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Ho HMK, Day RM, Craig DQM. An Investigation into the Effects of Processing Factors on the Properties and Scaling-Up Potential of Propranolol-Loaded Chitosan Nanogels. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:662. [PMID: 38794324 PMCID: PMC11125439 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16050662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Chitosan-triphosphate (TPP) nanogels are widely studied drug delivery carrier systems, typically prepared via a simple mixing process. However, the effects of the processing factors on nanogel production have not been extensively explored, despite the importance of understanding and standardising such factors to allow upscaling and commercial usage. This study aims to systematically evaluate the effects of various fabrication and processing factors on the properties of nanogels using a Design of Experiment approach. Hydrodynamic size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency were determined as the dependent factors. The temperature, stirring rate, chitosan grade, crosslinker choice, and the interaction term between temperature and chitosan grade were found to have a significant effect on the particle size, whereas the effect of temperature and the addition rate of crosslinker on the PDI was also noteworthy. Moreover, the addition rate of the crosslinker and the volume of the reaction vessel were found to impact the encapsulation efficiency. The zeta potential of the nanogels was found to be governed by the chitosan grade. The optimal fabrication conditions for the development of medium molecular weight chitosan and TPP nanogels included the following: the addition rate for TPP solution was set at 2 mL/min, while the solution was then stirred at a temperature of 50 °C and a stirring speed of 600 rpm. The volume of the glass vial used was 28 mL, while the stirrer size was 20 mm. The second aim of the study was to evaluate the potential for scaling up the nanogels. Size and PDI were found to increase from 128 nm to 151 nm and from 0.232 to 0.267, respectively, when the volume of the reaction mixture was increased from 4 to 20 mL and other processing factors were kept unchanged. These results indicate that caution is required when scaling up as the nanogel properties may be significantly altered with an increasing production scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hei Ming Kenneth Ho
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
- Centre for Precision Healthcare, UCL Division of Medicine, University College London, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Richard M. Day
- Centre for Precision Healthcare, UCL Division of Medicine, University College London, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JF, UK
| | - Duncan Q. M. Craig
- School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
- Faculty of Science, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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Mascarenhas R, Hegde S, Manaktala N. Chitosan nanoparticle applications in dentistry: a sustainable biopolymer. Front Chem 2024; 12:1362482. [PMID: 38660569 PMCID: PMC11039901 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1362482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The epoch of Nano-biomaterials and their application in the field of medicine and dentistry has been long-lived. The application of nanotechnology is extensively used in diagnosis and treatment aspects of oral diseases. The nanomaterials and its structures are being widely involved in the production of medicines and drugs used for the treatment of oral diseases like periodontitis, oral carcinoma, etc. and helps in maintaining the longevity of oral health. Chitosan is a naturally occurring biopolymer derived from chitin which is seen commonly in arthropods. Chitosan nanoparticles are the latest in the trend of nanoparticles used in dentistry and are becoming the most wanted biopolymer for use toward therapeutic interventions. Literature search has also shown that chitosan nanoparticles have anti-tumor effects. This review highlights the various aspects of chitosan nanoparticles and their implications in dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roma Mascarenhas
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Shreya Hegde
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Nidhi Manaktala
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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Ismailovi N, Kıyan HT, Öztürk AA. A Novel Phytotherapy Application: Preparation, Characterization, Antioxidant Activities and Determination of Anti-inflammatory Effects by In vivo HET-CAM Assay of Chitosan-based DDSs Containing Endemic Helichrysum pamphylicum P.H. Davis & Kupicha Methanolic Extract. Curr Drug Deliv 2024; 21:901-916. [PMID: 37018530 PMCID: PMC11071655 DOI: 10.2174/1567201820666230328122504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous pharmaceutical applications for chitosan, a polysaccharide made from the shells of crustaceans by deacetylating chitin that occurs naturally, are currently being researched. Chitosan, a natural polymer, is successfully used to prepare many drug-carrier systems, such as gel, film, nanoparticle, and wound dressing. OBJECTIVE Preparing chitosan gels without external crosslinkers is less toxic and environmentally friendly. METHODS Chitosan-based gels containing Helichrysum pamphylicum P.H. Davis & Kupicha methanolic extract (HP) were produced successfully. RESULTS The F9-HP coded gel prepared with high molecular weight chitosan was chosen as the optimum formulation in terms of pH and rheological properties. The amount of HP was found to be 98.83% ± 0.19 in the F9-HP coded formulation. The HP release from the F9-HP coded formula was determined to be slower and 9 hours prolonged release compared to pure HP. It was determined that HP release from F9-HP coded formulation with the DDSolver program was by anomalous (non-fickian) diffusion mechanism. The F9-HP coded formulation significantly showed DPPH free radical scavenger, ABTS•+ cation decolorizing and metal chelating antioxidant activity while weakly reducing antioxidant potential. According to the HET-CAM scores, strong anti-inflammatory activity was obtained by the F9-HP coded gel at a dose of 20 μg.embryo-1 (p<0.05 compared with SDS). CONCLUSION In conclusion, it can be said that chitosan-based gels containing HP, which can be used in both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory treatment, were successfully formulated and characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurlan Ismailovi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Eskişehir, Türkiye
| | - H. Tuba Kıyan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Türkiye
| | - A. Alper Öztürk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Türkiye
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Rukavina Z, Jøraholmen MW, Božić D, Frankol I, Gašparović PG, Škalko-Basnet N, Klarić MŠ, Vanić Ž. Azithromycin-loaded liposomal hydrogel: a step forward for enhanced treatment of MRSA-related skin infections. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2023; 73:559-579. [PMID: 38147473 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2023-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Azithromycin (AZT) encapsulated into various types of liposomes (AZT-liposomes) displayed pronounced in vitro activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (1). The present study represents a follow-up to this previous work, attempting to further explore the anti-MRSA potential of AZT-liposomes when incorporated into chitosan hydrogel (CHG). Incorporation of AZT-liposomes into CHG (liposomal CHGs) was intended to ensure proper viscosity and texture properties of the formulation, modification of antibiotic release, and enhanced antibacterial activity, aiming to upgrade the therapeutical potential of AZT-liposomes in localized treatment of MRSA-related skin infections. Four different liposomal CHGs were evaluated and compared on the grounds of antibacterial activity against MRSA, AZT release profiles, cytotoxicity, as well as texture, and rheological properties. To our knowledge, this study is the first to investigate the potential of liposomal CHGs for the topical localized treatment of MRSA-related skin infections. CHG ensured proper viscoelastic and texture properties to achieve prolonged retention and prolonged release of AZT at the application site, which resulted in a boosted anti-MRSA effect of the entrapped AZT-liposomes. With respect to anti-MRSA activity and biocompatibility, formulation CATL-CHG (cationic liposomes in CHG) is considered to be the most promising formulation for the treatment of MRSA-related skin infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zora Rukavina
- 1Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - May Wenche Jøraholmen
- 2Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø Norway
| | - Dunja Božić
- 3R&D, PLIVA Croatia Ltd. 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Frankol
- 1Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Nataša Škalko-Basnet
- 2Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø Norway
| | - Maja Šegvić Klarić
- 4Department of Microbiology, University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Željka Vanić
- 1Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Moon AY, Bailey EJ, Polanco JA, Kurata WE, Pierce LM. Antibacterial Efficacy of a Chitosan-Based Hydrogel Modified With Epsilon-Poly-l-Lysine Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a Murine-Infected Burn Wound Model. Mil Med 2023; 188:52-60. [PMID: 37948238 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usad013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Because antibiotic resistance is increasing worldwide and the leading cause of death in burn patients is an infection, an urgent need exists for nonantibiotic approaches to eliminate multidrug-resistant bacteria from burns to prevent their systemic dissemination and sepsis. We previously demonstrated the significant antibiofilm activity of a chitosan (CS) hydrogel containing the antimicrobial peptide epsilon-poly-l-lysine (EPL) against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa using ex vivo porcine skin. In this study, we evaluated the in vivo antibacterial efficacy of a CS/EPL hydrogel against P. aeruginosa in a murine burn wound infection model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Full-thickness burns were created on the dorsum using a heated brass rod and were inoculated with bioluminescent, biofilm-forming P. aeruginosa (Xen41). Mice were treated with CS/EPL, CS, or no hydrogel applied topically 2 or 24 hours after inoculation to assess the ability to prevent or eradicate existing biofilms, respectively. Dressing changes occurred daily for 3 days, and in vivo bioluminescence imaging was performed to detect and quantitate bacterial growth. Blood samples were cultured to determine systemic infection. In vitro antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity against human primary dermal fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and mesenchymal stem cells were also assessed. RESULTS CS/EPL treatment initiated at early or delayed time points showed a significant reduction in bioluminescence imaging signal compared to CS on days 2 and 3 of treatment. Mice administered CS/EPL had fewer bloodstream infections, lower weight loss, and greater activity than the untreated and CS groups. CS/EPL reduced bacterial burden by two orders of magnitude in vitro and exhibited low cytotoxicity against human cells. CONCLUSION A topical hydrogel delivering the antimicrobial peptide EPL demonstrates in vivo efficacy to reduce but not eradicate established P. aeruginosa biofilms in infected burn wounds. This biocompatible hydrogel shows promise as an antimicrobial barrier dressing for the sustained protection of burn wounds from external bacterial contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Y Moon
- Department of General Surgery, Tripler Army Medical Center, Tripler AMC, HI 96859, USA
| | - Emily J Bailey
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Tripler Army Medical Center, Tripler AMC, HI 96859, USA
| | - Jonilee A Polanco
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Tripler Army Medical Center, Tripler AMC, HI 96859, USA
| | - Wendy E Kurata
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Tripler Army Medical Center, Tripler AMC, HI 96859, USA
| | - Lisa M Pierce
- Department of Clinical Investigation, Tripler Army Medical Center, Tripler AMC, HI 96859, USA
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Pereira S, Costa-Ribeiro A, Teixeira P, Rodríguez-Lorenzo L, Prado M, Cerqueira MA, Garrido-Maestu A. Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity of Chitosan Nanoparticles against Listeria monocytogenes. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3759. [PMID: 37765613 PMCID: PMC10538158 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is obtained from the deacetylation of chitin, and it is known to possess antimicrobial activity. It has attracted attention as it may be used for treating infections caused by different types of microorganisms due to its broad spectrum. Its application in the form of micro- or nanoparticles (CM/CN) has expanded its usage, as in this form, it retains its activity, and remain stable in aqueous solutions. However, inconsistencies in the results reported by different authors have been identified. In this communication, the antimicrobial activity of CN produced from different starting materials was tested against Listeria monocytogenes. It was observed that, even though all the starting materials were reported to have a molecular weight (MW) below 200 kDa and degree of deacetylation (DD) > 75%, the size of the CNs were significantly different (263 nm vs. 607 nm). Furthermore, these differences in sizes exerted a direct effect on the antimicrobial properties of the particles, as when testing the ones with the smallest size, i.e., 263 nm, a lower Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was achieved, i.e., 0.04 mg/mL. Even though the largest particles, i.e., 607 nm, in individual experiments were able to achieve an MIC of 0.03 mg/mL, the results with CN presented great variation among replicates and up to 0.2 mg/mL were needed in other replicates. The starting material has a critical impact on the properties of the CN, and it must be carefully characterized and selected for the intended application, and MW and DD solely do not fully account for these properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pereira
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; (S.P.); (L.R.-L.); (M.P.); (M.A.C.)
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal;
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana Costa-Ribeiro
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; (S.P.); (L.R.-L.); (M.P.); (M.A.C.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Pilar Teixeira
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal;
- LABBELS—Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Laura Rodríguez-Lorenzo
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; (S.P.); (L.R.-L.); (M.P.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Marta Prado
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; (S.P.); (L.R.-L.); (M.P.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Miguel A. Cerqueira
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; (S.P.); (L.R.-L.); (M.P.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Alejandro Garrido-Maestu
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal; (S.P.); (L.R.-L.); (M.P.); (M.A.C.)
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Tatarusanu SM, Lupascu FG, Profire BS, Szilagyi A, Gardikiotis I, Iacob AT, Caluian I, Herciu L, Giscă TC, Baican MC, Crivoi F, Profire L. Modern Approaches in Wounds Management. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3648. [PMID: 37688274 PMCID: PMC10489962 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound management represents a well-known continuous challenge and concern of the global healthcare systems worldwide. The challenge is on the one hand related to the accurate diagnosis, and on the other hand to establishing an effective treatment plan and choosing appropriate wound care products in order to maximize the healing outcome and minimize the financial cost. The market of wound dressings is a dynamic field which grows and evolves continuously as a result of extensive research on developing versatile formulations with innovative properties. Hydrogels are one of the most attractive wound care products which, in many aspects, are considered ideal for wound treatment and are widely exploited for extension of their advantages in healing process. Smart hydrogels (SHs) offer the opportunities of the modulation physico-chemical properties of hydrogels in response to external stimuli (light, pressure, pH variations, magnetic/electric field, etc.) in order to achieve innovative behavior of their three-dimensional matrix (gel-sol transitions, self-healing and self-adapting abilities, controlled release of drugs). The SHs response to different triggers depends on their composition, cross-linking method, and manufacturing process approach. Both native or functionalized natural and synthetic polymers may be used to develop stimuli-responsive matrices, while the mandatory characteristics of hydrogels (biocompatibility, water permeability, bioadhesion) are preserved. In this review, we briefly present the physiopathology and healing mechanisms of chronic wounds, as well as current therapeutic approaches. The rational of using traditional hydrogels and SHs in wound healing, as well as the current research directions for developing SHs with innovative features, are addressed and discussed along with their limitations and perspectives in industrial-scale manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona-Maria Tatarusanu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa” of Iasi, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (S.-M.T.); (F.-G.L.); (A.-T.I.); (I.C.); (L.H.)
- Research & Development Department, Antibiotice Company, 1 Valea Lupului Street, 707410 Iasi, Romania
| | - Florentina-Geanina Lupascu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa” of Iasi, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (S.-M.T.); (F.-G.L.); (A.-T.I.); (I.C.); (L.H.)
| | - Bianca-Stefania Profire
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa” of Iasi, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Andrei Szilagyi
- Advanced Research and Development Center for Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa” of Iasi, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.S.); (I.G.)
| | - Ioannis Gardikiotis
- Advanced Research and Development Center for Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa” of Iasi, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (A.S.); (I.G.)
| | - Andreea-Teodora Iacob
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa” of Iasi, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (S.-M.T.); (F.-G.L.); (A.-T.I.); (I.C.); (L.H.)
| | - Iulian Caluian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa” of Iasi, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (S.-M.T.); (F.-G.L.); (A.-T.I.); (I.C.); (L.H.)
| | - Lorena Herciu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa” of Iasi, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (S.-M.T.); (F.-G.L.); (A.-T.I.); (I.C.); (L.H.)
| | - Tudor-Catalin Giscă
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa” of Iasi, 16 University Street 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Mihaela-Cristina Baican
- Department of Pharmaceutical Physics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa” of Iasi, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Florina Crivoi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Physics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa” of Iasi, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Lenuta Profire
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa” of Iasi, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (S.-M.T.); (F.-G.L.); (A.-T.I.); (I.C.); (L.H.)
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Pourtalebi Jahromi L, Rothammer M, Fuhrmann G. Polysaccharide hydrogel platforms as suitable carriers of liposomes and extracellular vesicles for dermal applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 200:115028. [PMID: 37517778 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Lipid-based nanocarriers have been extensively investigated for their application in drug delivery. Particularly, liposomes are now clinically established for treating various diseases such as fungal infections. In contrast, extracellular vesicles (EVs) - small cell-derived nanoparticles involved in cellular communication - have just recently sparked interest as drug carriers but their development is still at the preclinical level. To drive this development further, the methods and technologies exploited in the context of liposome research should be applied in the domain of EVs to facilitate and accelerate their clinical translation. One of the crucial steps for EV-based therapeutics is designing them as proper dosage forms for specific applications. This review offers a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art polysaccharide-based hydrogel platforms designed for artificial and natural vesicles with application in drug delivery to the skin. We discuss their various physicochemical and biological properties and try to create a sound basis for the optimization of EV-embedded hydrogels as versatile therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Pourtalebi Jahromi
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Biology, Pharmaceutical Biology, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus Rothammer
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Biology, Pharmaceutical Biology, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gregor Fuhrmann
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Department of Biology, Pharmaceutical Biology, Staudtstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; FAU NeW, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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9
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Lukova P, Katsarov P. Contemporary Aspects of Designing Marine Polysaccharide Microparticles as Drug Carriers for Biomedical Application. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2126. [PMID: 37631340 PMCID: PMC10458623 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The main goal of modern pharmaceutical technology is to create new drug formulations that are safer and more effective. These formulations should allow targeted drug delivery, improved drug stability and bioavailability, fewer side effects, and reduced drug toxicity. One successful approach for achieving these objectives is using polymer microcarriers for drug delivery. They are effective for treating various diseases through different administration routes. When creating pharmaceutical systems, choosing the right drug carrier is crucial. Biomaterials have become increasingly popular over the past few decades due to their lack of toxicity, renewable sources, and affordability. Marine polysaccharides, in particular, have been widely used as substitutes for synthetic polymers in drug carrier applications. Their inherent properties, such as biodegradability and biocompatibility, make marine polysaccharide-based microcarriers a prospective platform for developing drug delivery systems. This review paper explores the principles of microparticle design using marine polysaccharides as drug carriers. By reviewing the current literature, the paper highlights the challenges of formulating polymer microparticles, and proposes various technological solutions. It also outlines future perspectives for developing marine polysaccharides as drug microcarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolina Lukova
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria;
| | - Plamen Katsarov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- Research Institute at Medical University of Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
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10
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Es Sayed J, Caïto C, Arunachalam A, Amirsadeghi A, van Westerveld L, Maret D, Mohamed Yunus RA, Calicchia E, Dittberner O, Portale G, Parisi D, Kamperman M. Effect of Dynamically Arrested Domains on the Phase Behavior, Linear Viscoelasticity and Microstructure of Hyaluronic Acid - Chitosan Complex Coacervates. Macromolecules 2023; 56:5891-5904. [PMID: 37576476 PMCID: PMC10413963 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Complex coacervates make up a class of versatile materials formed as a result of the electrostatic associations between oppositely charged polyelectrolytes. It is well-known that the viscoelastic properties of these materials can be easily altered with the ionic strength of the medium, resulting in a range of materials from free-flowing liquids to gel-like solids. However, in addition to electrostatics, several other noncovalent interactions could influence the formation of the coacervate phase depending on the chemical nature of the polymers involved. Here, the importance of intermolecular hydrogen bonds on the phase behavior, microstructure, and viscoelasticity of hyaluronic acid (HA)-chitosan (CHI) complex coacervates is revealed. The density of intermolecular hydrogen bonds between CHI units increases with increasing pH of coacervation, which results in dynamically arrested regions within the complex coacervate, leading to elastic gel-like behavior. This pH-dependent behavior may be very relevant for the controlled solidification of complex coacervates and thus for polyelectrolyte material design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Es Sayed
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials (ZIAM), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Clément Caïto
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials (ZIAM), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Abinaya Arunachalam
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials (ZIAM), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Armin Amirsadeghi
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials (ZIAM), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Larissa van Westerveld
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials (ZIAM), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Denise Maret
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials (ZIAM), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roshan Akdar Mohamed Yunus
- Engineering
and Technology Institute Groningen (ENTEG), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Calicchia
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials (ZIAM), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department
of Nanomedicine & Drug Targeting, Groningen Research Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Olivia Dittberner
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials (ZIAM), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Giuseppe Portale
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials (ZIAM), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniele Parisi
- Engineering
and Technology Institute Groningen (ENTEG), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen Kamperman
- Zernike
Institute for Advanced Materials (ZIAM), University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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11
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Mohite P, Rahayu P, Munde S, Ade N, Chidrawar VR, Singh S, Jayeoye TJ, Prajapati BG, Bhattacharya S, Patel RJ. Chitosan-Based Hydrogel in the Management of Dermal Infections: A Review. Gels 2023; 9:594. [PMID: 37504473 PMCID: PMC10379151 DOI: 10.3390/gels9070594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of the current evidence regarding the use of chitosan-based hydrogels to manage skin infections. Chitosan, a naturally occurring polysaccharide derived from chitin, possesses inherent antimicrobial properties, making it a promising candidate for treating various dermal infections. This review follows a systematic approach to analyze relevant studies that have investigated the effectiveness of chitosan-based hydrogels in the context of dermal infections. By examining the available evidence, this review aims to evaluate these hydrogels' overall efficacy, safety, and potential applications for managing dermal infections. This review's primary focus is to gather and analyze data from different recent studies about chitosan-based hydrogels combating dermal infections; this includes assessing their ability to inhibit the growth of microorganisms and reduce infection-related symptoms. Furthermore, this review also considers the safety profile of chitosan-based hydrogels, examining any potential adverse effects associated with their use. This evaluation is crucial to ensure that these hydrogels can be safely utilized in the management of dermal infections without causing harm to patients. The review aims to provide healthcare professionals and researchers with a comprehensive understanding of the current evidence regarding the use of chitosan-based hydrogels for dermal infection management. The findings from this review can contribute to informed decision-making and the development of potential treatment strategies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Popat Mohite
- Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, A.E.T.'s St. John Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Palghar 401404, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pudji Rahayu
- Department of Pharmacy of Tanjung Karang State Health Polytechnic, Soekarno-Hatta, Bandar Lampung 35145, Lampung, Indonesia
| | - Shubham Munde
- Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, A.E.T.'s St. John Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Palghar 401404, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nitin Ade
- Department of Pharmaceutical Quality Assurance, A.E.T.'s St. John Institute of Pharmacy and Research, Palghar 401404, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vijay R Chidrawar
- SVKM's NMIMS School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, Jadcharla 509301, Telangana, India
| | - Sudarshan Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Titilope J Jayeoye
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Bhupendra G Prajapati
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shree S. K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ganpat University, Mehsana 384012, Gujarat, India
| | - Sankha Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS Deemed-to-be-University, Shirpur 425405, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ravish J Patel
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Anand 388421, Gujarat, India
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12
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Li S, Chen L, Fu Y. Nanotechnology-based ocular drug delivery systems: recent advances and future prospects. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:232. [PMID: 37480102 PMCID: PMC10362606 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-01992-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocular drug delivery has constantly challenged ophthalmologists and drug delivery scientists due to various anatomical and physiological barriers. Static and dynamic ocular barriers prevent the entry of exogenous substances and impede therapeutic agents' active absorption. This review elaborates on the anatomy of the eye and the associated constraints. Followed by an illustration of some common ocular diseases, including glaucoma and their current clinical therapies, emphasizing the significance of drug therapy in treating ocular diseases. Subsequently, advances in ocular drug delivery modalities, especially nanotechnology-based ocular drug delivery systems, are recommended, and some typical research is highlighted. Based on the related research, systematic and comprehensive characterizations of the nanocarriers are summarized, hoping to assist with future research. Besides, we summarize the nanotechnology-based ophthalmic drugs currently on the market or still in clinical trials and the recent patents of nanocarriers. Finally, inspired by current trends and therapeutic concepts, we provide an insight into the challenges faced by novel ocular drug delivery systems and further put forward directions for future research. We hope this review can provide inspiration and motivation for better design and development of novel ophthalmic formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiding Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Liangbo Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yao Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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13
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Guillén-Carvajal K, Valdez-Salas B, Beltrán-Partida E, Salomón-Carlos J, Cheng N. Chitosan, Gelatin, and Collagen Hydrogels for Bone Regeneration. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2762. [PMID: 37447408 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels are versatile biomaterials characterized by three-dimensional, cross-linked, highly hydrated polymeric networks. These polymers exhibit a great variety of biochemical and biophysical properties, which allow for the diffusion of diverse molecules, such as drugs, active ingredients, growth factors, and nanoparticles. Meanwhile, these polymers can control chemical and molecular interactions at the cellular level. The polymeric network can be molded into different structures, imitating the structural characteristics of surrounding tissues and bone defects. Interestingly, the application of hydrogels in bone tissue engineering (BTE) has been gathering significant attention due to the beneficial bone improvement results that have been achieved. Moreover, essential clinical and osteoblastic fate-controlling advances have been achieved with the use of synthetic polymers in the production of hydrogels. However, current trends look towards fabricating hydrogels from biological precursors, such as biopolymers, due to the high biocompatibility, degradability, and mechanical control that can be regulated. Therefore, this review analyzes the concept of hydrogels and the characteristics of chitosan, collagen, and gelatin as excellent candidates for fabricating BTE scaffolds. The changes and opportunities brought on by these biopolymers in bone regeneration are discussed, considering the integration, synergy, and biocompatibility features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Guillén-Carvajal
- Departamento de Corrosión y Materiales, Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Blvd. Benito Juárez and Normal s/n, Mexicali 21280, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Benjamín Valdez-Salas
- Departamento de Corrosión y Materiales, Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Blvd. Benito Juárez and Normal s/n, Mexicali 21280, Baja California, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Cáncer, Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Blvd. Benito Juárez y Calle Normal s/n, Mexicali 21280, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Ernesto Beltrán-Partida
- Departamento de Corrosión y Materiales, Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Blvd. Benito Juárez and Normal s/n, Mexicali 21280, Baja California, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Cáncer, Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Blvd. Benito Juárez y Calle Normal s/n, Mexicali 21280, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Jorge Salomón-Carlos
- Departamento de Corrosión y Materiales, Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Blvd. Benito Juárez and Normal s/n, Mexicali 21280, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Nelson Cheng
- Magna International Pte Ltd., 10 H Enterprise Road, Singapore 629834, Singapore
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14
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Pasquier E, Rosendahl J, Solberg A, Ståhlberg A, Håkansson J, Chinga-Carrasco G. Polysaccharides and Structural Proteins as Components in Three-Dimensional Scaffolds for Breast Cancer Tissue Models: A Review. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:682. [PMID: 37370613 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10060682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women, and even though treatments are available, efficiency varies with the patients. In vitro 2D models are commonly used to develop new treatments. However, 2D models overestimate drug efficiency, which increases the failure rate in later phase III clinical trials. New model systems that allow extensive and efficient drug screening are thus required. Three-dimensional printed hydrogels containing active components for cancer cell growth are interesting candidates for the preparation of next generation cancer cell models. Macromolecules, obtained from marine- and land-based resources, can form biopolymers (polysaccharides such as alginate, chitosan, hyaluronic acid, and cellulose) and bioactive components (structural proteins such as collagen, gelatin, and silk fibroin) in hydrogels with adequate physical properties in terms of porosity, rheology, and mechanical strength. Hence, in this study attention is given to biofabrication methods and to the modification with biological macromolecules to become bioactive and, thus, optimize 3D printed structures that better mimic the cancer cell microenvironment. Ink formulations combining polysaccharides for tuning the mechanical properties and bioactive polymers for controlling cell adhesion is key to optimizing the growth of the cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Pasquier
- RISE PFI AS, Høgskoleringen 6b, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jennifer Rosendahl
- RISE Unit of Biological Function, Division Materials and Production, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Box 857, 50115 Borås, Sweden
| | - Amalie Solberg
- RISE PFI AS, Høgskoleringen 6b, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anders Ståhlberg
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 41345 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joakim Håkansson
- RISE Unit of Biological Function, Division Materials and Production, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Box 857, 50115 Borås, Sweden
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
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15
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Visan RM, Leonties AR, Anastasescu M, Angelescu DG. Towards understanding the interaction of quercetin with chitosan-phytate complex: An experimental and computational investigation. J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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16
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Dumitru MV, Sandu T, Miron A, Zaharia A, Radu IC, Gavrilă AM, Sârbu A, Iovu H, Chiriac AL, Iordache TV. Hybrid Cryogels with Superabsorbent Properties as Promising Materials for Penicillin G Retention. Gels 2023; 9:443. [PMID: 37367113 DOI: 10.3390/gels9060443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This present study describes the investigation of new promising hybrid cryogels able to retain high amounts of antibiotics, specifically penicillin G, using chitosan or chitosan-biocellulose blends along with a naturally occurring clay, i.e., kaolin. In order to evaluate and optimize the stability of cryogels, three types of chitosan were used in this study, as follows: (i) commercial chitosan; (ii) chitosan prepared in the laboratory from commercial chitin; and (iii) chitosan prepared in the laboratory from shrimp shells. Biocellulose and kaolin, previously functionalized with an organosilane, were also investigated in terms of their potential to improve the stability of cryogels during prolonged submergence under water. The organophilization and incorporation of the clay into the polymer matrix were confirmed by different characterization techniques (such as FTIR, TGA, SEM), while their stability in time underwater was investigated by swelling measurements. As final proof of their superabsorbent behavior, the cryogels were tested for antibiotic adsorption in batch experiments, in which case cryogels based on chitosan extracted from shrimp shells seem to exhibit excellent adsorption properties for penicillin G.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinela Victoria Dumitru
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM, 202 Splaiul Independenței, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Teodor Sandu
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM, 202 Splaiul Independenței, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreea Miron
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM, 202 Splaiul Independenței, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anamaria Zaharia
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM, 202 Splaiul Independenței, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ionuț Cristian Radu
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, 1-7 Gheorghe Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ana-Mihaela Gavrilă
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM, 202 Splaiul Independenței, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andrei Sârbu
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM, 202 Splaiul Independenței, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Horia Iovu
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, 1-7 Gheorghe Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anita-Laura Chiriac
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM, 202 Splaiul Independenței, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Tanța Verona Iordache
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM, 202 Splaiul Independenței, 060021 Bucharest, Romania
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17
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Klučáková M. Effect of Chitosan as Active Bio-colloidal Constituent on the Diffusion of Dyes in Agarose Hydrogel. Gels 2023; 9:gels9050395. [PMID: 37232987 DOI: 10.3390/gels9050395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Agarose hydrogel was enriched by chitosan as an active substance for the interactions with dyes. Direct blue 1, Sirius red F3B, and Reactive blue 49 were chosen as representative dyes for the study of the effect of their interaction with chitosan on their diffusion in hydrogel. Effective diffusion coefficients were determined and compared with the value obtained for pure agarose hydrogel. Simultaneously, sorption experiments were realized. The sorption ability of enriched hydrogel was several times higher in comparison with pure agarose hydrogel. Determined diffusion coefficients decreased with the addition of chitosan. Their values included the effects of hydrogel pore structure and interactions between chitosan and dyes. Diffusion experiments were realized at pH 3, 7, and 11. The effect of pH on the diffusivity of dyes in pure agarose hydrogel was negligible. Effective diffusion coefficients obtained for hydrogels enriched by chitosan increased gradually with increasing pH value. Electrostatic interactions between amino group of chitosan and sulfonic group of dyes resulted in the formation of zones with a sharp boundary between coloured and transparent hydrogel (mainly at lower pH values). A concentration jump was observed at a given distance from the interface between hydrogel and the donor dye solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Klučáková
- Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 464/118, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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18
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Panahi HKS, Dehhaghi M, Amiri H, Guillemin GJ, Gupta VK, Rajaei A, Yang Y, Peng W, Pan J, Aghbashlo M, Tabatabaei M. Current and emerging applications of saccharide-modified chitosan: a critical review. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 66:108172. [PMID: 37169103 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Chitin, as the main component of the exoskeleton of Arthropoda, is a highly available natural polymer that can be processed into various value-added products. Its most important derivative, i.e., chitosan, comprising β-1,4-linked 2-amino-2-deoxy-β-d-glucose (deacetylated d-glucosamine) and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine units, can be prepared via alkaline deacetylation process. Chitosan has been used as a biodegradable, biocompatible, non-antigenic, and nontoxic polymer in some in-vitro applications, but the recently found potentials of chitosan for in-vivo applications based on its biological activities, especially antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticancer activities, have upgraded the chitosan roles in biomaterials. Chitosan approval, generally recognized as a safe compound by the United States Food and Drug Administration, has attracted much attention toward its possible applications in diverse fields, especially biomedicine and agriculture. Even with some favorable characteristics, the chitosan's structure should be customized for advanced applications, especially due to its drawbacks, such as low drug-load capacity, low solubility, high viscosity, lack of elastic properties, and pH sensitivity. In this context, derivatization with relatively inexpensive and highly available mono- and di-saccharides to soluble branched chitosan has been considered a "game changer". This review critically reviews the emerging technologies based on the synthesis and application of lactose- and galactose-modified chitosan as two important chitosan derivatives. Some characteristics of chitosan derivatives and biological activities have been detailed first to understand the value of these natural polymers. Second, the saccharide modification of chitosan has been discussed briefly. Finally, the applications of lactose- and galactose-modified chitosan have been scrutinized and compared to native chitosan to provide an insight into the current state-of-the research for stimulating new ideas with the potential of filling research gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Kazemi Shariat Panahi
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Forest Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Neuroinflammation Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia
| | - Mona Dehhaghi
- Neuroinflammation Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia
| | - Hamid Amiri
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran; Environmental Research Institute, University of Isfahan, Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran
| | - Gilles J Guillemin
- Neuroinflammation Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia
| | - Vijai Kumar Gupta
- Centre for Safe and Improved Food, SRUC, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK; Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, SRUC, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Ahmad Rajaei
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
| | - Yadong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wanxi Peng
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Forest Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Junting Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Mortaza Aghbashlo
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Forest Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Department of Mechanical Engineering of Agricultural Machinery, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Meisam Tabatabaei
- Henan Province Engineering Research Center for Forest Biomass Value-added Products, School of Forestry, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China; Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu 21030, Malaysia; Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 600 077, India.
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19
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Pérez-González N, Espinoza LC, Rincón M, Sosa L, Mallandrich M, Suñer-Carbó J, Bozal-de Febrer N, Calpena AC, Clares-Naveros B. Gel Formulations with an Echinocandin for Cutaneous Candidiasis: The Influence of Azone and Transcutol on Biopharmaceutical Features. Gels 2023; 9:gels9040308. [PMID: 37102920 PMCID: PMC10138157 DOI: 10.3390/gels9040308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Caspofungin is a drug that is used for fungal infections that are difficult to treat, including invasive aspergillosis and candidemia, as well as other forms of invasive candidiasis. The aim of this study was to incorporate Azone in a caspofungin gel (CPF-AZ-gel) and compare it with a promoter-free caspofungin gel (CPF-gel). An in vitro release study using a polytetrafluoroethylene membrane and ex vivo permeation into human skin was adopted. The tolerability properties were confirmed by histological analysis, and an evaluation of the biomechanical properties of the skin was undertaken. Antimicrobial efficacy was determined against Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida tropicalis. CPF-AZ-gel and CPF-gel, which had a homogeneous appearance, pseudoplastic behavior, and high spreadability, were obtained. The biopharmaceutical studies confirmed that caspofungin was released following a one-phase exponential association model and the CPF-AZ gel showed a higher release. The CPF-AZ gel showed higher retention of caspofungin in the skin while limiting the diffusion of the drug to the receptor fluid. Both formulations were well-tolerated in the histological sections, as well as after their topical application in the skin. These formulations inhibited the growth of C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, and C. tropicalis, while C. albicans showed resistance. In summary, dermal treatment with caspofungin could be used as a promising therapy for cutaneous candidiasis in patients that are refractory or intolerant to conventional antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Pérez-González
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Campus of Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | | | - María Rincón
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), C. Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lilian Sosa
- Pharmaceutical Technology Research Group, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, National Autonomous University of Honduras (UNAH), Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras
| | - Mireia Mallandrich
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Farmàcia, Tecnologia Farmacèutica, i Fisicoquímica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Suñer-Carbó
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Farmàcia, Tecnologia Farmacèutica, i Fisicoquímica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Bozal-de Febrer
- Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Cristina Calpena
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Farmàcia, Tecnologia Farmacèutica, i Fisicoquímica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Clares-Naveros
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University Campus of Cartuja, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Biosanitary Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), 18012 Granada, Spain
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20
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Zhang Y, Liu R, Li H, Li Y, Liu X. Interactions between Soybean Trypsin Inhibitor and Chitosan in an Aqueous Solution. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15071594. [PMID: 37050206 PMCID: PMC10097168 DOI: 10.3390/polym15071594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular structures obtained from protein-polysaccharide association may be applied to encapsulate bioactive compounds or to improve the physical stability and texture properties of colloid-based products. In this study, the interaction of 0.1 wt% soybean trypsin inhibitor (STI) with different concentrations of chitosan (CS) in aqueous solutions was investigated under different pH by the analysis of state diagram, turbidity, zeta potential, spectroscopy, and microstructure; the protective effect of STI-CS complex coacervates on STI stability in simulated gastric juice was also discussed. The results suggested that interactions between STI and CS could form soluble/insoluble complexes mainly through hydrophobic interactions (pH 4.0) or electrostatic interactions (pH 6.0). The CD spectra showed that the secondary structure of STI did not change significantly when CS with the same charge was mixed with STI, and the secondary structure of STI was slightly changed when CS with the opposite charge was mixed with STI. Simulated gastric digestion experiments showed that the complex formed by non-covalent bonding had a protective effect on the active protein. This study provides information about the effect of different CS concentrations and pH values on the formation of complexes of CS and STI in an aqueous solution and provides theoretical references for the construction of supramolecular-structured carrier substances based on CS and STI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihao Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, National Soybean Processing Industry Technology Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Ruijia Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, National Soybean Processing Industry Technology Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - He Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, National Soybean Processing Industry Technology Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - You Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, National Soybean Processing Industry Technology Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xinqi Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, National Soybean Processing Industry Technology Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
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21
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Effect of Chitosan-Diosgenin Combination on Wound Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24055049. [PMID: 36902475 PMCID: PMC10003508 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24055049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The difficult-to-heal wounds continue to be a problem for modern medicine. Chitosan and diosgenin possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects making them relevant substances for wound treatment. That is why this work aimed to study the effect of the combined application of chitosan and diosgenin on a mouse skin wound model. For the purpose, wounds (6 mm diameter) were made on mice's backs and were treated for 9 days with one of the following: 50% ethanol (control), polyethylene glycol (PEG) in 50% ethanol, chitosan and PEG in 50% ethanol (Chs), diosgenin and PEG in 50% ethanol (Dg) and chitosan, diosgenin and PEG in 50% ethanol (ChsDg). Before the first treatment and on the 3rd, 6th and 9th days, the wounds were photographed and their area was determined. On the 9th day, animals were euthanized and wounds' tissues were excised for histological analysis. In addition, the lipid peroxidation (LPO), protein oxidation (POx) and total glutathione (tGSH) levels were measured. The results showed that ChsDg had the most pronounced overall effect on wound area reduction, followed by Chs and PEG. Moreover, the application of ChsDg maintained high levels of tGSH in wound tissues, compared to other substances. It was shown that all tested substances, except ethanol, reduced POx comparable to intact skin levels. Therefore, the combined application of chitosan and diosgenin is a very promising and effective medication for wound healing.
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22
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Petroni S, Tagliaro I, Antonini C, D’Arienzo M, Orsini SF, Mano JF, Brancato V, Borges J, Cipolla L. Chitosan-Based Biomaterials: Insights into Chemistry, Properties, Devices, and Their Biomedical Applications. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21030147. [PMID: 36976196 PMCID: PMC10059909 DOI: 10.3390/md21030147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan is a marine-origin polysaccharide obtained from the deacetylation of chitin, the main component of crustaceans’ exoskeleton, and the second most abundant in nature. Although this biopolymer has received limited attention for several decades right after its discovery, since the new millennium chitosan has emerged owing to its physicochemical, structural and biological properties, multifunctionalities and applications in several sectors. This review aims at providing an overview of chitosan properties, chemical functionalization, and the innovative biomaterials obtained thereof. Firstly, the chemical functionalization of chitosan backbone in the amino and hydroxyl groups will be addressed. Then, the review will focus on the bottom-up strategies to process a wide array of chitosan-based biomaterials. In particular, the preparation of chitosan-based hydrogels, organic–inorganic hybrids, layer-by-layer assemblies, (bio)inks and their use in the biomedical field will be covered aiming to elucidate and inspire the community to keep on exploring the unique features and properties imparted by chitosan to develop advanced biomedical devices. Given the wide body of literature that has appeared in past years, this review is far from being exhaustive. Selected works in the last 10 years will be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Petroni
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Irene Tagliaro
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Carlo Antonini
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | | | - Sara Fernanda Orsini
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - João F. Mano
- CICECO–Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Virginia Brancato
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - João Borges
- CICECO–Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Correspondence: (J.B.); (L.C.); Tel.: +351-234372585 (J.B.); +39-0264483460 (L.C.)
| | - Laura Cipolla
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy
- Correspondence: (J.B.); (L.C.); Tel.: +351-234372585 (J.B.); +39-0264483460 (L.C.)
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23
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Chitosan and Pectin Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering and In Vitro Modeling. Gels 2023; 9:gels9020132. [PMID: 36826302 PMCID: PMC9957157 DOI: 10.3390/gels9020132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels are fascinating biomaterials that can act as a support for cells, i.e., a scaffold, in which they can organize themselves spatially in a similar way to what occurs in vivo. Hydrogel use is therefore essential for the development of 3D systems and allows to recreate the cellular microenvironment in physiological and pathological conditions. This makes them ideal candidates for biological tissue analogues for application in the field of both tissue engineering and 3D in vitro models, as they have the ability to closely mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM) of a specific organ or tissue. Polysaccharide-based hydrogels, because of their remarkable biocompatibility related to their polymeric constituents, have the ability to interact beneficially with the cellular components. Although the growing interest in the use of polysaccharide-based hydrogels in the biomedical field is evidenced by a conspicuous number of reviews on the topic, none of them have focused on the combined use of two important polysaccharides, chitosan and pectin. Therefore, the present review will discuss the biomedical applications of polysaccharide-based hydrogels containing the two aforementioned natural polymers, chitosan and pectin, in the fields of tissue engineering and 3D in vitro modeling.
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24
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Pinelli F, Piras C, Nogueira LP, Rossi F. On the Sorbent Ability and Reusability of Graphene-Oxide-Chitosan Aerogels for the Removal of Dyes from Wastewater. Gels 2023; 9:gels9020110. [PMID: 36826280 PMCID: PMC9956623 DOI: 10.3390/gels9020110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most persistent issues affecting people worldwide is water contamination due to the indiscriminate disposal of pollutants, causing severe environmental problems. Dyes are among the most harmful contaminants because of their high chemical stability and consequently difficult degradation. To remove contaminants from water, adsorption is the most widely used and effective method. In this work, we recall the results already published about the synthesis, the characterization and the use of porous graphene-oxide-chitosan aerogels as a sorbent material. Those systems, prepared by mixing GO sheets and CS chains, using APS as a cross-linking agent, and by further lyophilization, were further characterized using nano-computed tomography, supplying more understanding about their micro and nano-structure. Their sorbent ability has been investigated also by the study of their isotherm of adsorption of two different anionic dyes: Indigo Carmine and Cibacron Brilliant Yellow. Those analyses confirmed the potentialities of the aerogels and their affinity for those anionic dyes. Moreover, the possibility of regenerating and reusing the material was evaluated as a key aspect for applications of this kind. The treatment with NaOH, to promote the desorption of adsorbed dyes, and subsequent washing with HCl, to re-protonate the system, ensured the regeneration of the gels and their use in multiple cycles of adsorption with the selected water contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Pinelli
- Department of Chemistry, Material and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli, 7, 20131 Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Piras
- Department of Chemistry, Material and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli, 7, 20131 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Filippo Rossi
- Department of Chemistry, Material and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli, 7, 20131 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0223993145
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25
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Tadesse MG, Lübben JF. Review on Hydrogel-Based Flexible Supercapacitors for Wearable Applications. Gels 2023; 9:gels9020106. [PMID: 36826276 PMCID: PMC9956191 DOI: 10.3390/gels9020106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Smart hydrogels with high electrical conductivity, which can be a real source of power while also collecting and storing the diverse sources of energy with ultrahigh stretchability, strong self-healability, low-temperature tolerance, and excellent mechanical properties, are great value for tailored wearable cloths. Considerable effort has been dedicated in both scientific and technological developments of electroconductive hydrogels for supercapacitor applications in the past few decades. The key to realize those functionalities depends on the processing of hydrogels with desirable electrochemical properties. The various hydrogel materials with such properties are now emerging and investigated by various scholars. The last decade has witnessed the development of high-performance supercapacitors using hydrogels. Here, in this review, the current status of different hydrogels for the production of flexible supercapacitors has been discussed. The electrochemical properties such as capacitance, energy density and cycling ability has been given attention. Diverse hydrogels, with their composites such as carbon-based hydrogels, cellulose-based hydrogels, conductive-polymer-based hydrogels and other hydrogels with excellent electromechanical properties are summarized. One could argue that hydrogels have played a central, starring role for the assembly of flexible supercapacitors for energy storage applications. This work stresses the importance of producing flexible supercapacitors for wearable clothing applications and the current challenges of hydrogel-based supercapacitors. The results of the review depicted that hydrogels are the next materials for the production of the flexible supercapacitor in a more sustainable way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melkie Getnet Tadesse
- Sustainable Engineering (STE), Albstadt-Sigmaringen University, 72458 Albstadt, Germany
- Ethiopian Institute of Textile and Fashion Technology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar 1037, Ethiopia
- Correspondence:
| | - Jörn Felix Lübben
- Sustainable Engineering (STE), Albstadt-Sigmaringen University, 72458 Albstadt, Germany
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26
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Polysaccharide-Based Edible Gels as Functional Ingredients: Characterization, Applicability, and Human Health Benefits. Gels 2022; 8:gels8080524. [PMID: 36005125 PMCID: PMC9407509 DOI: 10.3390/gels8080524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, edible materials such as polysaccharides have gained attention due to their valuable attributes, especially gelling property. Polysaccharide-based edible gels (PEGs) can be classified as (i) hydrogels, (ii) oleogels and bigels, (iii) and aerogels, cryogels and xerogels, respectively. PEGs have different characteristics and benefits depending on the functional groups of polysaccharide chains (e.g., carboxylic, sulphonic, amino, methoxyl) and on the preparation method. However, PEGs are found in the incipient phase of research and most studies are related to their preparation, characterization, sustainable raw materials, and applicability. Furthermore, all these aspects are treated separately for each class of PEG, without offering an overview of those already obtained PEGs. The novelty of this manuscript is to offer an overview of the classification, definition, formulation, and characterization of PEGs. Furthermore, the applicability of PEGs in the food sector (e.g., food packaging, improving food profile agent, delivery systems) and in the medical/pharmaceutical sector is also critically discussed. Ultimately, the correlation between PEG consumption and polysaccharides properties for human health (e.g., intestinal microecology, "bridge effect" in obesity, gut microbiota) are critically discussed for the first time. Bigels may be valuable for use as ink for 3D food printing in personalized diets for human health treatment. PEGs have a significant role in developing smart materials as both ingredients and coatings and methods, and techniques for exploring PEGs are essential. PEGs as carriers of bioactive compounds have a demonstrated effect on obesity. All the physical, chemical, and biological interactions among PEGs and other organic and inorganic structures should be investigated.
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Mabrouk M, Hammad SF, Mansour FR, Abdella AA. A Critical Review of Analytical Applications of Chitosan as a Sustainable Chemical with Functions Galore. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 54:840-856. [PMID: 35903052 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2099220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Biomass and biowastes stand as sustainable and cost-effective environmentally benign alternative feedstock. Chitosan is a biocompatible, bioactive, and biodegradable biopolymer derived from chitin to achieve eight aspects out of the 12 green chemistry principles. Chitosan got significant attention in several fields including chemical analysis, in addition to chemical functionally, which enabled its use as adsorbent and its structural crosslinking using various crosslinkers. The physicochemical, technological, and optical properties of chitosan have been extensively exploited in analysis. Mainly, deacetylation degree and molecular weight are controlling its properties and hence controlling its functions. This review presents a structure, properties, and functions relationships of chitosan. It also aims to provide an overview of the different functions that chitosan can serve in each analytical technique such as supporting matrix, catalyst…etc. The contribution of chitosan in improving the ecological performance is discussed in each technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mokhtar Mabrouk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
- Pharmaceutical Services Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Sherin F Hammad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Fotouh R Mansour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
- Pharmaceutical Services Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Aya A Abdella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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28
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Current Trends in Biomedical Hydrogels: From Traditional Crosslinking to Plasma-Assisted Synthesis. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132560. [PMID: 35808607 PMCID: PMC9268762 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of materials to restore or replace the functions of damaged body parts has been proven historically. Any material can be considered as a biomaterial as long as it performs its biological function and does not cause adverse effects to the host. With the increasing demands for biofunctionality, biomaterials nowadays may not only encompass inertness but also specialized utility towards the target biological application. A hydrogel is a biomaterial with a 3D network made of hydrophilic polymers. It is regarded as one of the earliest biomaterials developed for human use. The preparation of hydrogel is often attributed to the polymerization of monomers or crosslinking of hydrophilic polymers to achieve the desired ability to hold large amounts of aqueous solvents and biological fluids. The generation of hydrogels, however, is shifting towards developing hydrogels through the aid of enabling technologies. This review provides the evolution of hydrogels and the different approaches considered for hydrogel preparation. Further, this review presents the plasma process as an enabling technology for tailoring hydrogel properties. The mechanism of plasma-assisted treatment during hydrogel synthesis and the current use of the plasma-treated hydrogels are also discussed.
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29
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Sochilina AV, Akasov RA, Arkharova NA, Klechkovskaya VV, Mironov AV, Prostyakova AI, Sholina NV, Zubov VP, Generalova AN, Vikhrov AA. Fabrication of moldable chitosan gels via thermally induced phase separation in aqueous alcohol solutions. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 215:501-511. [PMID: 35716792 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Wide application of chitosan in modern technologies is limited by the lack of reliable and low-cost techniques to prepare size-tuned constructs with a complex surface morphology, improved optical and mechanical properties. We report a new simple method for preparation of transparent thermoreversible chitosan alcogels from chitosan/H2O/ethanol ternary systems. This method, termed "low temperature thermally induced phase separation under non-freezing conditions" (LT-TIPS-NF), fine tunes gelation by adjusting only temperature (from 5 to -25 °C) and varying the initial content of chitosan (from 0.5 to 2.0 wt%) and ethanol (from 28.5 to 47.5 vol%). Transparent non-swelling final constructs of complex shape are prepared by fixing the pre-formed alcogels with a base solution. The size of the gel constructs is limited only by the dimensions of the mold and the cooling chamber. The LT-TIPS-NF is applicable both in injection molding and 3D printing techniques. The in vitro and in vivo experiments show the absence of prominent cytotoxicity and well-defined cell adhesion on the obtained hydrogels. Thus, this facile and scalable technique provides the multifunctional chitosan gel preparation with easily controlled properties exploiting inexpensive, renewable, and environmentally friendly source polysaccharide. These materials have prospects for a variety of uses, especially for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia V Sochilina
- Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russia; Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics" RAS, Leninsky prospect, 59, Moscow 119333, Russia.
| | - Roman A Akasov
- Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russia; Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics" RAS, Leninsky prospect, 59, Moscow 119333, Russia; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Trubetskaya St., 8/2, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Natalia A Arkharova
- Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics" RAS, Leninsky prospect, 59, Moscow 119333, Russia
| | - Vera V Klechkovskaya
- Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics" RAS, Leninsky prospect, 59, Moscow 119333, Russia
| | - Anton V Mironov
- Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics" RAS, Leninsky prospect, 59, Moscow 119333, Russia
| | - Anna I Prostyakova
- Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Natalya V Sholina
- Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics" RAS, Leninsky prospect, 59, Moscow 119333, Russia; Morozovskaya Children's City Clinical Hospital, 4th Dobryninsky Lane, 1/9, Moscow 119049, Russia
| | - Vitaly P Zubov
- Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Alla N Generalova
- Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Alexander A Vikhrov
- Shemyakin & Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences, Miklukho-Maklaya str., 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russia
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30
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Bercea M. Bioinspired Hydrogels as Platforms for Life-Science Applications: Challenges and Opportunities. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122365. [PMID: 35745941 PMCID: PMC9229923 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels, as interconnected networks (polymer mesh; physically, chemically, or dynamic crosslinked networks) incorporating a high amount of water, present structural characteristics similar to soft natural tissue. They enable the diffusion of different molecules (ions, drugs, and grow factors) and have the ability to take over the action of external factors. Their nature provides a wide variety of raw materials and inspiration for functional soft matter obtained by complex mechanisms and hierarchical self-assembly. Over the last decade, many studies focused on developing innovative and high-performance materials, with new or improved functions, by mimicking biological structures at different length scales. Hydrogels with natural or synthetic origin can be engineered as bulk materials, micro- or nanoparticles, patches, membranes, supramolecular pathways, bio-inks, etc. The specific features of hydrogels make them suitable for a wide variety of applications, including tissue engineering scaffolds (repair/regeneration), wound healing, drug delivery carriers, bio-inks, soft robotics, sensors, actuators, catalysis, food safety, and hygiene products. This review is focused on recent advances in the field of bioinspired hydrogels that can serve as platforms for life-science applications. A brief outlook on the actual trends and future directions is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bercea
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 700487 Iasi, Romania
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31
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32
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Yang Y, Wu D. Energy‐Dissipative
and Soften Resistant Hydrogels Based on Chitosan Physical Network: From Construction to Application. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202200085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyu Yang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou Henan 450001 China
| | - Decheng Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
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33
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Makshakova ON, Zuev YF. Interaction-Induced Structural Transformations in Polysaccharide and Protein-Polysaccharide Gels as Functional Basis for Novel Soft-Matter: A Case of Carrageenans. Gels 2022; 8:gels8050287. [PMID: 35621585 PMCID: PMC9141914 DOI: 10.3390/gels8050287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Biocompatible, nontoxic, and biodegradable polysaccharides are considered as a promising base for bio-inspired materials, applicable as scaffolds in regenerative medicine, coatings in drug delivery systems, etc. The tunable macroscopic properties of gels should meet case-dependent requirements. The admixture of proteins to polysaccharides and their coupling in more sophisticated structures opens an avenue for gel property tuning via physical cross-linking of components and the modification of gel network structure. In this review recent success in the conformational studies of binary protein–polysaccharide gels is summarized with the main focus upon carrageenans. Future perspectives and challenges in rational design of novel polysaccharide-based materials are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga N. Makshakova
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky Str., 2/31, 420111 Kazan, Russia;
- A. Butlerov Chemical Institute, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Yuriy F. Zuev
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Lobachevsky Str., 2/31, 420111 Kazan, Russia;
- A. Butlerov Chemical Institute, Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya 18, 420008 Kazan, Russia
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34
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Development of Apremilast Nanoemulsion-Loaded Chitosan Gels: In Vitro Evaluations and Anti-Inflammatory and Wound Healing Studies on a Rat Model. Gels 2022; 8:gels8050253. [PMID: 35621551 PMCID: PMC9141762 DOI: 10.3390/gels8050253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Apremilast (APL) has profound anti-inflammatory and wound healing activity, alongside other dermal care. This study aims to develop APL-loaded NEs (ANE1-ANE5) using eucalyptus oil (EO) as the oil and Tween-80 and transcutol-HP (THP) as a surfactant and co-surfactant, respectively. The prepared NEs were then evaluated based on mean droplet size (12.63 ± 1.2 nm), PDI (0.269 ± 0.012), ZP (−23.00 ± 5.86), RI (1.315 ± 0.02), and %T (99.89 ± 0.38) and ANE4 was optimized. Further, optimized NEs (ANE4) were incorporated into chitosan gel (2%, w/v). The developed ANE4-loaded chitosan gel was then evaluated for pH, spreadability, in vitro diffusion, and wound healing and anti-inflammatory studies. Moreover, in vivo studies denoted improved anti-inflammatory and wound healing activity and represented a decrease in wound size percentage (99.68 ± 0.345%) for the APNE2 gel test compared to a negative control (86.48 ± 0.87%) and standard control (92.82 ± 0.34%). Thus, the formulation of ANE4-loaded chitosan gels is an efficient topical treatment strategy for inflammatory and wound healing conditions.
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Exploring the Impact of Chitosan Composites as Artificial Organs. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14081587. [PMID: 35458335 PMCID: PMC9030266 DOI: 10.3390/polym14081587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan and its allies have in multiple ways expanded into the medical, food, chemical, and biological industries and is still expanding. With its humble beginnings from marine shell wastes, the deacetylated form of chitin has come a long way in clinical practices. The biomedical applications of chitosan are truly a feather on its cap, with rarer aspects being chitosan’s role in tissue regeneration and artificial organs. Tissue regeneration is a highly advanced and sensitive biomedical application, and the very fact that chitosan is premiering here is an authentication of its ability to deliver. In this review, the various biomedical applications of chitosan are touched on briefly. The synthesis methodologies that are specific for tissue engineering and biomedical applications have been listed. What has been achieved using chitosan and chitosan composites in artificial organ research as well as tissue regeneration has been surveyed and presented. The lack of enthusiasm, as demonstrated by the very few reports online with respect to chitosan composites and artificial organs, is highlighted, and the reasons for this lapse speculated. What more needs be done to expand chitosan and its allies for a better utilization and exploitation to best benefit the construction of artificial organs and building of tissue analogs has been discussed.
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Mio L, Sacco P, Donati I. Influence of Temperature and Polymer Concentration on the Nonlinear Response of Highly Acetylated Chitosan-Genipin Hydrogels. Gels 2022; 8:gels8030194. [PMID: 35323307 PMCID: PMC8955893 DOI: 10.3390/gels8030194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Strain hardening, i.e., the nonlinear elastic response of materials under load, is a physiological response of biological tissues to mechanical stimulation. It has recently been shown to play a central role in regulating cell fate. In this paper, we investigate the effect of temperature and polymer concentrations on the strain hardening of covalent hydrogels composed of pH-neutral soluble chitosans crosslinked with genipin. A series of highly acetylated chitosans with a fraction of acetylated units, FA, in the range of 0.4–0.6 was synthesized by the homogeneous re-N-acetylation of a partially acetylated chitosan or the heterogeneous deacetylation of chitin. A chitosan sample with an FA = 0.44 was used to prepare hydrogels with genipin as a crosslinker at a neutral pH. Time and frequency sweep experiments were then performed to obtain information on the gelling kinetics and mechanical response of the resulting hydrogels under small amplitude oscillatory shear. While the shear modulus depends on the chitosan concentration and is almost independent of the gel temperature, we show that the extent of hardening can be modulated when the gelling temperature is varied and is almost independent of the experimental conditions used to build the hydrogels (ex situ or in situ gelation). The overall effect is attributed to a subtle balance between the physical (weak) entanglements and covalent (strong) crosslinks that determine the mechanical response of highly acetylated chitosan hydrogels at large deformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Mio
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy; (L.M.); (P.S.)
| | - Pasquale Sacco
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy; (L.M.); (P.S.)
- AREA Science Park, Loc. Padriciano 99, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazza dell’Ospitale 1, I-34129 Trieste, Italy
| | - Ivan Donati
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, I-34127 Trieste, Italy; (L.M.); (P.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Ross M, Hicks EA, Rambarran T, Sheardown H. Thermo-sensitivity and erosion of chitosan crosslinked poly[N-isopropylacrylamide-co-(acrylic acid)-co-(methyl methacrylate)] hydrogels for application to the inferior fornix. Acta Biomater 2022; 141:151-163. [PMID: 35081434 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Thermo-gels based on chitosan crosslinked poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) were developed as alternatives to conventional eye drops for the sustained release of ketotifen fumarate in the treatment of allergic conjunctivitis. The thermo-gelling properties of the base polymer were altered prior to crosslinking with chitosan by incorporation of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic comonomers acrylic acid and methyl methacrylate respectively. Varying amounts of chitosan were incorporated by ionic interaction to produce polyelectrolyte complexes or by carbodiimide chemistry to produce covalently crosslinked networks. The lower critical solution temperature of all the chitosan crosslinked thermo-gels produced was below the surface temperature of the eye. All the chitosan crosslinked thermo-gels were found to have greater than 80% equilibrium water contents following gelation. The method and amount of chitosan incorporation allowed for tailor-ability of material rheologic properties, with full degradation occurring over a one-to-four-day period, and tailorable rates of release of 40-60% of the loaded allergy medication ketotifen fumarate. The chitosan crosslinked thermo-gels were demonstrated to be nontoxic both in vitro and in vivo. It was demonstrated that the synthesized materials could be applied to the inferior fornix of eye, sustaining a multiple day release of ketotifen fumarate, as an alternative to conventional eyedrops. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Topical eyedrops are the main treatment modality for anterior ocular conditions. However, due to the natural clearance mechanisms of the eye, topical eyedrops are well established to be largely ineffective as a method of drug delivery. Herein, we investigate a method of altering thermo-gel properties of an n-isopropylacrylamide based polymer to enable the incorporation of greater amounts of chitosan by different methods of crosslinking. By controlling the synthesis parameters, final material properties can be tailored to impart ideal spreading, retention on the eye, and the rate of degradation and drug release over several days. This work also focuses on studying the rheological properties of the chitosan crosslinked thermo-gels which has not been investigated previously.
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Furlani F, Rossi A, Grimaudo MA, Bassi G, Giusto E, Molinari F, Lista F, Montesi M, Panseri S. Controlled Liposome Delivery from Chitosan-Based Thermosensitive Hydrogel for Regenerative Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020894. [PMID: 35055097 PMCID: PMC8776110 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This work describes the development of an injectable nanocomposite system based on a chitosan thermosensitive hydrogel combined with liposomes for regenerative medicine applications. Liposomes with good physicochemical properties are prepared and embedded within the chitosan network. The resulting nanocomposite hydrogel is able to provide a controlled release of the content from liposomes, which are able to interact with cells and be internalized. The cellular uptake is enhanced by the presence of a chitosan coating, and cells incubated with liposomes embedded within thermosensitive hydrogels displayed a higher cell uptake compared to cells incubated with liposomes alone. Furthermore, the gelation temperature of the system resulted to be equal to 32.6 °C; thus, the system can be easily injected in the target site to form a hydrogel at physiological temperature. Given the peculiar performance of the selected systems, the resulting thermosensitive hydrogels are a versatile platform and display potential applications as controlled delivery systems of liposomes for tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Furlani
- National Research Council of Italy-Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (ISTEC-CNR), Via Granarolo 64, I-48018 Faenza, Italy; (A.R.); (M.A.G.); (G.B.); (E.G.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: (F.F.); (S.P.); Tel.: +39-0546-699-776 (F.F.); +39-0546-699-785 (S.P.)
| | - Arianna Rossi
- National Research Council of Italy-Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (ISTEC-CNR), Via Granarolo 64, I-48018 Faenza, Italy; (A.R.); (M.A.G.); (G.B.); (E.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Maria Aurora Grimaudo
- National Research Council of Italy-Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (ISTEC-CNR), Via Granarolo 64, I-48018 Faenza, Italy; (A.R.); (M.A.G.); (G.B.); (E.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Giada Bassi
- National Research Council of Italy-Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (ISTEC-CNR), Via Granarolo 64, I-48018 Faenza, Italy; (A.R.); (M.A.G.); (G.B.); (E.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Elena Giusto
- National Research Council of Italy-Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (ISTEC-CNR), Via Granarolo 64, I-48018 Faenza, Italy; (A.R.); (M.A.G.); (G.B.); (E.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Filippo Molinari
- Army Medical Center, Scientific Department, I-00184 Rome, Italy; (F.M.); (F.L.)
| | - Florigio Lista
- Army Medical Center, Scientific Department, I-00184 Rome, Italy; (F.M.); (F.L.)
| | - Monica Montesi
- National Research Council of Italy-Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (ISTEC-CNR), Via Granarolo 64, I-48018 Faenza, Italy; (A.R.); (M.A.G.); (G.B.); (E.G.); (M.M.)
| | - Silvia Panseri
- National Research Council of Italy-Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (ISTEC-CNR), Via Granarolo 64, I-48018 Faenza, Italy; (A.R.); (M.A.G.); (G.B.); (E.G.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: (F.F.); (S.P.); Tel.: +39-0546-699-776 (F.F.); +39-0546-699-785 (S.P.)
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da S. Pereira A, Souza CPL, Moraes L, Fontes-Sant’Ana GC, Amaral PFF. Polymers as Encapsulating Agents and Delivery Vehicles of Enzymes. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13234061. [PMID: 34883565 PMCID: PMC8659040 DOI: 10.3390/polym13234061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymes are versatile biomolecules with broad applications. Since they are biological molecules, they can be easily destabilized when placed in adverse environmental conditions, such as variations in temperature, pH, or ionic strength. In this sense, the use of protective structures, as polymeric capsules, has been an excellent approach to maintain the catalytic stability of enzymes during their application. Thus, in this review, we report the use of polymeric materials as enzyme encapsulation agents, recent technological developments related to this subject, and characterization methodologies and possible applications of the formed bioactive structures. Our search detected that the most explored methods for enzyme encapsulation are ionotropic gelation, spray drying, freeze-drying, nanoprecipitation, and electrospinning. α-chymotrypsin, lysozyme, and β-galactosidase were the most used enzymes in encapsulations, with chitosan and sodium alginate being the main polymers. Furthermore, most studies reported high encapsulation efficiency, enzyme activity maintenance, and stability improvement at pH, temperature, and storage. Therefore, the information presented here shows a direction for the development of encapsulation systems capable of stabilizing different enzymes and obtaining better performance during application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adejanildo da S. Pereira
- Escola de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil; (A.d.S.P.); (C.P.L.S.); (L.M.)
| | - Camila P. L. Souza
- Escola de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil; (A.d.S.P.); (C.P.L.S.); (L.M.)
| | - Lidiane Moraes
- Escola de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil; (A.d.S.P.); (C.P.L.S.); (L.M.)
| | - Gizele C. Fontes-Sant’Ana
- Biochemical Processes Technology Department, Chemistry Institute, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20550-013, Brazil;
| | - Priscilla F. F. Amaral
- Escola de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, Brazil; (A.d.S.P.); (C.P.L.S.); (L.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-21-3938-7623
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Visan RM, Leonties AR, Aricov L, Chihaia V, Angelescu DG. Polymorphism of chitosan-based networks stabilized by phytate investigated by molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:22601-22612. [PMID: 34591050 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02961d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan can associate in the presence of polyphosphates into insoluble hydrogels capable of drug encapsulation and safe and efficient release. On the one hand, chitosan hydrogels were synthesized using the phytate anion as a crosslinking agent and were characterized by employing dynamic light scattering (DLS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). On the other hand, an effective chitosan-phytate model with atomistic details was created to examine the underlying physical crosslinking pattern, and the structure and dynamics of the chitosan-phytate complex were systematically investigated by using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. To harbor the crosslinker potential for obtaining chitosan-based hydrogels, the impact of the phytate concentration and the functional groups of the chitosan on the reticulation process was addressed. The phytate association was determined by the phosphates' capacity for H-bonding to the amine and hydroxyl groups belonging to two consecutive glucosidic units. The physical crosslinking pattern was determined by the number of chitosan chains bound by one phytate anion and the phytate orientation relative to the glucopyranose neighbors. Cross-linking of two up to six chitosan chains mediated by a phytate anion represented favorable states, and the number distribution of cross-linked chains depended on the phytate concentration. The circular distribution of the cross-linkable phosphates regulated the nearly isotropic orientation of the chitosan chains and phytate at the junction, and the variety of topological crosslinking demonstrated the phytate ion's potential for developing chitosan-based hydrogels with improved structural attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raluca M Visan
- Romanian Academy, "Ilie Murgulescu" Institute of Physical Chemistry, Splaiul Independentei 202, 060021 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Anca R Leonties
- Romanian Academy, "Ilie Murgulescu" Institute of Physical Chemistry, Splaiul Independentei 202, 060021 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Ludmila Aricov
- Romanian Academy, "Ilie Murgulescu" Institute of Physical Chemistry, Splaiul Independentei 202, 060021 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Viorel Chihaia
- Romanian Academy, "Ilie Murgulescu" Institute of Physical Chemistry, Splaiul Independentei 202, 060021 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Daniel G Angelescu
- Romanian Academy, "Ilie Murgulescu" Institute of Physical Chemistry, Splaiul Independentei 202, 060021 Bucharest, Romania.
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Graphene Oxide-Chitosan Aerogels: Synthesis, Characterization, and Use as Adsorbent Material for Water Contaminants. Gels 2021; 7:gels7040149. [PMID: 34698168 PMCID: PMC8544572 DOI: 10.3390/gels7040149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Porous aerogels, formed by subjecting precursor hydrogels using a freeze-drying process, are certainly one of the most studied and synthetized soft materials, thanks to their important features such as elasticity, swelling behavior, softness, and micro and nanosized pores, which guarantee their applicability in various fields. Typically, these systems are synthetized working with natural or synthetic polymers, but in the last years great interest has been given to proper formulated aerogels able to combine polymeric structures with other moieties such as graphene or graphene oxide. This working strategy can be pivotal in many cases to tune important properties of the final system such as toughness, porosity, elasticity, electrical conductivity, or responsive behavior. In this work we propose the synthesis of chitosan graphene oxide aerogels obtained through self-assembly of graphene oxide sheets and chitosan chains. These three-dimensional systems were chemically characterized with IR and XRD technique and their inner structure was investigated through the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Moreover, we mechanically characterized the material through dynamic mechanical analysis, showing the stability of these systems. Finally, the adsorption ability of these soft materials has been demonstrated using model molecules to simulate water contaminants showing the efficacy of those graphene-based systems even for the removal of anionic dyes. Complete removal of contaminants was obtained at low concentration of dyes in solution (100 mg/L), while with a higher amount of pollutant in the solution (350 mg/L) high sorption capacity (q > 200 mg/g) was observed.
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Furlani F, Marfoglia A, Marsich E, Donati I, Sacco P. Strain Hardening in Highly Acetylated Chitosan Gels. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:2902-2909. [PMID: 34161074 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Strain hardening has recently emerged as a near-universal response of biological tissues to mechanical stimulation as well as a powerful regulator of cell fate. Understanding the mechanistic basis for this nonlinear elasticity is crucial for developing bioinspired materials that mimic extracellular matrix mechanics. Here, we show that covalent networks built from highly acetylated chitosans exhibit strain hardening at physiological pH and osmolarity. While varying the chitosan physical-chemical composition and network connectivity, we provide evidence that temporary nodes arising from the entangling of chains between stable cross-links are at the root of nonlinear elasticity. The contour length (Lc) of the said chains revealed that the larger the chain length between the cross-links, the greater is the entanglement over disentanglement upon network stretching. To this end, we calculated that the minimum number of Khun's segments in Lc that contributes to the onset of strain hardening is 15. Furthermore, we identified a relationship between critical strain marking nonlinear elasticity and the network connectivity, being similar to that found for the cytoskeletal collagen matrix, indicating the potential use of semiflexible (neutral pH-soluble) chitosans in assembling extracellular matrix mimics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Furlani
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, Trieste I-34127, Italy
| | - Andrea Marfoglia
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, Trieste I-34127, Italy
| | - Eleonora Marsich
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Piazza Dell'Ospitale 1, Trieste I-34129, Italy
| | - Ivan Donati
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, Trieste I-34127, Italy
| | - Pasquale Sacco
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Licio Giorgieri 5, Trieste I-34127, Italy
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Tabassum N, Ahmed S, Ali MA. Chitooligosaccharides and their structural-functional effect on hydrogels: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 261:117882. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Rahmanian-Devin P, Baradaran Rahimi V, Askari VR. Thermosensitive Chitosan- β-Glycerophosphate Hydrogels as Targeted Drug Delivery Systems: An Overview on Preparation and Their Applications. Adv Pharmacol Pharm Sci 2021; 2021:6640893. [PMID: 34036263 PMCID: PMC8116164 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6640893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Today, with the advances in technology and science, more advanced drug delivery formulations are required. One of these new systems is an intelligent hydrogel. These systems are affected by the environment or conditions that become a gel, stay in the circumstance for a certain period, and slowly release the drug. As an advantage, only a lower dose of the drug is required, and it provides less toxicity and minor damage to other tissues. Hydrogels are of different types, including temperature-sensitive, pH-sensitive, ion change-sensitive, and magnetic field-sensitive. In this study, we investigated a kind of temperature-sensitive smart hydrogel, which has a liquid form at room temperature and becomes gel with increasing temperature. Chitosan-β-glycerophosphate hydrogels have been researched and used in many studies. This study investigates the various factors that influence the gelation mechanism, such as gel formation rates, temperature, pH, time, and gel specificity. Hydrogels are used in many drug delivery systems and diseases, including nasal drug delivery, vaginal drug delivery, wound healing, peritoneal adhesion, ophthalmic drug delivery, tissue engineering, and peptide and protein delivery. Overall, the chitosan-β-glycerophosphate hydrogel is a suitable drug carrier for a wide range of drugs. It shows little toxicity to the body, is biodegradable, and is compatible with other organs. This system can be used in different conditions and different medication ways, such as oral, nasal, and injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouria Rahmanian-Devin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vafa Baradaran Rahimi
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vahid Reza Askari
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Persian Medicine, School of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Persian Medicine, School of Persian and Complementary Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Kopplin G, Lervik A, Draget KI, Aachmann FL. Alginate gels crosslinked with chitosan oligomers - a systematic investigation into alginate block structure and chitosan oligomer interaction. RSC Adv 2021; 11:13780-13798. [PMID: 35423937 PMCID: PMC8697632 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01003d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Three alginates with fundamentally different block structures, poly-M, poly-G, and poly-MG, have been investigated upon ionic crosslinking with chitosan oligosaccharides (CHOS), using circular dichroism (CD), rheology, and computer simulations, supporting the previously proposed gelling principle of poly-M forming zipper-like junction zones with chitosan (match in charge distance along the two polyelectrolytes) and revealing a unique high gel strength poly-MG chitosan gelling system. CD spectroscopy revealed an increased chiroptical activity exclusively for the poly-M chitosan gelling system, indicative of induced conformational changes and higher ordered structures. Rheological measurement revealed gel strengths (G' < 900 Pa) for poly-MG (1%) CHOS (0.3%) hydrogels, magnitudes of order greater than displayed by its poly-M analogue. Furthermore, the ionically crosslinked poly-MG chitosan hydrogel increased in gel strength upon the addition of salt (G' < 1600 at 50 mM NaCl), suggesting a stabilization of the junction zones through hydrophobic interactions and/or a phase separation. Molecular dynamics simulations have been used to further investigate these findings, comparing interaction energies, charge distances and chain alignments. These alginates are displaying high gel strengths, are known to be fully biocompatible and have revealed a broad range of tolerance to salt concentrations present in biological systems, proving high relevance for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Kopplin
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology 7491 Trondheim Norway
| | - Anders Lervik
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology 7491 Trondheim Norway
| | - Kurt I Draget
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology 7491 Trondheim Norway
| | - Finn L Aachmann
- Norwegian Biopolymer Laboratory (NOBIPOL), Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology 7491 Trondheim Norway
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Rubenicia AML, Cubillan LDP, Sicam VADP, Macabeo APG, Villaflores OB, Castillo AL. Intraocular Pressure Reduction Effect of 0.005% Latanoprost Eye Drops in a Hyaluronic Acid-Chitosan Nanoparticle Drug Delivery System in Albino Rabbits. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2021; 10:2. [PMID: 34003979 PMCID: PMC8024779 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.10.4.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction efficiency of hyaluronic acid-chitosan-latanoprost link nanoparticle (HA-CS-latanoprost link NP) formulated eye drops. Methods The IOP reduction study was performed in 24 normotensive albino rabbits. The test animals were randomized and grouped accordingly to treatment namely, HA-CS-latanoprost link NP, plain latanoprost, and the commercially available Xalatan eye drop, all were formulated with 0.005% latanoprost. The 9 days of the experiment were divided into baseline period (days 1-2), treatment period (days 3-6), and recovery period (days 7-9). A wireless noncontact tonometer was used to measure IOP at a time interval of 2 hours for 12 hours per day with 5 readings each. Results The highest mean daily IOP reduction during the treatment period was 24% for plain latanoprost, 23% for Xalatan, and 29% for HA-CS-latanoprost link NP. The maximum reduction in IOP for plain latanoprost and Xalatan all occurred at the sixth hour with the peak effects of 4.85 mm Hg (37%) and 4.8 mm Hg (36%), respectively. Although HA-CS-latanoprost link NP had peak effects of 5.75 mm Hg (43%) at the sixth hour and 5.22 mm Hg (39%) at the eighth hour. Daily mean IOP measurements of each treatment group showed that HA-CS-latanoprost link NP has a greater IOP reduction effect compared with the other two treatments (P < 0.001). Conclusions The results showed that the formulation of latanoprost with CS and HA is more effective in reducing the IOP than by drug alone. Translational Relevance The results provide evidence from animal experiment that HA-CS-latanoprost link NP formulation could improve and sustain drug concentration in the anterior segment of the eye. The improved reduction in IOP with that HA-CS-latanoprost link NP formulation can serve as a basis that latanoprost eye drops can be formulated with decreased concentration of benzalkonium HCl, an irritant preservative and penetration enhancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Marie L. Rubenicia
- The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
- School of Pharmacy, Centro Escolar University, Manila, Philippines
| | - Leo D. P. Cubillan
- Philippine Eye Research Institute, PGH Compound, Ermita, Manila, Philippines
- University of the Philippines – National Institute of Health, Ermita, Manila, Philippines
| | - Victor Arni D. P. Sicam
- Philippine Eye Research Institute, PGH Compound, Ermita, Manila, Philippines
- University of the Philippines – National Institute of Health, Ermita, Manila, Philippines
| | - Allan Patrick G. Macabeo
- Laboratory for Organic Reactivity, Discovery, and Synthesis (LORDS), Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | - Oliver B. Villaflores
- The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
- Phytochemistry Laboratory, Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | - Agnes L. Castillo
- The Graduate School, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
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Voci S, Gagliardi A, Molinaro R, Fresta M, Cosco D. Recent Advances of Taxol-Loaded Biocompatible Nanocarriers Embedded in Natural Polymer-Based Hydrogels. Gels 2021; 7:33. [PMID: 33804970 PMCID: PMC8103278 DOI: 10.3390/gels7020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of paclitaxel (PTX) has been a milestone in anti-cancer therapy and has promoted the development and marketing of various formulations that have revolutionized the therapeutic approach towards several malignancies. Despite its peculiar anti-cancer activity, the physico-chemical properties of PTX compromise the administration of the compound in polar media. Because of this, since the development of the first Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved formulation (Taxol®), consistent efforts have been made to obtain suitable delivery systems able to preserve/increase PTX efficacy and to overcome the side effects correlated to the presence of some excipients. The exploitation of natural polymers as potential materials for drug delivery purposes has favored the modulation of the bioavailability and the pharmacokinetic profiles of the drug, and in this regard, several formulations have been developed that allow the controlled release of the active compound. In this mini-review, the recent advances concerning the design and applications of natural polymer-based hydrogels containing PTX-loaded biocompatible nanocarriers are discussed. The technological features of these formulations as well as the therapeutic outcome achieved following their administration will be described, demonstrating their potential role as innovative systems to be used in anti-tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Voci
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario “S.Venuta”, I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (S.V.); (A.G.); (M.F.)
| | - Agnese Gagliardi
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario “S.Venuta”, I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (S.V.); (A.G.); (M.F.)
| | | | - Massimo Fresta
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario “S.Venuta”, I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (S.V.); (A.G.); (M.F.)
| | - Donato Cosco
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Campus Universitario “S.Venuta”, I-88100 Catanzaro, Italy; (S.V.); (A.G.); (M.F.)
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Ye J, Yang G, Zhang J, Xiao Z, He L, Zhang H, Liu Q. Preparation and characterization of gelatin-polysaccharide composite hydrogels for tissue engineering. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11022. [PMID: 33777525 PMCID: PMC7971083 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Tissue engineering, which involves the selection of scaffold materials, presents a new therapeutic strategy for damaged tissues or organs. Scaffold design based on blends of proteins and polysaccharides, as mimicry of the native extracellular matrix, has recently become a valuable strategy for tissue engineering. Objective This study aimed to construct composite hydrogels based on natural polymers for tissue engineering. Methods Composite hydrogels based on blends of gelatin with a polysaccharide component (chitosan or alginate) were produced and subsequently enzyme crosslinked. The other three hydrogels, chitosan hydrogel, sodium alginate hydrogel, and microbial transglutaminase-crosslinked gelatin (mTG/GA) hydrogel were also prepared. All hydrogels were evaluated for in vitro degradation property, swelling capacity, and mechanical property. Rat adipose-derived stromal stem cells (ADSCs) were isolated and seeded on (or embedded into) the above-mentioned hydrogels. The morphological features of ADSCs were observed and recorded. The effects of the hydrogels on ADSC survival and adhesion were investigated by immunofluorescence staining. Cell proliferation was tested by thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Results Cell viability assay results showed that the five hydrogels are not cytotoxic. The mTG/GA and its composite hydrogels showed higher compressive moduli than the single-component chitosan and alginate hydrogels. MTT assay results showed that ADSCs proliferated better on the composite hydrogels than on the chitosan and alginate hydrogels. Light microscope observation and cell cytoskeleton staining showed that hydrogel strength had obvious effects on cell growth and adhesion. The ADSCs seeded on chitosan and alginate hydrogels plunged into the hydrogels and could not stretch out due to the low strength of the hydrogel, whereas cells seeded on composite hydrogels with higher elastic modulus, could spread out, and grew in size. Conclusion The gelatin-polysaccharide composite hydrogels could serve as attractive biomaterials for tissue engineering due to their easy preparation and favorable biophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ye
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Gang Yang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhenghua Xiao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ling He
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Han Zhang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qi Liu
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Chitosan-Human Bone Composite Granulates for Guided Bone Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052324. [PMID: 33652598 PMCID: PMC7956611 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for the perfect bone graft material is an important topic in material science and medicine. Despite human bone being the ideal material, due to its composition, morphology, and familiarity with cells, autografts are widely considered demanding and cause additional stress to the patient because of bone harvesting. However, human bone from tissue banks can be used to prepare materials in eligible form for transplantation. Without proteins and fats, the bone becomes a non-immunogenic matrix for human cells to repopulate in the place of implantation. To repair bone losses, the granulate form of the material is easy to apply and forms an interconnected porous structure. A granulate composed of β-tricalcium phosphate, pulverized human bone, and chitosan-a potent biopolymer applied in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and biotechnology-has been developed. A commercial encapsulator was used to obtain granulate, using chitosan gelation upon pH increase. The granulate has been proven in vitro to be non-cytotoxic, suitable for MG63 cell growth on its surface, and increasing alkaline phosphatase activity, an important biological marker of bone tissue growth. Moreover, the granulate is suitable for thermal sterilization without losing its form-increasing its convenience for application in surgery for guided bone regeneration in case of minor or non-load bearing voids in bone tissue.
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Rajabi M, McConnell M, Cabral J, Ali MA. Chitosan hydrogels in 3D printing for biomedical applications. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 260:117768. [PMID: 33712126 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have entered a new stage of development by the recent progress in biology, material sciences, and particularly an emerging additive manufacturing technique, three-dimensional (3D) printing. 3D printing is an advanced biofabrication technique which can generate patient-specific scaffolds with highly complex geometries while hosting cells and bioactive agents to accelerate tissue regeneration. Chitosan hydrogels themselves have been widely used for various biomedical applications due to its abundant availability, structural features and favorable biological properties; however, the 3D printing of chitosan-based hydrogels is still under early exploration. Therefore, 3D printing technologies represent a new avenue to explore the potential application of chitosan as an ink for 3D printing, or as a coating on other 3D printed scaffolds. The combination of chitosan-based hydrogels and 3D printing holds much promise in the development of next generation biomedical implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Rajabi
- Center for Bioengineering and Nanomedicine, Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Michelle McConnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jaydee Cabral
- Center for Bioengineering and Nanomedicine, Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - M Azam Ali
- Center for Bioengineering and Nanomedicine, Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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