Physical activity, cognitive function, and brain health: what is the role of exercise training in the prevention of dementia?

The role of physical activity in the physiological activation of the scholastic pre-requirements

Physical activity during the developmental age is an indispensable tool for the physical and mental growth of children. Thanks to physical activity, individuals have the opportunity to improve their physical efficiency and promote better health, establish relationships with the environment and with others, and develop cognitive processes. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between physical activity and the development of scholastic prerequisites among kindergarten children. 52 children (aged 4-5) participated in either a classroom-based physical activity program (60'/3 days per week) or regular lessons. At the beginning and end of the intervention programs, a set of standardized motor evaluation tests and the Observational Questionnaire for the Early Identification of Learning Disabilities (IPDA) were administered. As a result, a meaningful Time x Group interaction for the IPDA Variable was observed. The aforementioned development denotes a noteworthy advancement within the treatment group (p < 0.001). Conversely, no substantial modification was noted in the control group. The findings derived from this study provide a foundational support to the concept that physical activity integrated into classroom settings is an effective strategy to improve both scholastic prerequisites and academic performance.

Effectiveness of blended happy age education program (B-HAEP) on active aging promotion among pre-disable community dwelling older adults in Pakistan

BACKGROUND

Addressing aging related functional declines in older adults has become a top priority for countries around the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a blended happy age education program in promoting active aging among community-based pre-disable older adults.

METHODS

We conducted a two-arm trial study in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Participants were randomly assigned into two groups using a computer-generated random sequence of 150 participants.

RESULTS

Blended Happy Age Education Program (BHAEP) reduced time for 3 m walk (Estimated mean 19.5 ± 3.4 to 13.7 ± 1.3, effect size ηp² = 0.98, (P < 0.001). The current level of happiness improved in B-HAEP group from 4.7 ± 1.05 scores to 7.8 ± 1.6, P < 0.001, effect size (ηp² = 0.540). Healthy lifestyle significantly improved (P < 0.001, ηp² = 0.4).

CONCLUSIONS

B-HAEP can be an effective intervention strategy to promote active aging in older adults with risk for immobility.

Feasibility and preliminary efficacy of different intensities of functional training in elderly type 2 diabetes patients with cognitive impairment: a pilot randomised controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Aging and type-2 diabetes (T2D) are the most important risk factors for cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Exercise training is an effective, safe, and practical intervention in improving glucose metabolism, physical function, and cognitive disorders. This pilot study investigated the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of high-intensity low-volume (HIFT) vs. low-intensity high-volume (LIFT) functional training in elderly T2D patients with cognitive impairment.

METHODS

Forty-eight elderly T2D patients (31 female, 17 male, age 67.5 ± 5.8 years, MMSE score 18.8 ± 2.6, FBG 209.5 ± 37.9) were randomly assigned to HIFT, LIFT and control groups. Cognitive impairment was diagnosed with MMSE ≤ 23 based Iranian society. The SDMT, CVLT-II, BVMT-R, and Stroop tests were used to evaluated processing speed, learning, memory and attention respectively. Physical fitness tests include: tandem stance and walk test; TUG; 6MWT, 10MWT; SSST; 5TSTS; and hand grip was used to evaluated static and dynamic balance, agility, walking endurance, gait speed, lower limb function and lower and upper body strength respectively. As well as, Biochemical (FBG, insulin, HOMA-IR, HbA1c) and physiological outcomes (SBP, and DBP) were assessed. The HIFT group performed six weeks of functional training (three sessions per week) with 120-125% of the lactate threshold. The LIFT group performed six weeks of functional training (five sessions per week) with a 70-75% lactate threshold. Feasibility, safety, and acceptability of exercise programs were assessed at the end of the study.

RESULT

HIFT showed a higher adherence rate (91% vs. 87.5%), safety, and acceptability compared to LIFT. MMSE and Stroop scores, 6MWT, FBG, insulin, HOMA-IR, HbA1c, SBP, and DBP significantly improved in HIFT (all, P ≤ 0.004) and LIFT (all, P ≤ 0.023). Changes in 6MWT, FBG, insulin, HOMA-IR, and HbA1c in HIFT (all, P ≤ 0.001) and LIFT (all, P ≤ 0.008) were significant compared to the control group. Changes in Stroop scores were significant only in the HIFT group compared to the control group (P = 0.013). SDMT, CVLT-II, BVMT-R, balance test, 10MWT, SSST, TUG and hang grip significantly improved only in HIFT (all, P ≤ 0.038).

CONCLUSION

HIFT vs. LIFT is a safe, feasible, and effective approach for improving some aspects of physical, biochemical, and cognitive function in elderly T2D patients with cognitive impairment. This pilot study provides initial proof-of-concept data for the design and implementation of an appropriately powered randomised controlled trial (RCT) of HIFT vs. LIFT in a larger sample of elderly T2D patients with cognitive impairment.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Randomized controlled trial (RCT) (Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials, trial registration number: IRCT20230502058055N1. Date of registration: 11/06/2023.

Exercise-Related Physical Activity Relates to Brain Volumes in 10,125 Individuals

BACKGROUND

The potential neuroprotective effects of regular physical activity on brain structure are unclear, despite links between activity and reduced dementia risk.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the relationships between regular moderate to vigorous physical activity and quantified brain volumes on magnetic resonance neuroimaging.

METHODS

A total of 10,125 healthy participants underwent whole-body MRI scans, with brain sequences including isotropic MP-RAGE. Three deep learning models analyzed axial, sagittal, and coronal views from the scans. Moderate to vigorous physical activity, defined by activities increasing respiration and pulse rate for at least 10 continuous minutes, was modeled with brain volumes via partial correlations. Analyses adjusted for age, sex, and total intracranial volume, and a 5% Benjamini-Hochberg False Discovery Rate addressed multiple comparisons.

RESULTS

Participant average age was 52.98±13.04 years (range 18-97) and 52.3% were biologically male. Of these, 7,606 (75.1%) reported engaging in moderate or vigorous physical activity approximately 4.05±3.43 days per week. Those with vigorous activity were slightly younger (p < 0.00001), and fewer women compared to men engaged in such activities (p = 3.76e-15). Adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, and multiple comparisons, increased days of moderate to vigorous activity correlated with larger normalized brain volumes in multiple regions including: total gray matter (Partial R = 0.05, p = 1.22e-7), white matter (Partial R = 0.06, p = 9.34e-11), hippocampus (Partial R = 0.05, p = 5.96e-7), and frontal, parietal, and occipital lobes (Partial R = 0.04, p≤1.06e-5).

CONCLUSIONS

Exercise-related physical activity is associated with increased brain volumes, indicating potential neuroprotective effects.

Going for gold: Sports and exercise groups for people with dementia and carers contribute to their well-being

Background

Interventions involving exercise appear to have positive effects, both for people with dementia and for their carers. Quality of life and well-being are especially important outcomes. This study investigated how a sports and exercise group for people with dementia and their carers could contribute to the well-being of those attending the group.

Methods

The study was a qualitative investigation, comprising semi-structured interviews, a focus group and observations. Participants included people with dementia and carers attending the group sessions, as well as staff providing the programme. The group sessions were provided weekly by the charitable trust of a leading sports venue. Data were analysed using thematic analysis.

Results

A total of 16 participants were interviewed, including four people with dementia, eight carers, and four members of staff. Five main themes were identified: “Support to keep active and engaged is highly valued by people with dementia and carers”; “The challenges of being a carer are significant but sharing the experience really helps”; “People with dementia can have flourishing social lives”; “The group helps to maintain identity despite physical and role changes”; and “There are practical aspects of the group that make it appealing”.

Discussion

People with dementia enjoy physical activity and experience the benefits of it. The sports and exercise group had an important role in providing access to activities that people with dementia and their carers value and enjoy, but would be difficult to undertake without a facilitated and safe environment. The group benefited the well-being of both people with dementia and carers in various ways, with peer support being of particular importance for carers.

Aerobic Exercise with Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay Diet Promotes Brain Cells’ Longevity despite Sex Hormone Deficiency in Postmenopausal Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Objective

To investigate the combined impact of aerobic exercise and Mediterranean-DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) diet on brain cells longevity in spite of sex hormones deficiency in obese postmenopausal women.

Design

A parallel randomized clinical trial. Subjects/Patients. Sixty-eight eligible postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to one of two groups, one experimental and one control. The participants' age ranged from 60 to 75 years, and their body mass index ranged from 30 to 39.9 kg/m².

Methods

An experimental group whose members followed moderate-intensity treadmill exercise three times/week for three months with MIND diet and a control group whose members followed the MIND diet only. In addition to serum sex hormones, pre- and post-12-week assessments were performed to measure serum sex hormones as well as cognitive and functional levels.

Results

The experimental group showed after intervention highly significant changes (p < 0.01) in sex hormones, cognitive functions, and functional levels compared with the control group (p < 0.05). In addition, no correlation was found between the measured variables in both groups after intervention (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

Aerobic exercise combined with the MIND diet improves cognitive and functional levels and substitutes sex hormones deficiency in postmenopausal women, which affects the longevity of brain health.

Daily-Life Physical Activity of Healthy Young Adults Associates With Function and Structure of the Hippocampus

Previous research on Physical Activity (PA) has been highly valuable in elucidating how PA affects the structure and function of the hippocampus in elderly populations that take part in structured interventions. However, how PA affects the hippocampus in younger populations that perform PA during daily-life activities remains poorly understood. In addition, this research has not examined the impact of PA on the internal structure of the hippocampus. Here, we performed a cross-sectional exploration of the way structural and functional aspects of the hippocampus are associated with habitual PA performed during work, leisure time, and sports in the daily lives of healthy young adults (n = 30; 14 female; mean age = 23.9 y.o.; SD = 7.8 y.o.). We assessed PA in these three different contexts through a validated questionnaire. The results show that PA performed during work time correlated with higher subicular volumes. In addition, we found that PA changed functional connectivity (FC) between a location in the middle/posterior hippocampus and regions of the default mode network, and between a location in the anterior hippocampus and regions of the somatomotor network. No statistical effects of PA performed during leisure time and sports were found. The results generalize the impact of PA on younger populations and show how PA performed in daily-life situations correlates with the precise internal structure and functional connectivity of the hippocampus.

Resistance training improves cognitive function in older adults with different cognitive status: a systematic review and Meta-analysis

The present study investigated the impact of resistance training (RT) on cognitive function in older adults with different cognitive status by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention studies. We performed a literature search with no restriction on publication year in MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and AgeLine from inception up to August 2020. Experimental studies investigating the impact of RT on the cognitive function of cognitively healthy (CH) and cognitively impaired (CI) older adults (≥60 years) were included for analysis. Eighteen studies were included in the final analysis, of which ten studies investigated CH community-dwelling older adult, seven studies investigated CI older adults, and one study investigated both. RT significantly improved overall cognitive function in both CH (SMD = 0.54; 95% CI = 0.00 to 1.08, P = 0.047) and CI (SMD = 0.60; 95% CI = 0.21 to 1.16, P = 0.005) older adults. However, short-term memory was only improved in CH older adults (MD = -0.20; 95% CI = -0.25 to -0.15, P < 0.00001). In conclusion, RT improved overall cognitive function in CH and CI older adults, whereas short-term memory, assessed by the digit span of the WAIS III, was only significantly improved in CH older adults.

Cognitive and physical benefits of a game‐like dual‐task exercise among the oldest nursing home residents in Japan

Introduction

Dual‐task (DT) exercise can act as a substitute, which can help improve both physical and cognitive functions. Thus, this study investigated the effects of a game‐like cognitive DT exercise called “Synapsology” (SYNAP) among the oldest residents of a nursing home.

Methods

Participants (aged 85–97 years) were assigned to the intervention group (n = 12) and the control group (n = 12). The intervention group underwent 60‐minute sessions, twice a week for 24 weeks.

Results

A comparison of the Mini‐Mental State Examination scores and six physical function tests, before and after the intervention, shows that the SYNAP had a positive impact on the cognitive and physical functions among the intervention group.

Discussion

These findings suggest that SYNAP may help maintain or improve cognitive and physical functions among older adults compared to no interventions. Therefore, SYNAP would act as a beneficial tool amidst a “superaging” society like Japan.

Exercise Dosage in Reducing the Risk of Dementia Development: Mode, Duration, and Intensity-A Narrative Review

Senile dementia, also known as dementia, is the mental deterioration which is associated with aging. It is characterized by a decrease in cognitive abilities, inability to concentrate, and especially the loss of higher cerebral cortex function, including memory, judgment, abstract thinking, and other loss of personality, even behavior changes. As a matter of fact, dementia is the deterioration of mental and intellectual functions caused by brain diseases in adults when they are mature, which affects the comprehensive performance of life and work ability. Most dementia cases are caused by Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and multiple infarct dementia (vascular dementia, multi-infarct dementia). Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by atrophy, shedding, and degenerative alterations in brain cells, and its occurrence is linked to age. The fraction of the population with dementia is smaller before the age of 65, and it increases after the age of 65. Since women live longer than men, the proportion of women with Alzheimer’s disease is higher. Multiple infarct dementia is caused by a cerebral infarction, which disrupts blood supply in multiple locations and impairs cerebral cortex function. Researchers worldwide are investigating ways to prevent Alzheimer’s disease; however, currently, there are no definitive answers for Alzheimer’s prevention. Even so, research has shown that we can take steps to reduce the risk of developing it. Prospective studies have found that even light to moderate physical activity can lower the risk of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Exercise has been proposed as a potential lifestyle intervention to help reduce the occurrence of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Various workout modes will be introduced based on various physical conditions. In general, frequent exercise for 6–8 weeks lessens the risk of dementia development.

Physical Activity and Cognitive Function in African American Older Adults Living With HIV

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the association between self-reported physical activity (minutes/week) and cognitive functioning in a sample of African American older adults living with HIV. A secondary analysis of baseline data collected from clinically stable African American older adults living with HIV (aged >50 years; N = 124) enrolled in the Rush Center of Excellence on Disparities in HIV and Aging study was conducted. Participants completed a battery of 19 cognitive function tests that were used to create summary scores of global cognition and five cognitive domains. Physical activity was measured using a modified self-report questionnaire derived from a national health survey. Average self-reported number of weekly minutes spent in light physical activity was 290.6 minutes and for moderate/vigorous physical activity was 314.67 minutes. Number of weekly minutes of light physical activity was significantly positively associated with visuospatial ability; however, no associations were found between moderate/vigorous physical activity and any cognitive domain. Contrary to expectations, our findings do not support a relationship between moderate/vigorous physical activity and cognitive function in African American older adults living with HIV. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 47(12), 27-34.].

The Influence of Sedentary Behavior on the Relationship Between Cognitive Function and Vascular Function in Older Adults with and without Chronic Kidney Disease

Cognitive impairment and vascular dysfunction are common in older adults with and without chronic kidney disease (CKD). Older adults with and without CKD are also sedentary - a behavior associated with cognitive and vascular function. The objective of this study was to explore whether sedentary behavior influenced the relationship between cognitive and vascular function in older adults with preclinical cognitive impairment with and without CKD. In our study, 48 older adults underwent assessment of cognition, vascular compliance, and sedentary behavior, and relationships were explored with regression moderation analysis. Sedentary time and breaks did not moderate the relationship between vascular and cognitive function. Although significant moderation was not found, cognition, vascular function, and sedentary behavior are important to assess when evaluating older adults with and without CKD.

Ethics of Early Intervention in Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) research, treatment, and prevention focus increasingly on developing personalized interventions based on personal genetic, biological, phenotypic data, for early intervention (EI) to limit harm. This approach has much to recommend it, but important ethical and philosophical challenges follow that should be considered, which we analyze here. We argue that advancing understanding of the causes of AD undermines the clarity of the distinction between primary and secondary prevention. This makes it increasingly unclear how primary and secondary categories can be appealed to as the basis for making judgements about what interventions are permissible, and for distinguishing between acceptably vs unacceptably early points in life to intervene. Timely efforts at prevention are vital for limiting harm from AD and given the logic of EI is that, in presence of risk, earlier is better, one might assume that earliest is best. This may or may not be the case; however, the permissibility of intervening in different ways at different stages of life is complex and turns on numerous contextual factors. We consider the particular ethical implications of intervening at different points in the life course, presenting a valuable resource for negotiating clinical and policy implications of EI in AD.

Exercise interventions preserve hippocampal volume: A meta-analysis

Hippocampal volume is a marker of brain health and is reduced with aging and neurological disease. Exercise may be effective at increasing and preserving hippocampal volume, potentially serving as a treatment for conditions associated with hippocampal atrophy (e.g., dementia). This meta-analysis aimed to identify whether exercise training has a positive effect on hippocampal volume and how population characteristics and exercise parameters moderate this effect. Studies met the following criteria: (a) controlled trials; (b) interventions of physical exercise; (c) included at least one time-point of hippocampal volume data before the intervention and one after; (d) assessed hippocampal volume using either manual or automated segmentation algorithms. Animal studies, voxel-based morphometry analyses, and multi-modal interventions (e.g., cognitive training or meditation) were excluded. The primary analysis in n = 23 interventions from 22 published studies revealed a significant positive effect of exercise on total hippocampal volume. The overall effect was significant in older samples (65 years of age or older) and in interventions that lasted over 24 weeks and had less than 150 min per week of exercise. These findings suggest that moderate amounts of exercise for interventions greater than 6 months have a positive effect on hippocampal volume including in older populations vulnerable to hippocampal atrophy.

Pain-Reducing Effects of Physical Therapist-Delivered Interventions: A Systematic Review of Randomized Trials Among Older Adults With Dementia

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Pain is common among older adults with dementia. There are nonpharmacological options for managing pain in this population. However, the effects of physical therapist-delivered interventions have not been summarized. The purpose of this systematic review was to summarize the literature on physical therapist-delivered interventions in randomized trials for reducing pain among older adults with dementia.

METHODS

A systematic search of MEDLINE/PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Web of Science was conducted for randomized trials of pain management in individuals 60 years or older with medically diagnosed dementia of any severity. Included studies addressed the effects of nonpharmacological physical therapist-delivered interventions on pain outcomes. Pain outcomes included patient or caregiver self-report, observational or interactive measures. Independent reviewers extracted relevant data and assessed methodological quality using the PEDro scale.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Three studies (total = 222 participants; mean age range = 82.2-84.0 years; 178 [80.2%] females) met inclusion criteria. PEDro scores ranged from 4 to 8/10. Interventions included passive movement and massage. Pain outcomes included the observational measures Pain Assessment Checklist for Seniors with Limited Ability to Communicate (PACSLAC), Pain in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD), and Doloplus-2 Scale. Passive movement did not show better results when compared with no treatment, while massage showed pain-reducing effects in 1 study compared with no treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

The evidence supporting pain-reducing physical therapy interventions for patients with dementia is limited. There is a clear gap in knowledge related to evidence-based physical therapy for managing pain in this population. Future studies should examine active physical therapist-delivered interventions and utilize interactive pain measures.

Increased dynamic flexibility in the medial temporal lobe network following an exercise intervention mediates generalization of prior learning

Recent work has conceptualized the brain as a network comprised of groups of sub-networks or modules. "Flexibility" of brain network(s) indexes the dynamic reconfiguration of comprising modules. Using novel techniques from dynamic network neuroscience applied to high-resolution resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), the present study investigated the effects of an aerobic exercise intervention on the dynamic rearrangement of modular community structure-a measure of neural flexibility-within the medial temporal lobe (MTL) network. The MTL is one of the earliest brain regions impacted by Alzheimer's disease. It is also a major site of neuroplasticity that is sensitive to the effects of exercise. In a two-group non-randomized, repeated measures and matched control design with 34 healthy older adults, we observed an exercise-related increase in flexibility within the MTL network. Furthermore, MTL network flexibility mediated the beneficial effect aerobic exercise had on mnemonic flexibility, as measured by the ability to generalize past learning to novel task demands. Our results suggest that exercise exerts a rehabilitative and protective effect on MTL function, resulting in dynamically evolving networks of regions that interact in complex communication patterns. These reconfigurations may underlie exercise-induced improvements on cognitive measures of generalization, which are sensitive to subtle changes in the MTL.

Serum Levels of BDNF in Cardiovascular Protection and in Response to Exercise

As doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) são atualmente a maior causa de morte no Brasil e no mundo. Em 2016 as DCV foram responsáveis por mais de 17 milhões de mortes, representando 31% de todas as mortes em nível global. Mecanismos moleculares e genéticos podem estar envolvidos na proteção cardiovascular e devem ser considerados nas novas abordagens terapêuticas. Nesse sentido, recentes estudos têm relatado que o Fator Neurotrófico Derivado do Encéfalo (Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, BDNF) está reduzido em indivíduos predispostos a desenvolverem DCV, e que o treinamento físico aeróbio aumenta as quantidades de BDNF circulante. O BDNF é uma neurotrofina encontrada em altas concentrações no hipocampo e córtex cerebral, sendo considerada molécula-chave na manutenção da plasticidade sináptica e na sobrevivência das células neuronais. Além da plasticidade neuronal, BDNF também é importante na função vascular, promovendo angiogênese por meio da regulação por espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS). Entretanto, uma variante do gene do BDNF em humanos, o polimorfismo Val66Met (substituição do aminoácido valina por uma metionina na posição 66 do códon), que ocorre em 20-30% da população caucasiana, pode afetar as concentrações de BDNF no plasma e sua atividade em todos os tecidos periféricos contendo receptores tirosina quinase B (TrkB), como o endotélio. De fato, recentemente observamos que o polimorfismo Val66Met prejudica a reatividade vascular e o BDNF circulante em resposta ao treinamento físico. Dessa forma, apresentaremos a seguir uma discussão sobre os níveis séricos de BDNF na proteção cardiovascular, a variante genética Val66Met na reatividade vascular e o efeito do exercício físico.

Interventions to Preserve Cognitive Functioning Among Older Kidney Transplant Recipients

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

To summarize the research on effective interventions for preserving cognitive function and prevent cognitive decline in patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) who are undergoing dialysis and/or kidney transplantation (KT).

RECENT FINDINGS

Among ESKD patients undergoing hemodialysis, exercise training has been administered through home-based and intradialytic interventions. Additionally, one pilot study identified intradialytic cognitive training, electronic brain games, as an intervention to preserve cognitive function among patients undergoing hemodialysis. Fewer studies have investigated interventions to preserver cognitive function among KT recipients. To date, the only randomized controlled trial in this population identified B-vitamin supplements as an intervention to preserve cognitive function. The evidence from these trials support a short-term benefit of cognitive and exercise training as well as B-vitamin supplementation among patients with ESKD. Future studies should: 1) replicate these findings, 2) identify interventions specific to KT candidates, and 3) investigate the synergistic impact of both cognitive and exercise training.

SUMMARY

Cognitive prehabilitation, with cognitive and/or exercise training, may be novel interventions for KT candidates that not only reduces delirium risk and long-term post-KT cognitive decline but also prevents dementia.

Interventions Made to Preserve Cognitive Function Trial (IMPCT) study protocol: a multi-dialysis center 2x2 factorial randomized controlled trial of intradialytic cognitive and exercise training to preserve cognitive function

BACKGROUND

Kidney disease and dialysis significantly impact cognitive function across the age spectrum. Cognitive training (CT) and/or exercise training (ET) are promising approaches to preserve cognitive function among community-dwelling older adults, but have not been tested for cognition preservation in hemodialysis patients of all ages. In this manuscript, we summarize the protocol for the Interventions Made to Preserve Cognitive Function Trial (IMPCT).

METHODS

We will perform a 2 × 2 factorial randomized controlled trial (RCT) of eligible adult (≥18 years) hemodialysis initiates (n = 200) to test whether intradialytic CT (brain games on a tablet PC), ET (foot peddlers) and combined CT + ET while undergoing hemodialysis preserves executive function compared to standard of care (SC). Participants will engage in the interventions to which they are randomized for 6 months. The primary objective is to compare, among interventions, the 3-month change in executive function measured using the Trail Making Test A (TMTA) and B (TMTB); specifically, executive function is calculated as TMTB-TMTA to account for psychomotor speed. This primary outcome was selected based on findings from our pilot study. The secondary objectives are to compare the risk of secondary cognitive outcomes, ESKD-specific clinical outcomes, and patient-centered outcomes at 3-months and 6-months. All data collection and interventions are conducted in the dialysis center.

DISCUSSION

We hypothesize that receiving intradialytic CT or ET will better preserve executive function than SC but receiving combined CT + ET, will be the most effective intervention. The current trial will be an important step in understanding how intradialytic interventions might preserve cognitive health.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Clinicaltrials.Gov (Date: 8/6/18): # NCT03616535 . Protocol Version: 10 (April 2020).

FUNDING

NIDDK R01DK114074.

The Usability of Physical Activity and Cognitive Training Applications in People With Mild Cognitive Impairment

The aim of the current study is to identify key issues with utility, effectiveness, and appeal of specific electronic applications (apps) for people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to guide the design and development of a mobile app, which integrates physical activity and cognitive activities. Sixteen participants age ≥65 were recruited from three assisted living facilities in Alabama. Participants were observed playing a physical activity app and cognitive training app via a tablet on two separate occasions. Most participants agreed that Sworkit^®, Elevate^®, and 7-Minute Workout^® were easy to use and fun, less frustrating, and they would recommend them to a friend. Most participants had questions regarding clarification about how to play the games. All (100%) participants smiled and appeared happy when playing the physical activity games, whereas only 35% smiled during the cognitive training games. The current study was instrumental in revealing that people with MCI can use technology and provide feedback regarding use of that technology. Individuals with impaired cognition should be recruited for participation in research for the knowledge they can provide researchers. [Research in Gerontological Nursing, 13(2), 64-72.].

Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor: A Key Molecule for Memory in the Healthy and the Pathological Brain

Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) is a key molecule involved in plastic changes related to learning and memory. The expression of BDNF is highly regulated, and can lead to great variability in BDNF levels in healthy subjects. Changes in BDNF expression are associated with both normal and pathological aging and also psychiatric disease, in particular in structures important for memory processes such as the hippocampus and parahippocampal areas. Some interventions like exercise or antidepressant administration enhance the expression of BDNF in normal and pathological conditions. In this review, we will describe studies from rodents and humans to bring together research on how BDNF expression is regulated, how this expression changes in the pathological brain and also exciting work on how interventions known to enhance this neurotrophin could have clinical relevance. We propose that, although BDNF may not be a valid biomarker for neurodegenerative/neuropsychiatric diseases because of its disregulation common to many pathological conditions, it could be thought of as a marker that specifically relates to the occurrence and/or progression of the mnemonic symptoms that are common to many pathological conditions.

Exercise and cognitive function in patients with end-stage kidney disease

In this review we summarize the research pertaining to the role of exercise in preventing cognitive decline in patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Impairment in cognitive function, especially in executive function, is common in patients with ESKD, and may worsen with maintenance dialysis as a result of retention of uremic toxins, recurrent cerebral ischemia, and high burden of inactivity. Cognitive impairment may lead to long-term adverse consequences, including dementia and death. Home-based and intradialytic exercise training (ET) are among the nonpharmacologic interventions identified to preserve cognitive function in ESKD. Additionally, cognitive training (CT) is an effective approach recently identified in this population. While short-term benefits of ET and CT on cognitive function were consistently observed in patients undergoing dialysis, more studies are needed to replicate these findings in diverse populations including kidney transplant recipients with long-term follow-up to better understand the health and quality of life consequences of these promising interventions. ET as well as CT are feasible interventions that may preserve or even improve cognitive function for patients with ESKD. Whether these interventions translate to improvements in quality of life and long-term health outcomes, including dementia prevention and better survival, are yet to be determined.

Exercise or physical activity and cognitive function in adults with type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance or impaired glucose tolerance: a systematic review

Background

Diabetes is an important risk factor for cognitive impairment. Although some studies suggest that physical exercise can minimize age-related cognitive declines or improve brain morphology or function, benefits in diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance are unclear. Therefore, our aim was to evaluate the efficacy of exercise or physical activity on cognition in adults with type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance or impaired glucose tolerance.

Methods

An electronic search for studies published from the earliest record until February 2017 was conducted using Medline, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, and PsycINFO. Any experimental or observational study designs were included, as long as they were conducted in individuals of any age with type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance or impaired glucose tolerance, and they directly examined exercise/physical activity effects on cognitive outcomes or the relationship between changes in cognition and changes in either insulin resistance and glucose homeostasis. Study quality was assessed using the PEDro scale; data on participant and intervention characteristics and outcomes were extracted.

Results

Six studies enrolling 2289 participants met the eligibility criteria. Quality was modest and effect sizes variable and mostly small or negligible. Overall, four of the six studies (67%) reported significant benefits of greater exercise/physical activity participation for some aspects of cognition, but only 26% of cognitive outcomes were significant across all trials. Clinical improvements in insulin resistance/glucose homeostasis were related to improvements in cognitive function in three studies. Overall results were inconsistent, with benefits varying across exercise types and cognitive domains.

Conclusions

Literature does not provide evidence that physical activity or exercise interventions contribute to a better cognitive function in patients with type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance. Large-scale, long-term, robust randomized controlled trials are required to determine if exercise improves cognition in this high-risk cohort, and to investigate putative mechanistic links between cognition, body composition, metabolism, and inflammation in diabetes and related metabolic syndromes.

Intradialytic Cognitive and Exercise Training May Preserve Cognitive Function

Introduction

Cognitive decline is common and increases mortality risk in hemodialysis patients. Intradialytic interventions like cognitive training (CT) and exercise training (ET) may preserve cognitive function.

Methods

We conducted a pilot randomized controlled trial of 20 hemodialysis patients to study the impact of 3 months of intradialytic CT (tablet-based brain games) (n = 7), ET (foot peddlers) (n = 6), or standard of care (SC) (n = 7) on cognitive function. Global cognitive function was measured by the Modified Mini Mental Status Exam (3MS), psychomotor speed was measured by Trail Making Tests A and B (TMTA and TMTB), and executive function was assessed by subtracting (TMTB − TMTA). Lower 3MS scores and slower TMTA and TMTB times reflected worse cognitive function. P values for differences were generated using analysis of variance, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and P values were generated from linear regression.

Results

Patients with SC experienced a decrease in psychomotor speed and executive function by 3 months (TMTA: 15 seconds; P = 0.055; TMTB: 47.4 seconds; P = 0.006; TMTB − TMTA; 31.7 seconds; P = 0.052); this decline was not seen among those with CT or ET (all P > 0.05). Compared with SC, the difference in the mean change in 3MS score was −3.29 points (95% CI: −11.70 to 5.12; P = 0.42) for CT and 4.48 points (95% CI: −4.27 to 13.22; P = 0.30) for ET. Compared with SC, the difference in mean change for TMTA was −15.13 seconds (95% CI: −37.64 to 7.39; P = 0.17) for CT and −17.48 seconds (95% CI: −41.18 to 6.22; P = 0.14) for ET, for TMTB, the difference was −46.72 seconds (95% CI: −91.12 to −2.31; P = 0.04) for CT and −56.21 seconds (95% CI: −105.86 to −6.56; P = 0.03) for ET, and for TMTB – TMTA, the difference was −30.88 seconds (95% CI: −76.05 to 14.28; P = 0.16) for CT and −34.93 seconds (95% CI: −85.43 to 15.56; P = 0.16) for ET.

Conclusion

Preliminary findings of our pilot study suggested that cognitive decline in psychomotor speed and executive function is possibly prevented by intradialytic CT and ET. These preliminary pilot findings should be replicated.

Evolution of Neuroplasticity in Response to Physical Activity in Old Age: The Case for Dancing

From animal research, it is known that combining physical activity with sensory enrichment has stronger and longer-lasting effects on the brain than either treatment alone. For humans dancing has been suggested to be analogous to such combined training. Here we assessed whether a newly designed dance training program that stresses the constant learning of new movement patterns is superior in terms of neuroplasticity to conventional fitness activities with repetitive exercises and whether extending the training duration has additional benefits. Twenty-two healthy seniors (63–80 years) who had been randomly assigned to either a dance or a sport group completed the entire 18-month study. MRI, BDNF and neuropsychological tests were performed at baseline and after 6 and 18 months of intervention. After 6 months, we found a significant increase in gray matter volume in the left precentral gyrus in the dancers compared to controls. This neuroplasticity effect may have been mediated by the increased BDNF plasma levels observed in the dancers. Regarding cognitive measures, both groups showed significant improvements in attention after 6 months and in verbal memory after 18 months. In addition, volume increases in the parahippocampal region were observed in the dancers after 18 months. The results of our study suggest that participating in a long-term dance program that requires constant cognitive and motor learning is superior to engaging in repetitive physical exercises in inducing neuroplasticity in the brains of seniors. Therefore, dance is highly promising in its potential to counteract age-related gray matter decline.

[Preventive strategies for dementia]

In the context of the demographically induced increase in the prevalence of dementia and the simultaneous lack of causal pharmacological therapies, preventive approaches are gaining in importance. By reducing risk factors and with measures which induce neuroplasticity successful aging can be supported. This article summarizes the current developments in preventing dementia by modification of life style factors. The main focus lies on the impact of cognitive and physical activity on neuroprotection. A promising approach combines both activities within a dance training program. Further studies that meet the demanding criteria of a randomized clinical trial are urgently needed.

Physical Activity: A Viable Way to Reduce the Risks of Mild Cognitive Impairment, Alzheimer's Disease, and Vascular Dementia in Older Adults

A recent alarming rise of neurodegenerative diseases in the developed world is one of the major medical issues affecting older adults. In this review, we provide information about the associations of physical activity (PA) with major age-related neurodegenerative diseases and syndromes, including Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and mild cognitive impairment. We also provide evidence of PA's role in reducing the risks of these diseases and helping to improve cognitive outcomes in older adults. Finally, we describe some potential mechanisms by which this protective effect occurs, providing guidelines for future research.

Comparing the effectiveness of karate and fitness training on cognitive functioning in older adults-A randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Recent studies demonstrate a slowdown in deterioration of cognitive functioning in old age through aerobic training. There is evidence that the combination of aerobic, balance, and coordination exercises leads to an improvement or maintenance of cognitive functions. Such age-related exercises can especially be found in East Asian martial arts. The purpose of the current study is to verify whether karate training for older adults improves cognitive functioning and, if an improvement can be found, which cognitive fields are influenced.

METHODS

Eighty-nine older women and men (mean age: 70 years) participated in this study. The participants were randomized into 2 intervention groups (karate group and fitness group, duration of intervention: 5 months) and a control group. All participants had to accomplish a cognitive test battery before and after the intervention. In a secondary study the karate group had an additional intervention for another 5 months.

RESULTS

The results show that there is a significant improvement in motor reactivity, stress tolerance, and divided attention only after the 5-month karate training period. Additionally, the results of the secondary study indicate further improvements after 10 months.

CONCLUSION

The 5-month karate training can help to enhance attention, resilience, and motor reaction time, but a training period of 10 months is even more efficient.

Factors to affect improvement in cyber officer performance

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to investigate how motivation – gained by understanding the purpose of specific cyber-oriented tasks – coping strategies and level of physical conditioning can affect cognitive abilities amongst cyber officer cadets.

Design/methodology/approach

Two cognitive tests (2014 and 2015) and coping strategy questionnaires (2015) were conducted during an annual military exercise involving increased levels of stress and hardship (physical and cognitive) over a sustained two-week period.

Findings

Motivation – gained by task explanations – and the conscious use of the “control” strategy can have a positive effect on individual performance in cyber tasks.

Research limitations/implications

The participants were all young adults with higher-than-average levels of physical fitness. From the outset, all participants were highly motivated and disciplined having entered cyber officer training after successfully completing a thorough selection process.

Practical implications

The results of this study are to be better implemented to the activities at the military academy.

Social implications

The closest civilian occupational equivalent is a computer network operations (CNO)-operator. The findings could be implemented into their daily work routines.

Originality/value

Cognitive tests used in this study are based on recognized general cognitive tests. However, modifications were made to suit the cyber task context, making the test original. The cyber officer is a contemporary concept currently lacking research.

Association Between Objectively Measured Physical Activity and Cognitive Function in Older Adults-The Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke Study

OBJECTIVES

To examine the relationship between objectively measured physical activity (PA) and cognitive function in white and black older adults.

DESIGN

Cross-sectional.

SETTING

REasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) study.

PARTICIPANTS

Older adults who provided valid data from accelerometer and cognitive function tests (N = 7,098).

MEASUREMENTS

Accelerometers provided estimates of PA variables for 4 to 7 consecutive days. PA cut-points of 50 counts per minute (cpm) and 1,065 cpm were applied to differentiate between being sedentary and light PA and between light and moderate to vigorous PA (MVPA), respectively. Prevalence of cognitive impairment was defined using the Six-Item Screener (<4/6). Letter fluency, animal fluency, word list learning, and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (orientation and recall) were used to assess memory and executive function.

RESULTS

Of 7,098 participants (aged 70.1 ± 8.5, 54.2% female, 31.5% black), 359 (5.1%) had impaired cognition within ±12 months of PA measurement. The average proportion of time spent in MVPA (MVPA%) was 1.4 ± 1.9%. Participants in the highest quartile of MVPA% (~258.3 min/wk) were less likely to be cognitively impaired than those in the lowest quartile (odds ratio = 0.65, 95% confidence interval = 0.43-0.97). MVPA% was also significantly associated with executive function and memory z-scores (P < .001). Similar analyses of proportion of time spent in light PA (LPA%) and sedentary time (ST%) showed no significant associations with cognitive function.

CONCLUSION

Higher levels of objectively measured MVPA%, rather than LPA% or ST%, were associated with lower prevalence of cognitive impairment and better performance in memory and executive function in aging people. The amount of MVPA associated with lower prevalence of cognitive impairment is consistent with meeting PA guidelines.

Prevention of cognitive impairment in the midlife women

Forgetfulness is common symptom with age. Especially for midlife women, hormonal cessation by menopausal change is one of the causes in cognitive disorders. And neuropathological changes in brain can lead to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and eventually dementia. Prevention of MCI is important for decreasing progression to dementia. This article presents therapeutic approaches based on pathophysiologic changes in brain for preventing cognitive decline.

Exercise perspective on common cardiac medications

Medicinal tablets have been used for a long time to treat cardiovascular disease. However, mortality rate is steadily increasing partly because of the patients’ sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy diet. By contrast, exercise has been systematically shown to have multiple benefits. Regular exercise training can prevent various diseases in healthy individuals. Combined exercise and cardiac medications may lead to the improvement of heart disease. Numerous exercise training pathways still need further investigations. How exercise can prevent, treat, or attenuate diseases remains somewhat elusive. Thus, this review will discuss cardiac medications in parallel with the mechanism of action of exercise.