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Zhang Y, Huang Q, Xu Q, Jia C, Xia Y. Pimavanserin tartrate induces apoptosis and cytoprotective autophagy and synergizes with chemotherapy on triple negative breast cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115665. [PMID: 37832400 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) poses a significant clinical challenge due to its lack of targeted therapy options and the frequent development of chemotherapy resistance. Metastasis remains a primary cause of mortality in late-stage TNBC patients, underscoring the urgent need for alternative treatments. Repurposing existing drugs offers a promising strategy for the discovery of novel therapies. In this study, we investigated the potential of pimavanserin tartrate (PVT) as a treatment for TNBC. While previous studies have highlighted PVT's anticancer effects in various cancer types, its activity in TNBC remains unclear. Our investigation aimed to elucidate the anticancer effects and underlying mechanisms of PVT in TNBC. We evaluated the impact of PVT and combination treatments involving PVT on TNBC cell viability, apoptosis, autophagy, and associated signaling pathways. Our findings revealed that PVT may induce mitochondria-dependent intrinsic apoptosis and caused cytoprotective autophagy via the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in TNBC cells in vitro. Notably, our study demonstrated strong synergistic anti-TNBC effects when combining PVT with doxorubicin. We also found PVT showed some efficacies to inhibit TNBC tumor growth in vivo. These results provided valuable insights into the potential of PVT as an anti-TNBC therapeutic and a possible option for enhancing the sensitivity of TNBC cells to conventional chemotherapy drugs. Further studies are needed to determine the activity and mechanism of PVT in inhibiting TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqian Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qianrui Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qisi Xu
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Xihua University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chengsen Jia
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yong Xia
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province/Rehabilitation Medicine Research Institute, Chengdu 610041, China.
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2
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OSW-1 induces apoptosis and cyto-protective autophagy, and synergizes with chemotherapy on triple negative breast cancer metastasis. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2022; 45:1255-1275. [PMID: 36155886 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-022-00716-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most malignant subtype of breast cancer. As yet, chemotherapy with drugs such as doxorubicin is the main treatment strategy. However, drug resistance and dose-dependent toxicities restrict their clinical use. Natural products are major sources of anti-tumor drugs. OSW-1 is a natural compound with strong anti-cancer effects in several types of cancer, but its effects on the efficacy of chemotherapy in TNBC and its underlying mechanism remain unclear. METHODS The inhibitory activities of OSW-1 and its combination with several chemotherapy drugs were tested using in vitro assays and in vivo subcutaneous and metastatic mouse TNBC models. The effects of the mono- and combination treatments on TNBC cell viability, apoptosis, autophagy and related signaling pathways were assessed using MTT, flow cytometry, RNA sequencing and immunology-based assays. In addition, the in vivo inhibitory effects of OSW-1 and (combined) chemotherapies were evaluated in subcutaneous and metastatic mouse tumor models. RESULTS We found that OSW-1 induces Ca2+-dependent mitochondria-dependent intrinsic apoptosis and cyto-protective autophagy through the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway in TNBC cells in vitro. We also found that OSW-1 and doxorubicin exhibited strong synergistic anti-TNBC capabilities both in vivo and in vitro. Combination treatment strongly inhibited spontaneous and experimental lung metastases in 4T1 mouse models. In addition, the combination strategy of OSW-1 + Carboplatin + Docetaxel showed an excellent anti-metastatic effect in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our data revealed the mode of action and molecular mechanism underlying the effect of OSW-1 against TNBC, and provided a useful guidance for improving the sensitivity of TNBC cells to conventional chemotherapeutic drugs, which warrants further investigation.
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Zhang W, Liu C, Li J, Lu Y, Li H, Zhuang J, Ren X, Wang M, Sun C. Tanshinone IIA: New Perspective on the Anti-Tumor Mechanism of A Traditional Natural Medicine. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2022; 50:209-239. [PMID: 34983327 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x22500070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The search for natural and efficacious antineoplastic drugs, with minimal toxicity and side effects, is an important part of antitumor drug research and development. Tanshinone IIA is the most evaluated lipophilic active component of Salvia miltiorrhiza. Tanshinone IIA is a path-breaking traditional drug applied in cardiovascular treatment. It has also been found that tanshinone IIA plays an important role in the digestive, respiratory and circulatory systems, as well as in other tumor diseases. Tanshinone IIA significantly inhibits the proliferation of several types of tumors, blocks the cell cycle, induces apoptosis and autophagic death, in addition to inhibiting cell migration and invasion. Among these, the regulation of tumor-cell apoptosis signaling pathways is the key breakthrough point in several modes of antitumor therapy. The PI3K/AKT/MTOR signaling pathway and the JNK pathway are the key pathways for tanshinone IIA to induce tumor cell apoptosis. In addition to glycolysis, reactive oxygen species and signal transduction all play an active role with the participation of tanshinone IIA. Endogenous apoptosis is considered the main mechanism of tumor apoptosis induced by tanshinone IIA. Multiple pathways and targets play a role in the process of endogenous apoptosis. Tanshinone IIA can protect chemotherapy drugs, which is mainly reflected in the protection of the side effects of chemotherapy drugs, such as neurotoxicity and inhibition of the hematopoietic system. Tanshinone IIA also has a certain regulatory effect on tumor angiogenesis, which is mainly manifested in the control of hypoxia. Our findings indicated that tanshinone IIA is an effective treatment agent in the cardiovascular field and plays a significant role in antitumor therapeutics. This paper reviews the pharmacological potential and inhibitory effect of tanshinone IIA on cancer. It is greatly anticipated that tanshinone IIA will be employed as an adjuvant in the treatment of various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P. R. China.,School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau, P. R. China
| | - Cun Liu
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P. R. China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P. R. China
| | - Yiping Lu
- Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Center, Department of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao Shandong 266000, P. R. China
| | - Huayao Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhuang
- Department of Oncology, Weifang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P. R. China
| | - Xin Ren
- Clinical Medical Colleges, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261000, P. R. China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- Clinical Medical Colleges, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261000, P. R. China
| | - Changgang Sun
- Department of Oncology, Weifang Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Weifang, Shandong 261041, P. R. China.,Qingdao Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qingdao, P. R. China
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4
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Min F, Liu X, Li Y, Dong M, Qu Y, Liu W. Carnosic Acid Suppresses the Development of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma via Mitochondrial-Mediated Apoptosis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:760861. [PMID: 34900710 PMCID: PMC8662526 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.760861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) predominantly consists of squamous cells and is the tumor with the highest incidence of the head and neck. Carnosic acid (CA), a natural monomer drug obtained from rosemary and salvia, shows various pharmacological effects, including of tumor development. This study aimed to assess for an effect of CA on the development of OSCC and the underlying mechanisms. In CAL27 and SCC9 cells, CA inhibited cell proliferation and migration, increased intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca2+, decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and promoted apoptosis. In CAL27- and SCC9-xenotransplanted BALB/c nude mice, CA inhibited the tumor growth without affecting the body weight and tissue morphology. CA upregulated Bax, Bad, cleaved Caspase-3 and -9 levels, and the cleaved PARP1/PARP1 ratio but downregulated Bcl-2 in CA-treated OSCC cells and OSCC cells-xenotransplanted BALB/c nude mice. These results indicate that CA suppresses OSCC at least via the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and offers this natural compound as a potential therapeutic against OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghe Min
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Changchun, China.,School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuan Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingyuan Dong
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yidi Qu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Changchun, China
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5
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Wang JL, Zhang L, Gao LX, Chen JL, Zhou T, Liu Y, Jiang FL. A bright, red-emitting water-soluble BODIPY fluorophore as an alternative to the commercial Mito Tracker Red for high-resolution mitochondrial imaging. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:8639-8645. [PMID: 34585188 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb01585k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
With the emergence and rapid development of super-resolution fluorescence microscopy, monitoring of mitochondrial morphological changes has aroused great interest for exploring the role of mitochondria in the process of cell metabolism. However, in the absence of water-soluble, photostable and low-toxicity fluorescent dyes, ultra-high-resolution mitochondrial imaging is still challenging. Herein, we designed two fluorescent BODIPY dyes, namely Mito-BDP 630 and Mito-BDP 760, for mitochondrial imaging. The results proved that Mito-BDP 760 underwent aggregation-caused quenching (ACQ) in the aqueous matrix owing to its hydrophobicity and was inaccessible to the cells, which restricted its applications in mitochondrial imaging. In stark contrast, water-soluble Mito-BDP 630 readily penetrated cellular and mitochondrial membranes for mitochondrial imaging with high dye densities under wash-free conditions as driven by membrane potential. As a comparison, Mito Tracker Red presented high photobleaching (the fluorescence intensity dropped by nearly 50%) and high phototoxicity after irradiation by a laser for 30 min. However, Mito-BDP 630 possessed excellent biocompatibility, photostability and chemical stability. Furthermore, clear and bright mitochondria distribution in living HeLa cells after incubation with Mito-BDP 630 could be observed by CLSM. Convincingly, the morphology and cristae of mitochondria could be visualized using an ultra-high-resolution microscope. In short, Mito-BDP 630 provided a powerful and convenient tool for monitoring mitochondrial morphologies in living cells. Given the facile synthesis, photobleaching resistance and low phototoxicity of Mito-BDP 630, it is an alternative to the commercial Mito Tracker Red.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Lin Wang
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China.
| | - Lu Zhang
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China.
| | - Lian-Xun Gao
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China.
| | - Ji-Lei Chen
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China.
| | - Te Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China.
| | - Yi Liu
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China. .,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, P. R. China
| | - Feng-Lei Jiang
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China.
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6
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Wang M, Han X, Yang X, Liu J, Song X, Zhu W, Ye Y. A long-wavelength activable AIEgen fluorescent probe for HClO and cell apoptosis imaging. Analyst 2021; 146:6490-6495. [PMID: 34559170 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01430g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hypochlorous acid (HClO) is an important bactericide, and adjusting the content of HClO helps to improve the host's innate immunity and resist microbial invasion. Aggregation-induced luminescence (AIE) is the opposite of aggregation-induced quenching (ACQ). Compounds with AIE properties emit weakly in a dispersed state in solution and they can emit strong fluorescence in an aggregated state. In this article, we proposed a new AIE fluorescent probe QM-ClO based on the quinoline-malononitrile (QM) fluorophore and dimethylthiocarbamate (DMTC) to detect HClO. The probe QM-ClO showed a fast response time, a low detection limit of 30.8 nM and a large Stokes shift (190 nm). Carbonyl cyanide metachlorophenyl-hydrazone (CCCP) was used to induce cell apoptosis, and then an increase in the HClO content was observed in the cell. It is proved that cell apoptosis can lead to the increase of the HClO content in the cell. This probe provides an effective tool for studying apoptosis-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyun Wang
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Xiaojing Han
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Xiaopeng Yang
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Jianfei Liu
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Xiangzhi Song
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Weimin Zhu
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Yong Ye
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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7
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Richardson RB, Anghel CV, Deng DS. Profound synchrony of age-specific incidence rates and tumor suppression for different cancer types as revealed by the multistage-senescence model of carcinogenesis. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:23545-23578. [PMID: 34695806 PMCID: PMC8580351 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The age-specific trend of cancer incidence rates, but not its magnitude, is well described employing the multistage theory of carcinogenesis by Armitage and Doll in combination with the senescence model of Pompei and Wilson. We derived empirical parameters of the multistage-senescence model from U.S. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) incidence data from 2000–2003 and 2010–2013 for The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cancer types. Under the assumption of a constant tumor-specific transition rate between stages, there is an extremely strong linear relationship (P < 0.0001) between the number of stages and the stage transition rate. The senescence tumor suppression factor for 20 non-reproductive cancers is remarkably consistent (0.0099±0.0005); however, five female reproductive cancers have significantly higher tumor suppression. The peak incidence rate for non-reproductive cancers occurs at a younger age for cancers with fewer stages and their carcinogenic stages are of longer duration. Driver gene mutations are shown to contribute on average only about a third of the carcinogenic stages of different tumor types. A tumor’s accumulated incidence, calculated using a two-variable (age, stage) model, is strongly associated with intrinsic cancer risk. During both early adulthood and senescence, the pace of tumor suppression appears to be synchronized across most cancer types, suggesting the presence of overlapping evolutionary processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard B Richardson
- Radiobiology and Health Branch, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories (CNL), Chalk River Laboratories, Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada.,Medical Physics Unit, Cedars Cancer Centre, McGill University Health Centre - Glen Site, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Catalina V Anghel
- Computational Techniques Branch, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories (CNL), Chalk River Laboratories, Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada
| | - Dennis S Deng
- Computational Techniques Branch, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories (CNL), Chalk River Laboratories, Chalk River, ON K0J 1J0, Canada
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8
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Liu X, Dong S, Dong M, Li Y, Sun Z, Zhang X, Wang Y, Teng L, Wang D. Transferrin-conjugated liposomes loaded with carnosic acid inhibit liver cancer growth by inducing mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. Int J Pharm 2021; 607:121034. [PMID: 34425193 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies have proven that carnosic acid (CA) induces apoptosis of liver cancer cells. However, the poor chemical properties of CA limit its in vivo anti-cancer effects. In this study, CA was loaded into liposomes (LP-CA), and LP-CA was further conjugated with transferrin (Tf-LP-CA) to overcome the shortcomings of poor solubility and absorption at the lesion site. In HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells, compared with CA and LP-CA, more Tf-LP-CA was absorbed by liver cancer cells, which induced higher levels of apoptosis and reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential more effectively. In HepG2- and SMMC-7721-xenotransplanted mice, Tf-LP-CA inhibited tumor growth with no cytotoxicity to the liver, spleen, or kidney. Furthermore, compared with CA and LP-CA, Tf-LP-CA targeted the tumor site more effectively, enhanced the expressions of cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, and Caspase-3 and -9, and regulated the expression levels of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2) family members in the tumor tissues. Tf-LP-CA was taken up by tumor cells and targeted at tumor tissues, ensuring the precise delivery of CA, which further promoted mitochondria-mediated intrinsic apoptosis in the liver cancer cells. These results provide evidence for the clinical application of the Tf-LP-based CA drug delivery system for liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Shcool of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Shiyan Dong
- Shcool of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Mingyuan Dong
- Shcool of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Yuan Li
- Shcool of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Zhen Sun
- Shcool of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Xinrui Zhang
- Shcool of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Yingwu Wang
- Shcool of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Lesheng Teng
- Shcool of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Di Wang
- Shcool of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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Yu Z, Jiang N, Su W, Zhuo Y. Necroptosis: A Novel Pathway in Neuroinflammation. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:701564. [PMID: 34322024 PMCID: PMC8311004 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.701564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a complex inflammatory process in the nervous system that is expected to play a significant role in neurological diseases. Necroptosis is a kind of necrosis that triggers innate immune responses by rupturing dead cells and releasing intracellular components; it can be caused by Toll-like receptor (TLR)-3 and TLR-4 agonists, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), certain microbial infections, and T cell receptors. Necroptosis signaling is modulated by receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIPK) 1 when the activity of caspase-8 becomes compromised. Activated death receptors (DRs) cause the activation of RIPK1 and the RIPK1 kinase activity-dependent formation of an RIPK1-RIPK3-mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL), which is complex II. RIPK3 phosphorylates MLKL, ultimately leading to necrosis through plasma membrane disruption and cell lysis. Current studies suggest that necroptosis is associated with the pathogenesis of neuroinflammatory diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and traumatic brain injury. Inhibitors of necroptosis, such as necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) and stable variant of Nec (Nec-1s), have been proven to be effective in many neurological diseases. The purpose of this article is to illuminate the mechanism underlying necroptosis and the important role that necroptosis plays in neuroinflammatory diseases. Overall, this article shows a potential therapeutic strategy in which targeting necroptotic factors may improve the pathological changes and clinical symptoms of neuroinflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Guangzhou Children's Hospital and Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenru Su
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yehong Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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The Novel Benzothiazole Derivative PB11 Induces Apoptosis via the PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway in Human Cancer Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052718. [PMID: 33800261 PMCID: PMC7962528 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Among several anti-cancer therapies, chemotherapy can be used regardless of the stage of the disease. However, development of anti-cancer agents from potential chemicals must be executed very cautiously because of several problems, such as safety, drug resistance, and continuous administration. Most chemotherapeutics selectively cause cancer cells to undergo apoptosis. In this study, we tested the effects of a novel chemical, the benzothiazole derivative N-[2-[(3,5-dimethyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl)methylsulfanyl]-1,3-benzothiazol-6-yl]-4-oxocyclohexane-1-carboxamide (PB11) on the human cell lines U87 (glioblastoma), and HeLa (cervix cancer). It was observed that this chemical was highly cytotoxic for these cells (IC50s < 50 nM). In addition, even 40 nM PB11 induced the classical apoptotic symptoms of DNA fragmentation and nuclear condensation. The increase of caspase-3 and -9 activities also indicated an increased rate of apoptosis, which was further confirmed via Western blotting analysis of apoptosis-associated proteins. Accordingly, PB11 treatment up-regulated the cellular levels of caspase-3 and cytochrome-c, whereas it down-regulated PI3K and AKT. These results suggest that PB11 induces cytotoxicity and apoptosis in cancer cells by suppressing the PI3K/AKT signaling pathways and, thus, may serve as an anti-cancer therapeutic.
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11
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Su CM, Weng YS, Kuan LY, Chen JH, Hsu FT. Suppression of PKCδ/NF-κB Signaling and Apoptosis Induction through Extrinsic/Intrinsic Pathways Are Associated Magnolol-Inhibited Tumor Progression in Colorectal Cancer In Vitro and In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103527. [PMID: 32429376 PMCID: PMC7278962 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnolol is one of the hydroxylated biphenyl compounds from the root and stem bark of Magnolia officinalis, which shown to possess anti-colorectal cancer (CRC) effects. However, the regulatory mechanism of magnolol on apoptosis and NF-κB signaling in human CRC has not been elucidated. Thus, we investigated the inhibitory mechanism of magnolol on human and mouse CRC (HT-29 and CT-26) in vitro and in vivo. Results from reporter gene assay indicated that both magnolol and rottlerin (PKCδ inhibitor) reduced the endogenous NF-κB activity. In addition, indolactam V (PKCδ activator)-induced NF-κB signaling was significantly suppressed with both magnolol and rottlerin treatment. Results from Western blotting also indicated that phosphorylation of PKCδ and NF-κB -related proteins involved in tumor progression were effectively decreased by magnolol treatment. The invasion capacity of CRC cells was also attenuated by both magnolol and rottlerin. Furthermore, magnolol triggered Fas/Fas-L mediated extrinsic apoptosis and mitochondria mediated intrinsic apoptosis were validated by flow cytometry. Most importantly, tumor growth in both HT-29 and CT-26 bearing mice were suppressed by magnolol, but no pathologic change was detected in mice kidney, spleen, and liver. As confirmed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining from tumor tissue, PKCδ/NF-κB signaling and downstream proteins expression were decreased, while apoptotic proteins expression was increased in the magnolol treated group. According to these results, we suggest that the induction of apoptosis through extrinsic/intrinsic pathways and the blockage of PKCδ/NF-κB signaling are associated with the magnolol-inhibited progression of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Min Su
- Department of Surgery, Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan;
| | - Yueh-Shan Weng
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
| | - Lin-Yen Kuan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 106, Taiwan; (L.-Y.K.); (J.-H.C.)
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan
| | - Jiann-Hwa Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 106, Taiwan; (L.-Y.K.); (J.-H.C.)
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan
| | - Fei-Ting Hsu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +886-4-22053366 (ext. 2532)
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