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Mora-Maltas B, Baenas I, Etxandi M, Lucas I, Granero R, Fernández-Aranda F, Tovar S, Solé-Morata N, Gómez-Peña M, Moragas L, Del Pino-Gutiérrez A, Tapia J, Diéguez C, Goudriaan AE, Jiménez-Murcia S. Association between endocrine and neuropsychological endophenotypes and gambling disorder severity. Addict Behav 2024; 153:107968. [PMID: 38447412 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2024.107968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurobiological characteristics have been identified regarding the severity of gambling disorder (GD). The aims of this study were: (1) to examine, through a path analysis, whether there was a relationship between neuroendocrine features, potentially mediational GD variables, and GD severity, and (2) to associate neuroendocrine variables, with GD severity-related variables according to gambling preferences. METHODS The sample included 297 outpatients with GD. We analyzed endocrine concentrations of different appetite-related hormones (ghrelin, liver antimicrobial peptide 2 [LEAP-2], leptin, adiponectin), and neuropsychological performance (working memory, cognitive flexibility, inhibition, decision making, premorbid intelligence). Path analysis assessed mechanisms between neuroendocrine features and GD severity, including mediational GD variables (impulsivity traits and gambling-related cognitive distortions). Partial correlations evaluated the associations between neuroendocrine variables, including impulsivity traits, and variables related to GD severity (DSM-5, South Oaks Gambling Screen, illness duration, and gambling-related cognitive distortions). RESULTS Lower adiponectin concentrations predicted greater GD severity, while higher LEAP-2 concentrations predicted more gambling-related cognitive distortions. Likewise, better neuropsychological performance directly predicted GD severity, but worse neuropsychological performance was associated with GD severity through the mediational variables of impulsivity traits and gambling-related cognitive distortions. Also, in non-strategic individuals with GD, poor working memory was associated with gambling expectancies and predictive control. In strategic individuals with GD, poor cognitive flexibility was associated with illusion of control, predictive control, and inability to stop gambling. CONCLUSIONS These results provide updated information about the comprehension of the interaction between neuroendocrine features, clinical variables, and severity of GD. Thus, neurobiological functions seem to be strongly related to GD severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernat Mora-Maltas
- Clinical Psychology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Ciber Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Doctorate in Medicine and Traslational Research Programme, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Baenas
- Clinical Psychology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Ciber Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Doctorate in Medicine and Traslational Research Programme, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain; Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mikel Etxandi
- Clinical Psychology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Doctorate in Medicine and Traslational Research Programme, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, IGTP Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Lucas
- Clinical Psychology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Ciber Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Granero
- Ciber Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychobiology and Methodology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Clinical Psychology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Ciber Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sulay Tovar
- Ciber Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Neus Solé-Morata
- Clinical Psychology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Gómez-Peña
- Clinical Psychology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Moragas
- Clinical Psychology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amparo Del Pino-Gutiérrez
- Ciber Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Perinatal Nursing, School of Nursing, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Tapia
- Doctorate in Medicine and Traslational Research Programme, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain; Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Medical Direction of Ambulatory Processes, South Metropolitan Territorial Management, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- Ciber Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Anna E Goudriaan
- Arkin Mental Health Care, Jellinek, Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, Department of Psychiatry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Clinical Psychology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Ciber Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Psychological Services, University of Barcelona, Spain.
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2
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Shankar K, Metzger NP, Lawrence C, Gupta D, Osborne-Lawrence S, Varshney S, Singh O, Richard CP, Zaykov AN, Rolfts R, DuBois BN, Perez-Tilve D, Mani BK, Hammer STG, Zigman JM. A long-acting LEAP2 analog reduces hepatic steatosis and inflammation and causes marked weight loss in mice. Mol Metab 2024; 84:101950. [PMID: 38697291 PMCID: PMC11103953 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The number of individuals affected by metabolic dysfunction associated fatty liver disease [1] is on the rise, yet hormonal contributors to the condition remain incompletely described and only a single FDA-approved treatment is available. Some studies suggest that the hormones ghrelin and LEAP2, which act as agonist and antagonist/inverse agonist, respectively, for the G protein coupled receptor GHSR, may influence the development of MAFLD. For instance, ghrelin increases hepatic fat whereas synthetic GHSR antagonists do the opposite. Also, hepatic steatosis is less prominent in standard chow-fed ghrelin-KO mice but more prominent in 42% high-fat diet-fed female LEAP2-KO mice. METHODS Here, we sought to determine the therapeutic potential of a long-acting LEAP2 analog (LA-LEAP2) to treat MAFLD in mice. LEAP2-KO and wild-type littermate mice were fed a Gubra-Amylin-NASH (GAN) diet for 10 or 40 wks, with some randomized to an additional 28 or 10 days of GAN diet, respectively, while treated with LA-LEAP2 vs Vehicle. Various metabolic parameters were followed and biochemical and histological assessments of MAFLD were made. RESULTS Among the most notable metabolic effects, daily LA-LEAP2 administration to both LEAP2-KO and wild-type littermates during the final 4 wks of a 14 wk-long GAN diet challenge markedly reduced liver weight, hepatic triglycerides, plasma ALT, hepatic microvesicular steatosis, hepatic lobular inflammation, NASH activity scores, and prevalence of higher-grade fibrosis. These changes were accompanied by prominent reductions in body weight, without effects on food intake, and reduced plasma total cholesterol. Daily LA-LEAP2 administration during the final 10 d of a 41.5 wk-long GAN diet challenge also reduced body weight, plasma ALT, and plasma total cholesterol in LEAP2-KO and wild-type littermates and prevalence of higher grade fibrosis in LEAP2-KO mice. CONCLUSIONS Administration of LA-LEAP2 to mice fed a MAFLD-prone diet markedly improves several facets of MAFLD, including hepatic steatosis, hepatic lobular inflammation, higher-grade hepatic fibrosis, and transaminitis. These changes are accompanied by prominent reductions in body weight and lowered plasma total cholesterol. Taken together, these data suggest that LEAP2 analogs such as LA-LEAP2 hold promise for the treatment of MAFLD and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kripa Shankar
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9077, USA
| | - Nathan P Metzger
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9077, USA
| | - Connor Lawrence
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9077, USA
| | - Deepali Gupta
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9077, USA
| | - Sherri Osborne-Lawrence
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9077, USA
| | - Salil Varshney
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9077, USA
| | - Omprakash Singh
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9077, USA
| | - Corine P Richard
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9077, USA
| | | | - Rebecca Rolfts
- Novo Nordisk Lexington, 33 Hayden Ave, Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - Barent N DuBois
- Novo Nordisk Lexington, 33 Hayden Ave, Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - Diego Perez-Tilve
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Bharath K Mani
- Novo Nordisk Lexington, 33 Hayden Ave, Lexington, MA 02421, USA
| | - Suntrea T G Hammer
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Zigman
- Center for Hypothalamic Research, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9077, USA; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, USA; Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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3
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Lékó AH, Gregory-Flores A, Marchette RCN, Gomez JL, Vendruscolo JCM, Repunte-Canonigo V, Choung V, Deschaine SL, Whiting KE, Jackson SN, Cornejo MP, Perello M, You ZB, Eckhaus M, Rasineni K, Janda KD, Zorman B, Sumazin P, Koob GF, Michaelides M, Sanna PP, Vendruscolo LF, Leggio L. Genetic or pharmacological GHSR blockade has sexually dimorphic effects in rodents on a high-fat diet. Commun Biol 2024; 7:632. [PMID: 38796563 PMCID: PMC11127961 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06303-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The stomach-derived hormone ghrelin regulates essential physiological functions. The ghrelin receptor (GHSR) has ligand-independent actions; therefore, GHSR gene deletion may be a reasonable approach to investigate the role of this system in feeding behaviors and diet-induced obesity (DIO). Here, we investigate the effects of a long-term (12-month) high-fat (HFD) versus regular diet on obesity-related measures in global GHSR-KO and wild-type (WT) Wistar male and female rats. Our main findings are that the GHSR gene deletion protects against DIO and decreases food intake during HFD in male but not in female rats. GHSR gene deletion increases thermogenesis and brain glucose uptake in male rats and modifies the effects of HFD on brain glucose metabolism in a sex-specific manner, as assessed with small animal positron emission tomography. We use RNA-sequencing to show that GHSR-KO rats have upregulated expression of genes responsible for fat oxidation in brown adipose tissue. Central administration of a novel GHSR inverse agonist, PF-5190457, attenuates ghrelin-induced food intake, but only in male, not in female mice. HFD-induced binge-like eating is reduced by inverse agonism in both sexes. Our results support GHSR as a promising target for new pharmacotherapies for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- András H Lékó
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center on Compulsive Behaviors, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Adriana Gregory-Flores
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Renata C N Marchette
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Juan L Gomez
- Biobehavioral Imaging and Molecular Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Janaina C M Vendruscolo
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vez Repunte-Canonigo
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Vicky Choung
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sara L Deschaine
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kimberly E Whiting
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shelley N Jackson
- Translational Analytical Core, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maria Paula Cornejo
- Grupo de Neurofisiología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE), Universidad Nacional La Plata (UNLP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) y Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Mario Perello
- Grupo de Neurofisiología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE), Universidad Nacional La Plata (UNLP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) y Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Zhi-Bing You
- Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael Eckhaus
- Pathology Service, Division of Veterinary Resources, Office of Research Services, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Karuna Rasineni
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Kim D Janda
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Barry Zorman
- Department of Pediatrics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pavel Sumazin
- Department of Pediatrics, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - George F Koob
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael Michaelides
- Biobehavioral Imaging and Molecular Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pietro P Sanna
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Leandro F Vendruscolo
- Stress and Addiction Neuroscience Unit, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Lorenzo Leggio
- Clinical Psychoneuroendocrinology and Neuropsychopharmacology Section, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Translational Analytical Core, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
- Division of Addiction Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, USA.
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4
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Casado S, Varela-Miguéns M, de Oliveira Diz T, Quintela-Vilariño C, Nogueiras R, Diéguez C, Tovar S. The effects of ghrelin and LEAP-2 in energy homeostasis are modulated by thermoneutrality, high-fat diet and aging. J Endocrinol Invest 2024:10.1007/s40618-024-02307-4. [PMID: 38337094 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-024-02307-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP-2) has been recently identified as the endogenous non-competitive allosteric antagonist of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHSR1a). In rodents, LEAP-2 blunts ghrelin-induced feeding and its plasma levels are modulated in response to nutritional status, being decreased upon fasting and increased in high-fat diet (HFD) fed mice. Clinical data support the regulation of circulating LEAP-2 by nutrient availability in humans. In this work, our primary objective was to examine the chronic effects of ghrelin and LEAP-2 administration on food intake, adiposity, and energy expenditure in young mice subjected to standard and HFD at both room temperature and at thermoneutrality. Furthermore, we aimed to assess the impact of these two hormones on aging mice. RESULTS Our results indicate that LEAP-2 produces a significant decrease of body weight and adiposity, an increase in energy expenditure, and activation of the thermogenic program in white and brown adipose tissue depots. However, this effect is not maintained under HFD or under thermoneutral conditions and is only partially observed in aging mice. CONCLUSION In summary our studies describe the central effects of LEAP-2 within distinct experimental contexts, and contribute to the comprehension of LEAP-2's role in energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Casado
- Departamento de Fisioloxía and Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M Varela-Miguéns
- Departamento de Fisioloxía and Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - T de Oliveira Diz
- Departamento de Fisioloxía and Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - C Quintela-Vilariño
- Departamento de Fisioloxía and Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - R Nogueiras
- Departamento de Fisioloxía and Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Diéguez
- Departamento de Fisioloxía and Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - S Tovar
- Departamento de Fisioloxía and Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias de Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 28029, Madrid, Spain.
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5
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Baenas I, Mora-Maltas B, Etxandi M, Lucas I, Granero R, Fernández-Aranda F, Tovar S, Solé-Morata N, Gómez-Peña M, Moragas L, Del Pino-Gutiérrez A, Tapia J, Diéguez C, Goudriaan AE, Jiménez-Murcia S. Cluster analysis in gambling disorder based on sociodemographic, neuropsychological, and neuroendocrine features regulating energy homeostasis. Compr Psychiatry 2024; 128:152435. [PMID: 37976998 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2023.152435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The heterogeneity of gambling disorder (GD) has led to the identification of different subtypes, mostly including phenotypic features, with distinctive implications on the GD severity and treatment outcome. However, clustering analyses based on potential endophenotypic features, such as neuropsychological and neuroendocrine factors, are scarce so far. AIMS This study firstly aimed to identify empirical clusters in individuals with GD based on sociodemographic (i.e., age and sex), neuropsychological (i.e., cognitive flexibility, inhibitory control, decision making, working memory, attention, and set-shifting), and neuroendocrine factors regulating energy homeostasis (i.e., leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, and liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2, LEAP-2). The second objective was to compare the profiles between clusters, considering the variables used for the clustering procedure and other different sociodemographic, clinical, and psychological features. METHODS 297 seeking-treatment adult outpatients with GD (93.6% males, mean age of 39.58 years old) were evaluated through a semi-structured clinical interview, self-reported psychometric assessments, and a protocolized neuropsychological battery. Plasma concentrations of neuroendocrine factors were assessed in peripheral blood after an overnight fast. Agglomerative hierarchical clustering was applied using sociodemographic, neuropsychological, and neuroendocrine variables as indicators for the grouping procedure. Comparisons between the empirical groups were performed using Chi-square tests (χ2) for categorical variables, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) for quantitative measures. RESULTS Three-mutually-exclusive groups were obtained, being neuropsychological features those with the greatest weight in differentiating groups. The largest cluster (Cluster 1, 65.3%) was composed by younger males with strategic and online gambling preferences, scoring higher on self-reported impulsivity traits, but with a lower cognitive impairment. Cluster 2 (18.2%) and 3 (16.5%) were characterized by a significantly higher proportion of females and older patients with non-strategic gambling preferences and a worse neuropsychological performance. Particularly, Cluster 3 had the poorest neuropsychological performance, especially in cognitive flexibility, while Cluster 2 reported the poorest inhibitory control. This latter cluster was also distinguished by a poorer self-reported emotion regulation, the highest prevalence of food addiction, as well as a metabolic profile characterized by the highest mean concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, and LEAP-2. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to identify well-differentiated GD clusters using neuropsychological and neuroendocrine features. Our findings reinforce the heterogeneous nature of the disorder and emphasize a role of potential endophenotypic features in GD subtyping. This more comprehensive characterization of GD profiles could contribute to optimize therapeutic interventions based on a medicine of precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Baenas
- Clinical Psychology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Ciber Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Doctoral Program in Medicine and Translational Research, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bernat Mora-Maltas
- Clinical Psychology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Ciber Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Doctoral Program in Medicine and Translational Research, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mikel Etxandi
- Doctoral Program in Medicine and Translational Research, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, IGTP Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Lucas
- Clinical Psychology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Ciber Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Granero
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Ciber Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychobiology and Methodology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Clinical Psychology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Ciber Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sulay Tovar
- Ciber Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Neus Solé-Morata
- Clinical Psychology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Gómez-Peña
- Clinical Psychology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Moragas
- Clinical Psychology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amparo Del Pino-Gutiérrez
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Ciber Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Perinatal Nursing, School of Nursing, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Tapia
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Doctoral Program in Medicine and Translational Research, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain; Medical Direction of Ambulatory Processes, South Metropolitan Territorial Management, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- Ciber Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Anna E Goudriaan
- Arkin Mental Health Care, Jellinek, Amsterdam Institute for Addiction Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, Department of Psychiatry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Clinical Psychology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Ciber Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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6
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Etxandi M, Baenas I, Mora-Maltas B, Granero R, Fernández-Aranda F, Tovar S, Solé-Morata N, Lucas I, Casado S, Gómez-Peña M, Moragas L, Pino-Gutiérrez AD, Tapia J, Valenciano-Mendoza E, Potenza MN, Gearhardt AN, Diéguez C, Jiménez-Murcia S. Plasma concentration of leptin is related to food addiction in gambling disorder: Clinical and neuropsychological implications. J Behav Addict 2023; 12:1019-1031. [PMID: 38141066 PMCID: PMC10786224 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2023.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Data implicate overlaps in neurobiological pathways involved in appetite regulation and addictive disorders. Despite different neuroendocrine measures having been associated with both gambling disorder (GD) and food addiction (FA), how appetite-regulating hormones may relate to the co-occurrence of both entities remain incompletely understood. Aims To compare plasma concentrations of ghrelin, leptin, adiponectin, and liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP-2) between patients with GD, with and without FA, and to explore the association between circulating hormonal concentrations and neuropsychological and clinical features in individuals with GD and FA. Methods The sample included 297 patients diagnosed with GD (93.6% males). None of the patients with GD had lifetime diagnosis of an eating disorder. FA was evaluated with the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0. All patients were assessed through a semi-structured clinical interview and a psychometric battery including neuropsychological tasks. Blood samples to measure hormonal variables and anthropometric variables were also collected. Results From the total sample, FA was observed in 23 participants (FA+) (7.7% of the sample, 87% males). When compared participants with and without FA, those with FA+ presented both higher body mass index (BMI) (p < 0.001) and leptin concentrations, after adjusting for BMI (p = 0.013). In patients with FA, leptin concentrations positively correlated with impulsivity, poorer cognitive flexibility, and poorer inhibitory control. Other endocrine measures did not differ between groups. Discussion and conclusions The present study implicates leptin in co-occurring GD and FA. Among these patients, leptin concentration has been associated with clinical and neuropsychological features, such as impulsivity and cognitive performance in certain domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Etxandi
- 1Clinical Psychology Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- 2Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, IGTP Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
- 3Doctoral Program in Medicine and Translational Research, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Baenas
- 1Clinical Psychology Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- 3Doctoral Program in Medicine and Translational Research, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- 4Ciber Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- 5Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bernat Mora-Maltas
- 1Clinical Psychology Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- 3Doctoral Program in Medicine and Translational Research, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- 5Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Granero
- 4Ciber Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- 5Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- 6Department of Psychobiology and Methodology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- 1Clinical Psychology Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- 4Ciber Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- 5Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- 7Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sulay Tovar
- 4Ciber Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- 8Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Neus Solé-Morata
- 1Clinical Psychology Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Lucas
- 1Clinical Psychology Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- 4Ciber Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- 5Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sabela Casado
- 4Ciber Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- 8Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mónica Gómez-Peña
- 1Clinical Psychology Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- 5Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Moragas
- 1Clinical Psychology Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- 5Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amparo Del Pino-Gutiérrez
- 4Ciber Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- 5Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- 9Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Perinatal Nursing, School of Nursing, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Tapia
- 1Clinical Psychology Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- 3Doctoral Program in Medicine and Translational Research, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- 5Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- 10Medical Direction of Ambulatory Processes, South Metropolitan Territorial Management, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Marc N Potenza
- 11Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- 12Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- 13Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
- 14Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, USA
- 15Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Carlos Diéguez
- 4Ciber Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- 8Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- 1Clinical Psychology Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
- 4Ciber Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- 5Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- 7Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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7
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Pedersen MGB, Lauritzen ES, Svart MV, Støy J, Søndergaard E, Thomsen HH, Kampmann U, Bjerre M, Jessen N, Møller N, Rittig N. Nutrient sensing: LEAP2 concentration in response to fasting, glucose, lactate, and β-hydroxybutyrate in healthy young males. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 118:1091-1098. [PMID: 37844838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The appetite-suppressing potential of liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2), and its antagonistic effects on the hunger-inducing hormone ghrelin have attracted scientific interest. It is unclear how LEAP2 is influenced by fasting and how it responds to specific nutrients. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this investigation was to assess whether LEAP2 concentration 1) decreases after fasting, 2) increases postprandially, and 3) is regulated by nutrient sensing in the splanchnic bed. METHODS Plasma LEAP2 concentration was measured in blood samples from 5 clinical cross-over trials, following 1) 36 h of fasting (n = 8), 2) 10 h of fasting (n = 37, baseline data pooled from 4 of the clinical trials), 3) Oral and intravenous glucose administration (n = 11), 4) Oral and intravenous Na-lactate administration (n = 10), and 5) Oral and intravenous Na-β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) administration (n = 8). All 5 trials included healthy males. RESULTS Compared with a 10-h fasting period, the median LEAP2 concentration was 38% lower following 36 h of fasting (P < 0.001). Oral administration of glucose elevated, whereas intravenous glucose administration lowered LEAP2 concentration (intervention x time, P = 0.001), resulting in a mean difference of 9 ng/mL (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1, 17) after 120 min. Oral lactate increased, and intravenous lactate decreased LEAP2 (intervention x time, P = 0.007), with a mean difference between interventions of 10 ng/mL (95% CI: 6, 15) after 120 min. In contrast, oral and intravenous administration of BHB reduced the LEAP2 concentration (main effect of time, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our investigations show that LEAP2 concentration was lower after a 36-h fast than an overnight fast and that oral delivery of glucose and lactate elevated LEAP2 concentration compared with intravenous administration, whereas LEAP2 concentrations decreased with both oral and intravenous BHB. This indicates that the LEAP2 concentration is sensitive to intestinal exposure to specific substrates, highlighting the need for future studies exploring the relationship between nutrients and LEAP2. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01840098, NCT03204877, NCT04299815, NCT03935841, and NCT01705782.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Glavind Bülow Pedersen
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark; Medical/Steno Aarhus Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | | | - Mads Vandsted Svart
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark; Medical/Steno Aarhus Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Julie Støy
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Esben Søndergaard
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Henrik Holm Thomsen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Viborg Regional Hospital, Viborg, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Ulla Kampmann
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mette Bjerre
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark; Medical/Steno Aarhus Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Niels Jessen
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Niels Møller
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark; Medical/Steno Aarhus Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Nikolaj Rittig
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark; Medical/Steno Aarhus Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, Denmark
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8
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Bhargava R, Luur S, Rodriguez Flores M, Emini M, Prechtl CG, Goldstone AP. Postprandial Increases in Liver-Gut Hormone LEAP2 Correlate with Attenuated Eating Behavior in Adults Without Obesity. J Endocr Soc 2023; 7:bvad061. [PMID: 37287649 PMCID: PMC10243873 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvad061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The novel liver-gut hormone liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide-2 (LEAP2) is a centrally acting inverse agonist, and competitive antagonist of orexigenic acyl ghrelin (AG), at the GH secretagogue receptor, reducing food intake in rodents. In humans, the effects of LEAP2 on eating behavior and mechanisms behind the postprandial increase in LEAP2 are unclear, though this is reciprocal to the postprandial decrease in plasma AG. Methods Plasma LEAP2 was measured in a secondary analysis of a previous study. Twenty-two adults without obesity attended after an overnight fast, consuming a 730-kcal meal without or with subcutaneous AG administration. Postprandial changes in plasma LEAP2 were correlated with postprandial changes in appetite, high-energy (HE) or low-energy (LE) food cue reactivity using functional magnetic resonance imaging, ad libitum food intake, and plasma/serum AG, glucose, insulin, and triglycerides. Results Postprandial plasma LEAP2 increased by 24.5% to 52.2% at 70 to 150 minutes, but was unchanged by exogenous AG administration. Postprandial increases in LEAP2 correlated positively with postprandial decreases in appetite, and cue reactivity to HE/LE and HE food in anteroposterior cingulate cortex, paracingulate cortex, frontal pole, and middle frontal gyrus, with similar trend for food intake. Postprandial increases in LEAP2 correlated negatively with body mass index, but did not correlate positively with increases in glucose, insulin, or triglycerides, nor decreases in AG. Conclusions These correlational findings are consistent with a role for postprandial increases in plasma LEAP2 in suppressing human eating behavior in adults without obesity. Postprandial increases in plasma LEAP2 are unrelated to changes in plasma AG and the mediator(s) remain uncertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghav Bhargava
- PsychoNeuroEndocrinology Research Group, Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Sandra Luur
- PsychoNeuroEndocrinology Research Group, Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Marcela Rodriguez Flores
- PsychoNeuroEndocrinology Research Group, Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Mimoza Emini
- PsychoNeuroEndocrinology Research Group, Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Christina G Prechtl
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, St. Mary's Hospital, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Anthony P Goldstone
- PsychoNeuroEndocrinology Research Group, Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0NN, UK
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9
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Wald HS, Ghidewon MY, Hayes MR, Grill HJ. Hindbrain ghrelin and liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2, ligands for growth hormone secretagogue receptor, bidirectionally control food intake. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2023; 324:R547-R555. [PMID: 36847494 PMCID: PMC10069974 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00232.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Hindbrain growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) agonism increases food intake, yet the underlying neural mechanisms remain unclear. The functional effects of hindbrain GHSR antagonism by its endogenous antagonist liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2) are also yet unexplored. To test the hypothesis that hindbrain GHSR agonism attenuates the food intake inhibitory effect of gastrointestinal (GI) satiation signals, ghrelin (at a feeding subthreshold dose) was administered to the fourth ventricle (4V) or directly to the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) before systemic delivery of the GI satiation signal cholecystokinin (CCK). Also examined, was whether hindbrain GHSR agonism attenuated CCK-induced NTS neural activation (c-Fos immunofluorescence). To investigate an alternate hypothesis that hindbrain GHSR agonism enhances feeding motivation and food seeking, intake stimulatory ghrelin doses were administered to the 4V and fixed ratio 5 (FR-5), progressive ratio (PR), and operant reinstatement paradigms for palatable food responding were evaluated. Also assessed were 4V LEAP2 delivery on food intake and body weight (BW) and on ghrelin-stimulated feeding. Both 4V and NTS ghrelin blocked the intake inhibitory effect of CCK and 4V ghrelin blocked CCK-induced NTS neural activation. Although 4V ghrelin increased low-demand FR-5 responding, it did not increase high-demand PR or reinstatement of operant responding. Fourth ventricle LEAP2 reduced chow intake and BW and blocked hindbrain ghrelin-stimulated feeding. Data support a role for hindbrain GHSR in bidirectional control of food intake through mechanisms that include interacting with the NTS neural processing of GI satiation signals but not food motivation and food seeking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hallie S Wald
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Misgana Y Ghidewon
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Matthew R Hayes
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Harvey J Grill
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
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10
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Ragland TJ, Malin SK. Plasma LEAP-2 Following a Low-Calorie Diet with or without Interval Exercise in Women with Obesity. Nutrients 2023; 15:655. [PMID: 36771362 PMCID: PMC9918887 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide-2 (LEAP-2) is associated with caloric intake and glucose metabolism. Purpose: Assess if a low-calorie diet with interval exercise (LCD+INT) raises LEAP-2 more than LCD in relation to appetite and cardiometabolic health. Methods: Women with obesity were randomized to either 2 weeks of LCD (n = 13, ~1200 kcal/d) or LCD+INT (n = 12; 60 min/d) of INT at 3 min of 90% and 50% HRpeak, respectively. LEAP-2 and acylated ghrelin (AG) were measured at 0, 30, and 60 min, while glucose, insulin, C-peptide, and free fatty acids (FFA) were obtained up to 180 min of a 75 g OGTT. Fasting and 120 min OGTT appetite were assessed via visual analog scales. Results: LCD reduced the BMI (p < 0.001) compared with LCD+INT, but only LCD+INT increased the VO2 max (p = 0.04). Treatments reduced fasting LEAP-2 (p = 0.05), but only LCD increased LEAP-2 iAUC60 min (p = 0.06) and post-prandial LEAP-2 stimulation (p = 0.02). Higher post-LEAP-260 min tended to relate to a lower desire to eat 120 min of sweet (r = 0.40, p = 0.07) and salty foods (r = 0.41, p = 0.06), as well as lower AG30 min (r = -0.51, p = 0.01) and higher FFA iAUC180 min (r = 0.56, p = 0.007) post-treatment. Conclusion: LCD, with or without INT, reduced fasting LEAP-2, but only LCD raised post-prandial LEAP-2. How diet and exercise impact LEAP-2 for lower chronic disease risk awaits further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven K. Malin
- Department of Kinesiology & Health, New Brunswick, NJ 08091, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism & Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08091, USA
- New Jersey Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08091, USA
- Institute of Translational Medicine and Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08091, USA
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11
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Chen RB, Wang QY, Wang YY, Wang YD, Liu JH, Liao ZZ, Xiao XH. Feeding-induced hepatokines and crosstalk with multi-organ: A novel therapeutic target for Type 2 diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1094458. [PMID: 36936164 PMCID: PMC10020511 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1094458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia, which can be caused by either an insulin deficit and/or insulin resistance, is the main symptom of Type 2 diabetes, a significant endocrine metabolic illness. Conventional medications, including insulin and oral antidiabetic medicines, can alleviate the signs of diabetes but cannot restore insulin release in a physiologically normal amount. The liver detects and reacts to shifts in the nutritional condition that occur under a wide variety of metabolic situations, making it an essential organ for maintaining energy homeostasis. It also performs a crucial function in glucolipid metabolism through the secretion of hepatokines. Emerging research shows that feeding induces hepatokines release, which regulates glucose and lipid metabolism. Notably, these feeding-induced hepatokines act on multiple organs to regulate glucolipotoxicity and thus influence the development of T2DM. In this review, we focus on describing how feeding-induced cross-talk between hepatokines, including Adropin, Manf, Leap2 and Pcsk9, and metabolic organs (e.g.brain, heart, pancreas, and adipose tissue) affects metabolic disorders, thus revealing a novel approach for both controlling and managing of Type 2 diabetes as a promising medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Bin Chen
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Qi-Yu Wang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Institution of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Wang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Ya-Di Wang
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Jiang-Hua Liu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Zhe-Zhen Liao
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- *Correspondence: Xin-Hua Xiao, ; Zhe-Zhen Liao,
| | - Xin-Hua Xiao
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- *Correspondence: Xin-Hua Xiao, ; Zhe-Zhen Liao,
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12
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Etxandi M, Baenas I, Mora-Maltas B, Granero R, Fernández-Aranda F, Tovar S, Solé-Morata N, Lucas I, Casado S, Gómez-Peña M, Moragas L, del Pino-Gutiérrez A, Codina E, Valenciano-Mendoza E, Potenza MN, Diéguez C, Jiménez-Murcia S. Are Signals Regulating Energy Homeostasis Related to Neuropsychological and Clinical Features of Gambling Disorder? A Case-Control Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235084. [PMID: 36501114 PMCID: PMC9736671 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Gambling disorder (GD) is a modestly prevalent and severe condition for which neurobiology is not yet fully understood. Although alterations in signals involved in energy homeostasis have been studied in substance use disorders, they have yet to be examined in detail in GD. The aims of the present study were to compare different endocrine and neuropsychological factors between individuals with GD and healthy controls (HC) and to explore endocrine interactions with neuropsychological and clinical variables. A case−control design was performed in 297 individuals with GD and 41 individuals without (healthy controls; HCs), assessed through a semi-structured clinical interview and a psychometric battery. For the evaluation of endocrine and anthropometric variables, 38 HCs were added to the 41 HCs initially evaluated. Individuals with GD presented higher fasting plasma ghrelin (p < 0.001) and lower LEAP2 and adiponectin concentrations (p < 0.001) than HCs, after adjusting for body mass index (BMI). The GD group reported higher cognitive impairment regarding cognitive flexibility and decision-making strategies, a worse psychological state, higher impulsivity levels, and a more dysfunctional personality profile. Despite failing to find significant associations between endocrine factors and either neuropsychological or clinical aspects in the GD group, some impaired cognitive dimensions (i.e., WAIS Vocabulary test and WCST Perseverative errors) and lower LEAP2 concentrations statistically predicted GD presence. The findings from the present study suggest that distinctive neuropsychological and endocrine dysfunctions may operate in individuals with GD and predict GD presence. Further exploration of endophenotypic vulnerability pathways in GD appear warranted, especially with respect to etiological and therapeutic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Etxandi
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, IGTP Campus Can Ruti, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Isabel Baenas
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bernat Mora-Maltas
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Granero
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychobiology and Methodology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sulay Tovar
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Neus Solé-Morata
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Lucas
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sabela Casado
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mónica Gómez-Peña
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Moragas
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amparo del Pino-Gutiérrez
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Public Health, Mental Health and Perinatal Nursing, School of Nursing, University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ester Codina
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduardo Valenciano-Mendoza
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), 08907 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc N. Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
- Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT 06106, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERObn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Neurosciences Programme, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08907 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Holm S, Husted AS, Skov LJ, Morville TH, Hagemann CA, Jorsal T, Dall M, Jakobsen A, Klein AB, Treebak JT, Knop FK, Schwartz TW, Clemmensen C, Holst B. Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Suppresses Hepatic Production of the Ghrelin Receptor Antagonist LEAP2. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6555773. [PMID: 35352108 PMCID: PMC9119693 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide-2 (LEAP2) is an endogenous ghrelin receptor antagonist, which is upregulated in the fed state and downregulated during fasting. We hypothesized that the ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) is involved in the downregulation of LEAP2 during conditions with high circulating levels of BHB. METHODS Hepatic and intestinal Leap2 expression were determined in 3 groups of mice with increasing circulating levels of BHB: prolonged fasting, prolonged ketogenic diet, and oral BHB treatment. LEAP2 levels were measured in lean and obese individuals, in human individuals following endurance exercise, and in mice after BHB treatment. Lastly, we investigated Leap2 expression in isolated murine hepatocytes challenged with BHB. RESULTS We confirmed increased circulating LEAP2 levels in individuals with obesity compared to lean individuals. The recovery period after endurance exercise was associated with increased plasma levels of BHB levels and decreased LEAP2 levels in humans. Leap2 expression was selectively decreased in the liver after fasting and after exposure to a ketogenic diet for 3 weeks. Importantly, we found that oral administration of BHB increased circulating levels of BHB in mice and decreased Leap2 expression levels and circulating LEAP2 plasma levels, as did Leap2 expression after direct exposure to BHB in isolated murine hepatocytes. CONCLUSION From our data, we suggest that LEAP2 is downregulated during different states of energy deprivation in both humans and rodents. Furthermore, we here provide evidence that the ketone body, BHB, which is highly upregulated during fasting metabolism, directly downregulates LEAP2 levels. This may be relevant in ghrelin receptor-induced hunger signaling during energy deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Holm
- Correspondence: Stephanie Holm, MSc, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research (6th floor) & Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Anna S Husted
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louise J Skov
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas H Morville
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christoffer A Hagemann
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital—Herlev and Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Gubra, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark
| | - Tina Jorsal
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital—Herlev and Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Morten Dall
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexander Jakobsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders B Klein
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas T Treebak
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Copenhagen University Hospital—Herlev and Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, 2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - Thue W Schwartz
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christoffer Clemmensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Holst
- Correspondence: Birgitte Holst MD, PhD, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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14
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Islam MN, Zhang W, Sakai K, Nakazato Y, Tanida R, Sakoda H, Takei T, Takao T, Nakazato M. Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 functions independently of growth hormone secretagogue receptor in calorie-restricted mice. Peptides 2022; 151:170763. [PMID: 35151767 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a gastric-derived peptide that stimulates feeding, blood glucose elevation, body temperature reduction, and growth hormone (GH) secretion. Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2) is an endogenous antagonist of the ghrelin receptor, also called growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR). We studied the effects of LEAP2 administration on feeding, body weight, glycemia, body temperature, and inflammation-related genes in the liver in C57BL/6 J mice and Ghsr-knockout (Ghsr-KO) mice. We found that a single administration of LEAP2 did not abolish fasting-induced food intake in 24-h fasted C57BL/6 J mice or Ghsr-KO mice. Moreover, continuous LEAP2 administration to mice fed ad libitum for 6 days did not affect feeding, body temperature, plasma ghrelin, or blood glucose. By contrast, continuous LEAP2 administration to calorie-restricted C57BL/6 J mice and Ghsr-KO mice induced body weight loss, hypoglycemia, body temperature reduction, and upregulation of Il-6 and Il-1β mRNAs in the liver. Our findings suggest that LEAP2 functions independently of GHSR, implying that LEAP2 affects physiology beyond the ghrelin-GHSR system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nurul Islam
- Department of Bioregulatory Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Department of Bioregulatory Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Katsuya Sakai
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakazato
- Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Ryota Tanida
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Sakoda
- Department of Bioregulatory Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan
| | - Toshiki Takei
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Takao
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Nakazato
- Division of Interactive Organ Systems, Department of Projects Research, Frontier Science Research Center, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-1692, Japan; AMED-CREST, Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan.
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15
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Chu G, Peng H, Yu N, Zhang Y, Lin X, Lu Y. Involvement of POMC neurons in LEAP2 regulation of food intake and body weight. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:932761. [PMID: 36387867 PMCID: PMC9650057 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.932761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2) is a newly discovered antagonist of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) and is considered the first endogenous peptide that can antagonize the metabolic actions of ghrelin. The effects of ghrelin administration on feeding behavior, body weight, and energy metabolism involve the activation of orexigenic neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus. It is unclear, however, if LEAP2 applied directly to the ARC of the hypothalamus affects these metabolic processes. Here, we show that overexpression of LEAP2 in the ARC through adeno-associated virus (AAV) reduced food intake and body weight in wild-type (WT) mice fed chow and a high-fat diet (HFD) and improved metabolic disorders. LEAP2 overexpression in the ARC overrides both central and peripheral ghrelin action on a chow diet. Interestingly, this AAV-LEAP2 treatment increased proopiomelanocortin (POMC) expression while agouti-related peptide (AGRP)/neuropeptide Y (NPY) and GHSR levels remained unchanged in the hypothalamus. Additionally, intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of LEAP2 decreased food intake, increased POMC neuronal activity, and repeated LEAP2 administration to mice induced body weight loss. Using chemogenetic manipulations, we found that inhibition of POMC neurons abolished the anorexigenic effect of LEAP2. These results demonstrate that central delivery of LEAP2 leads to appetite-suppressing and body weight reduction, which might require activation of POMC neurons in the ARC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangpin Chu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hualing Peng
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Nana Yu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuejin Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xueling Lin
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yisheng Lu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Brain Research, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Yisheng Lu,
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