited reduced tissue weights and oral intake, comparable to the effects of oral antibiotics. Antibiotic-treated germ-free mice did not have reduced tissue weights, providing further evidence that direct microbiome modulation (rather than behavioral effects) mediates these metabolic changes. Conclusions While oral antibiotics cause profound effects on food and water consumption, antibiotic effects on organismal metabolism are primarily mediated by microbiome modulation. We demonstrate that tissue-specific weight loss following antibiotic administration is due primarily to microbiome effects rather than food and water aversion, and identify antibiotic regimens that effectively modulate gut microbiota while minimizing off-target behavioral effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kale S. Bongers
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Roderick A. McDonald
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Katherine M. Winner
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Nicole R. Falkowski
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Christopher A. Brown
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Institute for Research on Innovation and Science, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jennifer M. Baker
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Kevin J. Hinkle
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Fergle
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Robert P. Dickson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Weil Institute for Critical Care Research and Innovation, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen W, Chen Y, Wu R, Guo G, Liu Y, Zeng B, Liao X, Wang Y, Wang X. DHA alleviates diet-induced skeletal muscle fiber remodeling via FTO/m 6A/DDIT4/PGC1α signaling. BMC Biol 2022; 20:39. [PMID: 35135551 PMCID: PMC8827147 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01239-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity leads to a decline in the exercise capacity of skeletal muscle, thereby reducing mobility and promoting obesity-associated health risks. Dietary intervention has been shown to be an important measure to regulate skeletal muscle function, and previous studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6 ω-3) on skeletal muscle function. At the molecular level, DHA and its metabolites were shown to be extensively involved in regulating epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and small non-coding microRNAs. However, whether and how epigenetic modification of mRNA such as N6-methyladenosine (m6A) mediates DHA regulation of skeletal muscle function remains unknown. Here, we analyze the regulatory effect of DHA on skeletal muscle function and explore the involvement of m6A mRNA modifications in mediating such regulation. Results DHA supplement prevented HFD-induced decline in exercise capacity and conversion of muscle fiber types from slow to fast in mice. DHA-treated myoblasts display increased mitochondrial biogenesis, while slow muscle fiber formation was promoted through DHA-induced expression of PGC1α. Further analysis of the associated molecular mechanism revealed that DHA enhanced expression of the fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO), leading to reduced m6A levels of DNA damage-induced transcript 4 (Ddit4). Ddit4 mRNA with lower m6A marks could not be recognized and bound by the cytoplasmic m6A reader YTH domain family 2 (YTHDF2), thereby blocking the decay of Ddit4 mRNA. Accumulated Ddit4 mRNA levels accelerated its protein translation, and the consequential increased DDIT4 protein abundance promoted the expression of PGC1α, which finally elevated mitochondria biogenesis and slow muscle fiber formation. Conclusions DHA promotes mitochondrial biogenesis and skeletal muscle fiber remodeling via FTO/m6A/DDIT4/PGC1α signaling, protecting against obesity-induced decline in skeletal muscle function. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-022-01239-w.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang province, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yushi Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang province, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ruifan Wu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang province, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Guanqun Guo
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang province, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Youhua Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang province, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Botao Zeng
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang province, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xing Liao
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang province, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang province, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xinxia Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, No. 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang province, China. .,Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310058, China. .,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Barodia K, Cheruku SP, Kanwal A, Menon A, Rajeevan R, Rukade A, Kumar Shenoy RU, Prabhu C, Sharma V, Divya KP, Sumalatha S, Nayak Y, Kumar N. Effect of Moringa oleifera leaf extract on exercise and dexamethasone-induced functional impairment in skeletal muscles. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2021; 13:100503. [PMID: 34974956 PMCID: PMC8814402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2021.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic administration of steroids like dexamethasone produces symptoms including weight loss and skeletal muscle dysfunction. Similar events are reported in chronic or high-intensity exercises, that can lead to fatigue and muscle damage. Objective In the present study, the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf extract was evaluated against dexamethasone (Dex) and exercise (Exe)-induced muscle changes in rats. Materials and methods Six groups each containing 6 rats, namely normal, Dex control, Exe Control, Dex + M. oleifera leaf extract (300mg/kgp.o.), Dex + Exe, Dex + Exe + M. oleifera leaf extract were assessed in the study. Dex was administered at 0.6 mg/kg i.p. daily for 7 days. Exercise was given for a total of 10 days after 30 minutes of dosing using treadmill equipment for 900 seconds at speed 18 m/min. Animals were assessed for variation in body weight, muscular endurance using treadmill, locomotor activity using actophotometer, motor coordination using rotarod on day zero, and day seven. Hemidiaphragm of rats were isolated and used for evaluation of the glucose uptake. Gastrocnemius muscle was isolated and subjected to hematoxylin and eosin staining. Results Dex and Exe control animals showed a significant decrease in skeletal muscle activity when compared to normal control animals in the actophotometer test. Improvement in endurance were seen in Dex + M. oleifera leaf extract, and Dex + exercise + M. oleifera leaf extract groups compared to Dex control group. Improvement in locomotor activity was seen in Dex group subjected to exercise and was significant when treated with M. oleifera leaf extract. Histology reports were in accordance with the functional parameters. Conclusion M. oleifera leaf extract supplemented with exercise showed a reversal in the dexamethasone-induced functional impairment in skeletal muscles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalgi Barodia
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Sri Pragnya Cheruku
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Abhinav Kanwal
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India; Department of Pharmacology, All India, Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhatinda, 151001, Punjab, India
| | - Aayush Menon
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Rutu Rajeevan
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Aniket Rukade
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Raghavendra Udaya Kumar Shenoy
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Chaitali Prabhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Vaibhav Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - K P Divya
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Suhani Sumalatha
- Department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Yogendra Nayak
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India.
| | - Nitesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur (NIPER-H), Export Promotions Industrial Park (EPIP), Industrial Area Hajipur, Vaishali, 844102, Bihar, India.
| |
Collapse
|