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Liu L, Wang H, Zou W, Zhao L, Liang F, Zhai Y. Ionic liquid catalyzed low-temperature hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge to produce hydrochar with low heavy metal content and positive energy recovery. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 402:130803. [PMID: 38734263 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
An ionic liquid (IL, [DMAPA]HSO4) was prepared to facilitate the removal of heavy metals by hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) in sewage sludge (SS) and to obtain a positive energy recovery (ER, (Energyoutput/Energyinput - 1) > 0). The results found that the removal efficiencies of the Fe, Mn, Zn, Co, and Cd from SS exceeded 75 % with positive ER (6 %) at 20 wt% IL dosage (IL:SS). IL promoted the HTC reactions of proteins and polysaccharides to produce fixed carbon and small molecule polymers. The process mainly relies on IL to catalyze the dehydration and graphitization of SS and to destroy the heavy metal binding sites such as carboxyl and hydroxyl groups. Additionally, IL aids in constructing the macropore structures in hydrochar, thereby facilitating the release of heavy metals and water during the HTC process. This discovery holds promise for removing heavy metals from SS by one-pot HTC processes with positive energy recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, P.R. China; Department of Civil and Earth Resources Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 612-8236, Japan
| | - Hongxia Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
| | - Luna Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
| | - Fashen Liang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
| | - Yunbo Zhai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, P.R. China.
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Vercruysse W, Muniz RR, Joos B, Hardy A, Hamed H, Desta D, Boyen HG, Schreurs S, Safari M, Marchal W, Vandamme D. Co-pyrolysis of chicken feathers and macadamia nut shells, a promising strategy to create nitrogen-enriched electrode materials for supercapacitor applications. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 396:130417. [PMID: 38316229 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Global food waste emits substantial quantities of nitrogen to the environment (6.3 Mtons annually), chicken feather (CF) waste is a major contributor to this. Pyrolysis, in particular co-pyrolysis of nitrogen-rich and lignocellulosic waste streams is a promising strategy to improve the extent of pyrolytic nitrogen retention by incorporating nitrogen in its solid biochar structure. As such, this biochar can serve as a precursor for nitrogen-enriched activated carbons for application in supercapacitors. Therefore, this study investigates the co-pyrolysis of CF with macadamia nut shells (MNS) to create nitrogen-rich activated carbons. Co-pyrolysis increased nitrogen retention during pyrolysis from 9 % to 18 % compared to CF mono-pyrolysis, while the porosity was maintained. After removing undesirable inorganic impurities by dilute acid washing, this led to a specific capacitance of 21F/g using a scan rate of 20 mV/s. Finally, cycling stability tests demonstrated good stability with 73 % capacitance retention after 10 000 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Vercruysse
- Analytical and Circular Chemistry, Institute for Materials Research (imo-imomec), Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - R R Muniz
- Analytical and Circular Chemistry, Institute for Materials Research (imo-imomec), Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - B Joos
- Design and Synthesis of Inorganic Nanomaterials, Institute for Materials Research (imo-imomec), Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; IMEC vzw, Division Imomec Associated Laboratory, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; EnergyVille, Thor Park 8320, 3600 Genk, Belgium
| | - A Hardy
- Design and Synthesis of Inorganic Nanomaterials, Institute for Materials Research (imo-imomec), Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; IMEC vzw, Division Imomec Associated Laboratory, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; EnergyVille, Thor Park 8320, 3600 Genk, Belgium
| | - H Hamed
- Electrochemical Engineering, Institute for Materials Research (imo-imomec), Hasselt University, Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; IMEC vzw, Division Imomec Associated Laboratory, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - D Desta
- Nano Structure Physics, Materials Physics, Institute for Materials Research (imo-imomec), Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - H-G Boyen
- Nano Structure Physics, Materials Physics, Institute for Materials Research (imo-imomec), Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - S Schreurs
- Nuclear Technology Centre (NuTeC), Centre for Environmental Sciences (CMK), Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - M Safari
- Electrochemical Engineering, Institute for Materials Research (imo-imomec), Hasselt University, Agoralaan, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; IMEC vzw, Division Imomec Associated Laboratory, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - W Marchal
- Analytical and Circular Chemistry, Institute for Materials Research (imo-imomec), Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - D Vandamme
- Analytical and Circular Chemistry, Institute for Materials Research (imo-imomec), Hasselt University, Agoralaan Gebouw D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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Hu Y, Cao Y, Ma C, Yan W. Nano-biochar as a potential amendment for metal(loid) remediation: Implications for soil quality improvement and stress alleviation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 351:119658. [PMID: 38056332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Metal(loid) contamination of agricultural soils has become an alarming issue due to its detrimental impacts on soil health and global agricultural production. Therefore, environmentally sustainable and cost-effective solutions are urgently required for soil remediation. Biochar, particularly nano-biochar, exhibits superior and high-performance capabilities in the remediation of metal(loid)-contaminated soil, owing to its unique structure and large surface area. Current researches on nano-biochar mainly focus on safety design and property improvement, with limited information available regarding the impact of nano-biochar on soil ecosystems and crop defense mechanisms in metal(loid)-contaminated soils. In this review, we systematically summarized recent progress in the application of nano-biochar for remediation of metal(loid)-contaminated soil, with a focus on possible factors influencing metal(loid) uptake and translocation in soil-crop systems. Additionally, we conducted the potential/related mechanisms by which nano-biochar can mitigate the toxic impacts of metal(loid) on crop production and security. Furthermore, the application of nano-biochar in field trials and existing challenges were also outlined. Future studies should integrate agricultural sustainability and ecosystem health targets into biochar design/selection. This review highlighted the potential of nano-biochar as a promising soil amendment for enhancing the remediation of metal(loid)-contaminated agricultural soils, thereby promoting the synthesis and development of highly efficient nano-biochar towards achieving environmental sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Hu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry & Ecology in South China, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Forest Ecology of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China
| | - Yini Cao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry & Ecology in South China, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Forest Ecology of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China.
| | - Chuanxin Ma
- Key Laboratory for City Cluste Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Wende Yan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry & Ecology in South China, Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, 410004, China; Key Laboratory of Urban Forest Ecology of Hunan Province, Changsha, 410004, Hunan, China.
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Tsai CH, Tsai WT, Kuo LA. Effect of Post-Washing on Textural Characteristics of Carbon Materials Derived from Pineapple Peel Biomass. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:7529. [PMID: 38138673 PMCID: PMC10744801 DOI: 10.3390/ma16247529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Porous carbon materials have been widely used to remove pollutants from the liquid-phase streams. However, their limited pore properties could be a major problem. In this work, the effects of post-washing methods (i.e., water washing and acid washing) on the textural characteristics of the resulting biochar and activated carbon products from pineapple peel biomass were investigated in the carbonization and CO2 activation processes. The experiments were set at an elevated temperature (i.e., 800 °C) holding for 30 min. It was found that the enhancement in pore property reached about a 50% increase rate, increasing from 569.56 m2/g for the crude activated carbon to the maximal BET surface area of 843.09 m2/g for the resulting activated carbon by water washing. The resulting activated carbon materials featured the microporous structures but also were characteristic of the mesoporous solids. By contrast, the enhancement in the increase rate by about 150% was found in the resulting biochar products. However, there seemed to be no significant variations in pore property with post-washing methods. Using the energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and the Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses, it showed some oxygen-containing functional groups or complexes, potentially posing the hydrophilic characters on the surface of the resulting carbon materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hung Tsai
- Department of Resources Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
| | - Wen-Tien Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Bioresources, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
| | - Li-An Kuo
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan;
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Escudero-Curiel S, Giráldez A, Pazos M, Sanromán Á. From Waste to Resource: Valorization of Lignocellulosic Agri-Food Residues through Engineered Hydrochar and Biochar for Environmental and Clean Energy Applications-A Comprehensive Review. Foods 2023; 12:3646. [PMID: 37835298 PMCID: PMC10572264 DOI: 10.3390/foods12193646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Agri-food residues or by-products have increased their contribution to the global tally of unsustainably generated waste. These residues, characterized by their inherent physicochemical properties and rich in lignocellulosic composition, are progressively being recognized as valuable products that align with the principles of zero waste and circular economy advocated for by different government entities. Consequently, they are utilized as raw materials in other industrial sectors, such as the notable case of environmental remediation. This review highlights the substantial potential of thermochemical valorized agri-food residues, transformed into biochar and hydrochar, as versatile adsorbents in wastewater treatment and as promising alternatives in various environmental and energy-related applications. These materials, with their enhanced properties achieved through tailored engineering techniques, offer competent solutions with cost-effective and satisfactory results in applications in various environmental contexts such as removing pollutants from wastewater or green energy generation. This sustainable approach not only addresses environmental concerns but also paves the way for a more eco-friendly and resource-efficient future, making it an exciting prospect for diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ángeles Sanromán
- CINTECX, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade de Vigo, Campus As Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (S.E.-C.); (A.G.); (M.P.)
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Sklepova SV, Ivanichok N, Kolkovskyi P, Kotsyubynsky V, Boychuk V, Rachiy B, Uhryński A, Bembenek M, Ropyak L. Porous Structure and Fractal Dimensions of Activated Carbon Prepared from Waste Coffee Grounds. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6127. [PMID: 37763406 PMCID: PMC10532787 DOI: 10.3390/ma16186127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The present work reports the results of a systematic study on the evolution of the morphological properties of porous carbons derived from coffee waste using a one-pot potassium-hydroxide-assisted process at temperatures in the range of 400-900 °C. Raw materials and obtained carbons were studied by TG, DTG, SEM and nitrogen adsorption porosimetry. The decomposition temperature ranges for hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin as the main component of the feedstock have been established. It is shown that the proposed method for the thermochemical treatment of coffee waste makes it possible to obtain activated carbon with a controllable pore size distribution and a high specific surface area (up to 1050 m2/g). A comparative study of the evolution of the distribution of pore size, pore area and pore volume has been carried out based on the BJH and NL-DFT (slit-like pores approximation) methods. The fractal dimension of the obtained carbons has been calculated by Frenkel-Halsey-Hill method for single-layer and multilayer adsorptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiia Victoriia Sklepova
- Department of Material Science, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenko Str., 76018 Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine; (S.V.S.); (N.I.); (V.K.); (B.R.)
| | - Nataliia Ivanichok
- Department of Material Science, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenko Str., 76018 Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine; (S.V.S.); (N.I.); (V.K.); (B.R.)
| | - Pavlo Kolkovskyi
- Department of Solid State Chemistry, V. I. Vernadsky Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 32/34 Academician Palladin Ave., 03142 Kyiv, Ukraine;
| | - Volodymyr Kotsyubynsky
- Department of Material Science, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenko Str., 76018 Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine; (S.V.S.); (N.I.); (V.K.); (B.R.)
| | - Volodymyra Boychuk
- Department of Physics, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenko Str., 76018 Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine;
| | - Bogdan Rachiy
- Department of Material Science, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 57 Shevchenko Str., 76018 Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine; (S.V.S.); (N.I.); (V.K.); (B.R.)
| | - Andrzej Uhryński
- Department of Machine Design and Maintenance, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30 Mickiewicza Ave., 30-059 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Michał Bembenek
- Department of Manufacturing Systems, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30 Mickiewicza Ave., 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Liubomyr Ropyak
- Department of Computerized Mechanical Engineering, Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas, 15 Karpatska Str., 76019 Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
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Guel-Nájar NA, Rios-Hurtado JC, Muzquiz-Ramos EM, Dávila-Pulido GI, González-Ibarra AA, Pat-Espadas AM. Magnetic Biochar Obtained by Chemical Coprecipitation and Pyrolysis of Corn Cob Residues: Characterization and Methylene Blue Adsorption. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:3127. [PMID: 37109964 PMCID: PMC10140941 DOI: 10.3390/ma16083127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Biochar is a carbonaceous and porous material with limited adsorption capacity, which increases by modifying its surface. Many of the biochars modified with magnetic nanoparticles reported previously were obtained in two steps: first, the biomass was pyrolyzed, and then the modification was performed. In this research, a biochar with Fe3O4 particles was obtained during the pyrolysis process. Corn cob residues were used to obtain the biochar (i.e., BCM) and the magnetic one (i.e., BCMFe). The BCMFe biochar was synthesized by a chemical coprecipitation technique prior to the pyrolysis process. The biochars obtained were characterized to determine their physicochemical, surface, and structural properties. The characterization revealed a porous surface with a 1013.52 m2/g area for BCM and 903.67 m2/g for BCMFe. The pores were uniformly distributed, as observed in SEM images. BCMFe showed Fe3O4 particles on the surface with a spherical shape and a uniform distribution. According to FTIR analysis, the functional groups formed on the surface were aliphatic and carbonyl functional groups. Ash content in the biochar was 4.0% in BCM and 8.0% in BCMFe; the difference corresponded to the presence of inorganic elements. The TGA showed that BCM lost 93.8 wt% while BCMFe was more thermally stable due to the inorganic species on the biochar surface, with a weight loss of 78.6%. Both biochars were tested as adsorbent materials for methylene blue. BCM and BCMFe obtained a maximum adsorption capacity (qm) of 23.17 mg/g and 39.66 mg/g, respectively. The obtained biochars are promising materials for the efficient removal of organic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Araceli Guel-Nájar
- Facultad de Metalurgia, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Carretera 57 Km 5, Monclova 25710, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Jorge Carlos Rios-Hurtado
- Facultad de Metalurgia, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Carretera 57 Km 5, Monclova 25710, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Elia Martha Muzquiz-Ramos
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Blvd. Venustiano Carranza S/N, República, Saltillo 25280, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Gloria I Dávila-Pulido
- Escuela Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Boulevard Adolfo López Mateos S/N, Independencia, Nueva Rosita 26830, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Adrián A González-Ibarra
- Escuela Superior de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Boulevard Adolfo López Mateos S/N, Independencia, Nueva Rosita 26830, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Aurora M Pat-Espadas
- CONACyT, Estación Regional del Noroeste del Instituto de Geología de la UNAM, Luis D Colosio S/N Esquina Madrid, Hermosillo 83200, Sonora, Mexico
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Giannakopoulos S, Vakros J, Manariotis ID, Mantzavinos D, Lianos P. Study of the Functionalities of a Biochar Electrode Combined with a Photoelectrochemical Cell. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 16:43. [PMID: 36614381 PMCID: PMC9821603 DOI: 10.3390/ma16010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Biochar has been obtained by pyrolysis of spent malt rootlets under limited oxygen supply and further activated by mixing with KOH and pyrolyzed again at high temperature. The total specific surface area of such activated biochar was 1148 m2 g-1, while that of micropores was 690 m2 g-1. This biochar was used to make a functional electrode by deposition on carbon cloth and was combined with a photoelectrochemical cell. The biochar electrode functioned as a supercapacitor in combination with the electrolyte of the cell, reaching a specific capacity of 98 Fg-1, and it was capable of storing charges generated by the cell, proving current flow both under illumination and in the dark. The same electrode could be used as an air-cathode providing oxygen reduction functionality and thus demonstrating interesting electrocatalyst properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Vakros
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
- School of Sciences and Engineering, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 2417, Cyprus
| | - Ioannis D. Manariotis
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Patras, University Campus, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | | | - Panagiotis Lianos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
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Ahmad U, Naqvi SR, Ali I, Naqvi M, Asif S, Bokhari A, Juchelková D, Klemeš JJ. A review on properties, challenges and commercial aspects of eco-friendly biolubricants productions. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 309:136622. [PMID: 36181837 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lubricants operate as antifriction media, preserving machine reliability, facilitating smooth operation, and reducing the likelihood of frequent breakdowns. The petroleum-based reserves are decreasing globally, leading to price increases and raising concerns about environmental degradation. The researchers are concentrating their efforts on developing and commercializing an environmentally friendly lubricant produced from renewable resources. Biolubricants derived from nonedible vegetable oils are environmentally favorable because of their non-toxicity, biodegradability, and close to net zero greenhouse gas emissions. The demand for bio lubricants in industry and other sectors is increasing due to their non-toxic, renewable, and environmentally friendly nature. Good lubrication, anti-corrosion, and high flammability are characteristic properties of vegetable oils due to their unique structure. This study presents several key properties of nonedible oils that are used to produce lubricants via the transesterification process. Bibliometric analysis is also performed, which provides us with a better understanding of previous studies related to the production of bio lubricants from the transesterification process. Only 371 published documents in the Scopus database were found to relate to the production of bio lubricants using the transesterification process. The published work was mostly dominated by research articles (286; 77.088%). Significant development can be seen in recent years, with the highest occurrence in 2021, reaching 68 publications accounting for 18.38% of the total documents. In the second step, (i) the authors with the most number of publications; (ii) journals with the most productions; (iii) most productive countries; and (iv) the authors' most frequently used keywords were evaluated. These results will provide a pathway for researchers interested in this field. Lastly, recommendation is made on research gaps to device possible strategies for its commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzair Ahmad
- Laboratory of Alternative Fuels & Sustainability, School of Chemical & Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences & Technology, H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Salman Raza Naqvi
- Laboratory of Alternative Fuels & Sustainability, School of Chemical & Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences & Technology, H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Imtiaz Ali
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Naqvi
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Kuwait
| | - Saira Asif
- Sustainable Process Integration Laboratory - SPIL, NETME Centre, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology - VUT Brno, Technická 2896/2, 616 69, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Awais Bokhari
- Sustainable Process Integration Laboratory - SPIL, NETME Centre, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology - VUT Brno, Technická 2896/2, 616 69, Brno, Czech Republic; Chemical Engineering Department, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Lahore Campus, Lahore, Punjab 54000, Pakistan
| | - Dagmar Juchelková
- Department of Electronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 15/2172, 708 00, Ostrava, Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Jaromír Klemeš
- Sustainable Process Integration Laboratory - SPIL, NETME Centre, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology - VUT Brno, Technická 2896/2, 616 69, Brno, Czech Republic
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