1
|
Anderson G. Melatonin, BAG-1 and cortisol circadian interactions in tumor pathogenesis and patterned immune responses. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2023; 4:962-993. [PMID: 37970210 PMCID: PMC10645470 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2023.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A dysregulated circadian rhythm is significantly associated with cancer risk, as is aging. Both aging and circadian dysregulation show suppressed pineal melatonin, which is indicated in many studies to be linked to cancer risk and progression. Another independently investigated aspect of the circadian rhythm is the cortisol awakening response (CAR), which is linked to stress-associated hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation. CAR and HPA axis activity are primarily mediated via activation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), which drives patterned gene expression via binding to the promotors of glucocorticoid response element (GRE)-expressing genes. Recent data shows that the GR can be prevented from nuclear translocation by the B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2)-associated athanogene 1 (BAG-1), which translocates the GR to mitochondria, where it can have diverse effects. Melatonin also suppresses GR nuclear translocation by maintaining the GR in a complex with heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90). Melatonin, directly and/or epigenetically, can upregulate BAG-1, suggesting that the dramatic 10-fold decrease in pineal melatonin from adolescence to the ninth decade of life will attenuate the capacity of night-time melatonin to modulate the effects of the early morning CAR. The interactions of pineal melatonin/BAG-1/Hsp90 with the CAR are proposed to underpin how aging and circadian dysregulation are associated with cancer risk. This may be mediated via differential effects of melatonin/BAG-1/Hsp90/GR in different cells of microenvironments across the body, from which tumors emerge. This provides a model of cancer pathogenesis that better integrates previously disparate bodies of data, including how immune cells are regulated by cancer cells in the tumor microenvironment, at least partly via the cancer cell regulation of the tryptophan-melatonin pathway. This has a number of future research and treatment implications.
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang Z, Ernst PB, Kiyono H, Kurashima Y. Utilizing mast cells in a positive manner to overcome inflammatory and allergic diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:937120. [PMID: 36189267 PMCID: PMC9518231 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.937120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are immune cells widely distributed in the body, accompanied by diverse phenotypes and functions. Committed mast cell precursors (MCPs) leave the bone marrow and enter the blood circulation, homing to peripheral sites under the control of various molecules from different microenvironments, where they eventually differentiate and mature. Partly attributable to the unique maturation mechanism, MCs display high functional heterogeneity and potentially plastic phenotypes. High plasticity also means that MCs can exhibit different subtypes to cope with different microenvironments, which we call “the peripheral immune education system”. Under the peripheral immune education system, MCs showed a new character from previous cognition in some cases, namely regulation of allergy and inflammation. In this review, we focus on the mucosal tissues, such as the gastrointestinal tract, to gain insights into the mechanism underlying the migration of MCs to the gut or other organs and their heterogeneity, which is driven by different microenvironments. In particular, the immunosuppressive properties of MCs let us consider that positively utilizing MCs may be a new way to overcome inflammatory and allergic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Zhang
- Department of Innovative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Peter B Ernst
- Division of Comparative Pathology and Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- Center for Veterinary Sciences and Comparative Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Chiba University-University of California San Diego Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy and Vaccine (CU-UCSD), University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Chiba University-University of California San Diego Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy and Vaccine (CU-UCSD), University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
- Future Medicine Education and Research Organization, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, IMSUT Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Human Mucosal Vaccinology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
- HanaVax Inc., Tokyo, Japan
- Mucosal Immunology and Allergy Therapeutics, Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Research Institute of Disaster Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kurashima
- Department of Innovative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, IMSUT Distinguished Professor Unit, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Mucosal Immunology and Allergy Therapeutics, Institute for Global Prominent Research, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Research Institute of Disaster Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Academic Research, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Empowering Next Generation Allergist/immunologist toward Global Excellence Task Force toward 2030 (ENGAGE)-Task Force, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Duraisamy K, Singh K, Kumar M, Lefranc B, Bonnafé E, Treilhou M, Leprince J, Chow BKC. P17 induces chemotaxis and differentiation of monocytes via MRGPRX2-mediated mast cell-line activation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 149:275-291. [PMID: 34111449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2021.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND P17, a peptide isolated from Tetramorium bicarinatum ant venom, is known to induce an alternative phenotype of human monocyte-derived macrophages via activation of an unknown G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate the mechanism of action and the immunomodulatory effects of P17 mediated through MRGPRX2 (Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor X2). METHODS To identify the GPCR for P17, we screened 314 GPCRs. Upon identification of MRGPRX2, a battery of in silico, in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo assays along with the receptor mutation studies were performed. In particular, to investigate the immunomodulatory actions, we used β-hexosaminidase release assay, cytokine releases, quantification of mRNA expression, cell migration and differentiation assays, immunohistochemical labeling, hematoxylin and eosin, and immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS P17 activated MRGPRX2 in a dose-dependent manner in β-arrestin recruitment assay. In LAD2 cells, P17 induced calcium and β-hexosaminidase release. Quercetin- and short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of MRGPRX2 reduced P17-evoked β-hexosaminidase release. In silico and in vitro mutagenesis studies showed that residue Lys8 of P17 formed a cation-π interaction with the Phe172 of MRGPRX2 and [Ala8]P17 lost its activity partially. P17 activated LAD2 cells to recruit THP-1 and human monocytes in Transwell migration assay, whereas MRGPRX2-impaired LAD2 cells cannot. In addition, P17-treated LAD2 cells stimulated differentiation of THP-1 and human monocytes, as indicated by the enhanced expression of macrophage markers cluster of differentiation 11b and TNF-α by quantitative RT-PCR. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent staining suggested monocyte recruitment in mice ears injected with P17. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide novel structural information regarding the interaction of P17 with MRGPRX2 and intracellular pathways for its immunomodulatory action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karthi Duraisamy
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kailash Singh
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Benjamin Lefranc
- INSERM U1239, PRIMACEN, IRIB, Normandy University, Rouen, France
| | - Elsa Bonnafé
- EA7417 BTSB, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, INU Champollion, Albi, France
| | - Michel Treilhou
- EA7417 BTSB, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, INU Champollion, Albi, France
| | - Jérôme Leprince
- INSERM U1239, PRIMACEN, IRIB, Normandy University, Rouen, France.
| | - Billy K C Chow
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ogasawara H, Noguchi M. Therapeutic Potential of MRGPRX2 Inhibitors on Mast Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112906. [PMID: 34831128 PMCID: PMC8616451 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) act as primary effectors in inflammatory and allergic reactions by releasing intracellularly-stored inflammatory mediators in diseases. The two major pathways for MC activation are known to be immunoglobulin E (IgE)-dependent and -independent. Although IgE-dependent signaling is the main pathway to MC activation, IgE-independent pathways have also been found to serve pivotal roles in the pathophysiology of various inflammatory conditions. Recent studies have shown that human and mouse MCs express several regulatory receptors such as toll-like receptors (TLRs), CD48, C300a, and GPCRs, including mas-related GPCR-X2 (MRGPRX2). MRGPRX2 has been reported as a novel GPCR that is expressed in MCs activated by basic secretagogues, neurokinin peptides, host defense antimicrobial peptides, and small molecule compounds (e.g., neuromuscular blocking agents) and leads to MC degranulation and eicosanoids release under in vitro experimental condition. Functional analyses of MRGPRX2 and Mrgprb2 (mouse ortholog) indicate that MRGPRX2 is involved in MC hypersensitivity reactions causing neuroinflammation such as postoperative pain, type 2 inflammation, non-histaminergic itch, and drug-induced anaphylactic-like reactions. In this review, we discuss the roles in innate immunity through functional studies on MRGPRX2-mediated IgE-independent MC activation and also the therapeutic potential of MRGPRX2 inhibitors on allergic and inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Ogasawara
- Pharmaceutical Frontier Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Yokohama 236-0004, Japan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-45-786-7690
| | - Masato Noguchi
- Pharmaceutical Frontier Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Yokohama 236-0004, Japan;
- Office of Research Development and Sponsored Projects, Shinanomachi Campus, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tanaka S, Furuta K. Roles of IgE and Histamine in Mast Cell Maturation. Cells 2021; 10:cells10082170. [PMID: 34440939 PMCID: PMC8392195 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are activated upon immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated antigen stimulation, and release a wide variety of mediators, including histamine to trigger inflammatory responses. The surface expression levels of Fcε receptor I (FcεRI), a high affinity receptor of IgE, were found to be positively regulated by IgE. IgE could protect murine cultured mast cells from apoptotic cell death induced by the deprivation of interleukin-3 and a certain kind of IgE could activate immature mast cells in the absence of antigens, leading to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and a transient increase in histamine synthesis. Histamine synthesis in mast cells was found to be required for the maturation of murine connective tissue-type mast cells, raising the possibility that IgE indirectly modulates local mast cell maturation. Although it remains controversial to what extent this concept of "monomeric IgE effects" could have relevance in the modulation of human mast cell functions, the therapeutic effects of anti-IgE antibodies might be accounted for in terms of the decreased serum IgE concentrations. Because drastic increases in serum IgE concentrations are often observed in patients with atopic dermatitis and chronic urticaria, a close investigation of the roles of IgE in mast cell maturation should contribute to development of novel therapeutic approaches for these inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Tanaka
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi Nakauchi-cho 5, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-75-595-4667
| | - Kazuyuki Furuta
- Department of Immunobiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsushima naka 1-1-1, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang LN, Ji K, Sun YT, Hou YB, Chen JJ. Aurora kinase inhibitor tozasertib suppresses mast cell activation in vitro and in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:2848-2859. [PMID: 32017040 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Mast cells are important in allergic reactions. Here, we assessed the anti-allergic effects of the anti-cancer drug tozasertib specifically regarding regulatory effects on mast cell activation. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Tozasertib effects on mast cell degranulation were determined by measuring β-hexosaminidase and histamine release and by assessing morphological changes in RBL-2H3 and mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) stimulated with mouse anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-IgE/DNP-human serum albumin or human LAD2 cells activated with phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate plus calcium ionophore (PMACI). Western blots were performed to detect the expression of molecules involved in NF-κB, MAPK, and Aurora kinase signalling. in vivo anti-allergic effects of tozasertib were determined in the murine IgE-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) and ovalbumin (OVA)-induced active systemic anaphylaxis (ASA) models. KEY RESULTS Tozasertib treatment decreased high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) or PMACI-mediated degranulation in RBL-2H3 cells and in BMMCs or LAD2 cells as shown by β-hexosaminidase or histamine levels. Similarly, tozasertib prevented morphological changes in mast cells, such as particle release and F-actin reorganization. In addition, tozasertib markedly decreased expression of phosphorylated (p)-NF-κB p65, p-Erk1/2, p-p38, and p-Aurora A/B, indicating that tozasertib can inhibit the signalling pathway mediating mast cell activation. Tozasertib attenuated IgE/Ag-induced PCA dose-dependently, as shown by reduced Evans blue staining. Similarly, tozasertib reduced body temperature levels and serum histamine levels in OVA-challenged ASA mice. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS The Aurora kinase inhibitor tozasertib suppressed mast cell activation in vitro and in vivo. Tozasertib may be a potential drug, targeting mast cell activation, to treat allergic diseases or mastocytosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kunmei Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yue-Tong Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi-Bo Hou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jia-Jie Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Elieh Ali Komi D, Shafaghat F, Haidl G. Significance of mast cells in spermatogenesis, implantation, pregnancy, and abortion: Cross talk and molecular mechanisms. Am J Reprod Immunol 2020; 83:e13228. [PMID: 32053232 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Both subsets of MCs including MCTC (tryptase-positive, chymase-positive) and MCT (tryptase-positive, chymase-negative) are present in the testis and epididymis. Increased number of MCs, higher levels of MC-released tryptase in testis and seminal plasma of males with fertility problems, and promoting sperm motility in individuals with oligozoospermia after using MC blockers provide evidence that MCs may play a role in male infertility/subfertility disturbances. MC-released tryptase and histamine contribute to the fibrosis and may disrupt spermatogenesis. MCs not only influence the process of spermatogenesis but also have effects on the function of other testis-residing cells. MC-derived histamine may influence the steroidogenesis of Leydig cells by acting through H1R and H2R receptors. Additionally, the interaction between MC-released ATP and P2X receptors expressed on the peritubular cells may induce the production of the pro-inflammatory mediators by peritubular cells. Further investigations showed that MCs may be involved in the pathology of female infertility during implantation, pregnancy, and abortion. In the uterus, MCT subtype is abundant in myometrium and adjacent basal layer while MCTC subtype is distributed in all layers. MCs in response to hormones mainly estradiol and progesterone become activated and release a wide range of mediators including histamine, VEGF, proteases, and metalloproteinases (MMPs) that have a role in different stages of pregnancy. An increasing influx of MCs to the cervix during the pregnancy occurs that helps to the physiologic cervical ripening. While MMPs degrade the extracellular matrix (ECM), VEGF modulates neovascularization and histamine influences the embryo implantation. MC-derived histamine may have a positive effect during implantation due to its participation in tissue remodeling. MC proteases including tryptase and chymase activate the precursors of MMP2 and MMP9 to mediate ECM degradation during the physiologic menstrual cycle. There is a line of evidence that MCs have a role in abortion by releasing TNF-α.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Elieh Ali Komi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Shafaghat
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Gerhard Haidl
- Andrology Unit, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kakinoki A, Kameo T, Yamashita S, Furuta K, Tanaka S. Establishment and Characterization of a Murine Mucosal Mast Cell Culture Model. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010236. [PMID: 31905768 PMCID: PMC6982154 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that mast cells play critical roles in disruption and maintenance of intestinal homeostasis, although it remains unknown how they affect the local microenvironment. Interleukin-9 (IL-9) was found to play critical roles in intestinal mast cell accumulation induced in various pathological conditions, such as parasite infection and oral allergen-induced anaphylaxis. Newly recruited intestinal mast cells trigger inflammatory responses and damage epithelial integrity through release of a wide variety of mediators including mast cell proteases. We established a novel culture model (IL-9-modified mast cells, MCs/IL-9), in which murine IL-3-dependent bone-marrow-derived cultured mast cells (BMMCs) were further cultured in the presence of stem cell factor and IL-9. In MCs/IL-9, drastic upregulation of Mcpt1 and Mcpt2 was found. Although histamine storage and tryptase activity were significantly downregulated in the presence of SCF and IL-9, this was entirely reversed when mast cells were cocultured with a murine fibroblastic cell line, Swiss 3T3. MCs/IL-9 underwent degranulation upon IgE-mediated antigen stimulation, which was found to less sensitive to lower concentrations of IgE in comparison with BMMCs. This model might be useful for investigation of the spatiotemporal changes of newly recruited intestinal mast cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aya Kakinoki
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima naka 1-1-1, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kameo
- Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima naka 1-1-1, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Shoko Yamashita
- Department of Immunobiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsushima naka 1-1-1, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan (K.F.)
| | - Kazuyuki Furuta
- Department of Immunobiology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsushima naka 1-1-1, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan (K.F.)
| | - Satoshi Tanaka
- Department of Pharmacology, Division of Pathological Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi Nakauchi-cho 5, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-75-595-4667
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang Z, Guhl S, Franke K, Artuc M, Zuberbier T, Babina M. IL-33 and MRGPRX2-Triggered Activation of Human Skin Mast Cells-Elimination of Receptor Expression on Chronic Exposure, but Reinforced Degranulation on Acute Priming. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040341. [PMID: 30979016 PMCID: PMC6523246 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinically relevant exocytosis of mast cell (MC) mediators can be triggered by high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI)-aggregation (allergic route) or by the so-called pseudo-allergic pathway elicited via MAS-related G protein-coupled receptor-X2 (MRGPRX2). The latter is activated by drugs and endogenous neuropeptides. We recently reported that FcεRI-triggered degranulation is attenuated when human skin mast cells are chronically exposed to IL-33. Here, we were interested in the regulation of the MRGPRX2-route. Chronic exposure of skin MCs to IL-33 basically eliminated the pseudo-allergic/neurogenic route as a result of massive MRGPRX2 reduction. This downregulation seemed to partially require c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK), but not p38, the two kinases activated by IL-33 in skin MCs. Surprisingly, however, JNK had a positive effect on MRGPRX2 expression in the absence of IL-33. This was evidenced by Accell®-mediated JNK knockdown and JNK inhibition. In stark contrast to the dampening effect upon prolonged exposure, IL-33 was able to prime for increased degranulation by MRGPRX2 ligands when administered directly before stimulation. This supportive effect depended on p38, but not on JNK activity. Our data reinforce the concept that exposure length dictates whether IL-33 will enhance or attenuate secretion. IL-33 is, thus, the first factor to acutely enhance MRGPRX2-triggered degranulation. Finally, we reveal that p38, rarely associated with MC degranulation, can positively affect exocytosis in a context-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sven Guhl
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Kristin Franke
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Metin Artuc
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Torsten Zuberbier
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Magda Babina
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Alkanfari I, Freeman KB, Roy S, Jahan T, Scott RW, Ali H. Small-Molecule Host-Defense Peptide Mimetic Antibacterial and Antifungal Agents Activate Human and Mouse Mast Cells via Mas-Related GPCRs. Cells 2019; 8:cells8040311. [PMID: 30987258 PMCID: PMC6523814 DOI: 10.3390/cells8040311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-defense peptides (HDPs) have an important therapeutic potential against microbial infections but their metabolic instability and cellular cytotoxicity have limited their utility. To overcome these limitations, we utilized five small-molecule, nonpeptide HDP mimetics (smHDPMs) and tested their effects on cytotoxicity, antimicrobial activity, and mast cell (MC) degranulation. None of the smHDPMs displayed cytotoxicity against mouse 3T3 fibroblasts or human transformed liver HepG2 cells. However, one compound had both antifungal and antibacterial activity. Surprisingly, all five compounds induced degranulation in a human MC line, LAD2, and this response was substantially reduced in Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-X2 (MRGPRX2)-silenced cells. Furthermore, all five compounds induced degranulation in RBL-2H3 cells expressing MRGPRX2 but this response was abolished in cells expressing naturally occurring loss-of-function missense variants G165E (rs141744602) and D184H (rs372988289). Mrgprb2 is the likely mouse ortholog of human MRGPRX2, which is expressed in connective tissue MCs (CTMCs) such as cutaneous and peritoneal MCs (PMCs). All five smHDPMs induced degranulation in wild-type PMCs but not in cells derived from Mrgprb2−/− mice. These findings suggest that smHDPMs could serve as novel targets for the treatment of drug-resistant fungal and bacterial infections because of their ability to harness CTMCs’ host defense functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Alkanfari
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Katie B Freeman
- Fox Chase Chemical Diversity Center, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA.
| | - Saptarshi Roy
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Tahsin Jahan
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Richard W Scott
- Fox Chase Chemical Diversity Center, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA.
| | - Hydar Ali
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|