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Widianawati E, Agiwahyuanto F, Wulan WR, Khoironi A, Hasan A. Cigarette Display Regulation At Point Of Sales (POS) And Its Impact On Cigarette Sales. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2022; 23:3431-3435. [PMID: 36308368 PMCID: PMC9924333 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2022.23.10.3431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to determine the impact of cigarette display settings on cigarette sales in the stores in Semarang City.<br /><br />Methods: The research was conducted in August-October 2020 using a quasi-experimental study approach. It was conducted by setting the cigarette display in 3 methods where (1) the cigarette display was opened for 35 days in 5 stores, (2) the cigarettes display was covered with cloth for a pre and post-intervention period of 15 and 30 days, respectively, at five stores and (3) the cigarette display was hidden for a pre and post-intervention period of 15 and 30 days, respectively, at three stores. Cigarette sales were recorded based on how many packs or sticks were sold per day, and a visit to the store was made every two or three days without prior notification to the store owner to ensure the cigarette display was appropriate and recorded data. The sales data was descriptively evaluated using a paired t-test with a 95% confidence level. <br /><br />Result: The results showed that one hidden cigarette display store (R3-1) experienced a significant decrease in sales, three hidden/covered display stores had a less significant decrease in cigarette sales and four hidden/covered display stores didn't have any decline in cigarette sales while the average decline in cigarette consumption in stores was -1.4packs/day. From the analysis of sales per day and the paired pre-post intervention test, the store with a covered display showed no difference in the pre-post intervention sales, while the stores with hidden displays showed differences. <br /><br />Conclusion: Thus, covered displays did not affect stores and cigarette sales, while stores with hidden displays showed differences in sales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evina Widianawati
- Health Information Management Program, Faculty of Health, Dian Nuswantoro University, Semarang, Indonesia. ,For Correspondence:
| | - Faik Agiwahyuanto
- Health Information Management Program, Faculty of Health, Dian Nuswantoro University, Semarang, Indonesia.
| | - Widya Ratna Wulan
- Public Health Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Dian Nuswantoro, Semarang, Indonesia.
| | - Adian Khoironi
- Health Information Management Program, Faculty of Health, Dian Nuswantoro University, Semarang, Indonesia.
| | - Abdillah Hasan
- Faculty of Economy and Business, Universitas, Indonesia.
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Freeman B, Watts C, Astuti PAS. Global tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship regulation: what's old, what's new and where to next? Tob Control 2022; 31:216-221. [PMID: 35241591 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-056551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship (TAPS) bans are a cornerstone of comprehensive tobacco control laws. Global progress in implementing TAPS bans has been enabled by the adoption of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Innovative TAPS policies are in place internationally and include: point-of-sale display bans, plain packaging of products, industry spending on TAPS disclosure reporting, bans on retailer incentive programmes, and regulation of TAPS in entertainment and online media. However, there is an over-reliance on entertainment and digital content producers and platforms to self-regulate TAPS. Ensuring TAPS laws are regularly examined to limit loopholes and remove exemptions is crucial to continued success. The definition of what constitutes TAPS can allow the tobacco industry to deploy corporate communication and political campaigns that skirt TAPS bans. TAPS laws must also maintain pace with the changing media landscape, which includes monitoring and reporting TAPS that cross international borders, primarily through digital media platforms. Limiting tobacco retail supply will also serve to prevent the continued undermining of TAPS bans. Leveraging global corporation to ensure enforcement of TAPS bans across borders is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Becky Freeman
- School of Public Health, The University of Sydney Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Christina Watts
- Daffodil Centre, Faulty of Medicine and Health, The Univeristy of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Putu Ayu Swandewi Astuti
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Udayana University Faculty of Medicine, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
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Bar-Zeev Y, Berg CJ, Khayat A, Romm KF, Wysota CN, Abroms LC, Elbaz D, Levine H. IQOS marketing strategies at point-of-sales: a cross-sectional survey with retailers. Tob Control 2022:tobaccocontrol-2021-057083. [PMID: 35140170 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2021-057083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The point-of-sale (POS) is adapting to marketing restrictions, societal changes and the inclusion of new products, such as heated tobacco products (eg, Philip Morris International's (PMI) IQOS device and HEETS sticks). We aimed to assess (1) PMI's influences on IQOS/HEETS POS marketing and (2) the implications of the new legislation (POS display ban and plain packaging) for retailers. METHODS A cross-sectional survey of 43 IQOS/HEETS POS owners/managers in five Israeli cities assessed POS and participant characteristics, marketing strategies, attitudes towards IQOS, and POS implications of the legislation and COVID-19, including industry reactions. Bivariate analysis explored differences between POS selling of the IQOS device versus POS selling of HEETS only. RESULTS A higher proportion of those carrying IQOS (n=15) (vs HEETS only) had special displays (100% vs 17.9%, p<0.001) and interacted with specific IQOS salespersons (73.3% vs 28.6%, p=0.013). Common promotions were financial incentives based on HEETS sales for retailers (37.5%) and price discounts on HEETS for customers (48.7%). Most indicated positive attitudes towards IQOS (72.1%; eg, 'less harmful'), opposition to the legislation (62.7%), limited government assistance to implement the legislation (62.8%), and industry provision of display cases and/or signage to comply with the legislation (67.4%). CONCLUSION PMI uses similar tactics to promote IQOS at POS as they previously used for combustible products, including direct promotional activities with retailers, and circumvented legislation by using special displays and signage. Governments need to ban these measures and support retailers with clear practical guidance regarding the implementation of marketing restrictions at POS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Bar-Zeev
- Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Hebrew University and Hadassah Medical Centre, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Carla J Berg
- Milken Institute School of Public, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Amal Khayat
- Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Hebrew University and Hadassah Medical Centre, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Katelyn F Romm
- Milken Institute School of Public, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Chritina N Wysota
- Milken Institute School of Public, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Lorien C Abroms
- Milken Institute School of Public, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Daniel Elbaz
- Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Hebrew University and Hadassah Medical Centre, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hagai Levine
- Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Hebrew University and Hadassah Medical Centre, Jerusalem, Israel
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Barnoya J, Monzon D, Pinetta J, Grilo G, Cohen JE. New tobacco products, old advertising strategies: point-of-sale advertising in Guatemala. Tob Control 2021; 30:591-593. [PMID: 32817571 PMCID: PMC8394754 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-055681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Capsule cigarettes, electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) and heated tobacco products (HTPs) are now readily available in Guatemala. As in most countries, the point-of-sale (POS) remains an important marketing channel for the tobacco industry. Therefore, we sought to characterise the POS marketing of these products in the two largest cities in Guatemala. METHODS Convenience stores were randomly surveyed in mid and high socioeconomic status (SES) neighbourhoods in Guatemala City (n=60) and Quetzaltenango (n=15) in 2019. We adapted a previously implemented checklist to assess the availability of interior advertising of capsule cigarettes, e-cigarettes and HTP. Data entry was done in Kobo toolbox and analysis in STATA. RESULTS All stores sold conventional and flavoured capsule cigarettes, 78% e-cigarettes and 68% HTP. Most cigarette advertising was for capsule cigarettes. E-cigarettes were more likely to be sold in Guatemala City (96%) than in Quetzaltenango (13%). HTPs were only found in Guatemala City (85%), with no difference between high and medium SES neighbourhoods. Median number of ads for cigarettes and capsule cigarettes was higher in the high SES neighbourhood. Most e-cigarettes (83%) and HTP (74%) were found <50 cm from candy. E-cigarettes and HTP were available in a wide range of flavours. All stores that sold HTP had flavoured HEETS (amber, bronze, turquoise, yellow, blue and purple). CONCLUSION We found a high prevalence of advertising for capsule cigarettes, e-cigarettes and HTP at the POS. The POS, a crucial advertising channel for the tobacco industry, is now being used for new products and therefore needs to be urgently regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquin Barnoya
- Departamento de Investigacion, Unidad de Cirugia Cardiovascular, Guatemala, Guatemala
- Research Department, Integra Cancer Institute, Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Diego Monzon
- Departamento de Investigacion, Unidad de Cirugia Cardiovascular, Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Jose Pinetta
- Departamento de Investigacion, Unidad de Cirugia Cardiovascular, Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Graziele Grilo
- Institute for Global Tobacco Control, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joanna E Cohen
- Institute for Global Tobacco Control, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Xue W, Zhang C, Wang K, Guang M, Chen Z, Lu H, Feng X, Xu Z, Wang L. Tobacco industry strategies to prevent a ban on the display of tobacco products and changes to health warning labels on the packaging in Brazil. Tob Prev Cessat 2020. [PMID: 33069530 PMCID: PMC7737563 DOI: 10.18332/tpc/128321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Through packaging and marketing, the tobacco industry (TI) is able to increase the appeal of its products and reduce the effectiveness of health warning labels (HWLs). Based on scientific evidence and the principles of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), ANVISA, the Brazilian surveillance and regulatory agency, conducted a process to implement new regulations at the point-of-sale (POS), including a display ban, and new parameters to HWLs. In order to prevent the regulation from entering into force, the TI strategically used several approaches. The objective of this study was to analyze the approaches used by the TI to prevent the implementation of a tobacco display ban and new requirements to HWLs. METHODS In order to identify and describe TI’s approaches, we reviewed several sources of documentation, including published articles, reports, legislation, TI documents, and media stories. RESULTS Well-known, reported approaches were used by the TI in order to prevent the implementation of new regulations. These approaches included political interference, litigation, and funding studies to question tobacco control measures as previously reported in Brazil and other countries. CONCLUSIONS Using established approaches, the TI successfully stopped the implementation of a tobacco display ban and new parameters to HWLs in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xue
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, Wuxi 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Congnan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, Wuxi 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Nongken Agricultural Development Co., Ltd., Hengshan Road 136, Nanjing 210019, China
| | - Kang Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, Wuxi 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Nongken Agricultural Development Co., Ltd., Hengshan Road 136, Nanjing 210019, China
| | - Min Guang
- Grain and Oil Food Inspection Center of Wuhan, Jianghan Road 7, Wuhani 430000, China
| | - Zhengxing Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, Wuxi 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hui Lu
- Jiangsu Nongken Agricultural Development Co., Ltd., Hengshan Road 136, Nanjing 210019, China
| | - Xiaoyu Feng
- Jiangsu Nongken Agricultural Development Co., Ltd., Hengshan Road 136, Nanjing 210019, China
| | - Zhicun Xu
- Jiangsu Nongken Agricultural Development Co., Ltd., Hengshan Road 136, Nanjing 210019, China
| | - Li Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, Wuxi 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, Wuxi 214122, China; Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Lihu Road 1800, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Priyono B, Hafidhah B, Wihardini W, Nuryunawati R, Rahmadi FM, Kusuma D. Removal of point-of-sale tobacco displays in Bogor city, Indonesia: A spatial analysis. Tob Prev Cessat 2020; 6:22. [PMID: 32548359 PMCID: PMC7291908 DOI: 10.18332/tpc/118236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Indonesia contributes over 61 million smokers to global tobacco users, and the smoking prevalence is increasing among young people. In October 2017, Bogor city started the ban on tobacco displays at point-of-sale (POS), starting with modern cigarette retailers. This study aims to assess compliance with the ban and the visibility of POS with tobacco displays around educational facilities. METHODS We included 266 modern retailers surveyed throughout the city during November and December 2017. Compliance indicators included no tobacco product displays, advertisements, promotions, and sponsorship. We conducted spatial and quantitative analyses in ArcMap 10.6 and Stata 15.1, respectively. RESULTS Immediately following the ban, the compliance with all four criteria was high (83%). However, POS in areas with higher population density and poverty rates had significantly lower compliance. We also found that the ban reduced the visibility of tobacco displays around schools and universities. CONCLUSIONS Compliance with the ban was high, which helped to reduce the visibility of tobacco displays around educational facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fathi M Rahmadi
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitas Siliwangi, Tasikmalaya, Indonesia
| | - Dian Kusuma
- Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia.,Centre for Health Economics & Policy Innovation, Imperial College Business School, London, United Kingdom
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Astuti PAS, Kurniasari NMD, Mulyawan KH, Sebayang SK, Freeman B. From glass boxes to social media engagement: an audit of tobacco retail marketing in Indonesia. Tob Control 2019; 28:e133-e140. [PMID: 31147480 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess tobacco promotion intensity, retailer behaviours and tobacco company efforts to link retailer marketing to online channels. METHODS We completed an audit of tobacco advertisements and promotions at 1000 randomly selected cigarette retailers in Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia that included an observation checklist, digital photos and structured interviews with retailers. We then calculated the tobacco promotion index for each retailer and made comparisons based on store types. Next, we conducted a photo analysis from 100 randomly selected retailers to explore links to online channels and other promotional cues to engage young people. RESULTS Mini-markets have both the highest total number of promotions and the highest indoor promotion index with a mean score of 5.1 and 3.7, respectively. Kiosks have the highest outdoor promotion index with a mean score of 1.6. Most of the retailers (98.9%) displayed cigarettes, more than half of kiosk retailers (54.8%) and mini-market retailers (56.3%) admitted selling cigarettes to young people, and 74% of kiosk retailers sell single stick cigarettes. We found links to online marketing, including two hashtags and a company website. Promotional materials also included youth-focused content such as English taglines, new products and small packs. CONCLUSION Tobacco companies in Indonesia have strategically differentiated their advertisements based on retailer type and have bridged conventional retailer marketing to online channels. Reforming Indonesian tobacco laws to include bans on single sticks and small pack sales, point-of-sale advertising, including displays, and enforcement of laws on sales to minors is urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Putu Ayu Swandewi Astuti
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Udayana University Faculty of Medicine, Denpasar, Indonesia .,School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney Medical School, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ni Made Dian Kurniasari
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Udayana University Faculty of Medicine, Denpasar, Indonesia.,Udayana Center for NCDs, Tobacco Control and Lung Health, Udayana University Sudirman Campus, Denpasar, Indonesia
| | - Ketut Hari Mulyawan
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Udayana University Faculty of Medicine, Denpasar, Indonesia.,Udayana Center for NCDs, Tobacco Control and Lung Health, Udayana University Sudirman Campus, Denpasar, Indonesia
| | - Susy K Sebayang
- Biostatistics and Population Studies, Universitas Airlangga, Banyuwangi, Indonesia
| | - Becky Freeman
- School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney Medical School, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Prevention Research Collaboration (PRC), Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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A Comparison of Gender Differences in Smoking Behaviors, Intention to Quit, and Nicotine Dependence among Thai University Students. JOURNAL OF ADDICTION 2018; 2018:8081670. [PMID: 30473903 PMCID: PMC6220393 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8081670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death. In Thailand, the prevalence of smoking is about 15-20 times higher among men than women. This study aimed to investigate gender differences among university students concerning smoking behaviors, nicotine dependence, and intention to quit smoking. Methods A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect information from participants who were current smokers studying at a university in northern Thailand. Snowball sampling was used to recruit participants. Results Of 364 participants, there were 321 males and 43 females. This study showed higher smoking behaviors among males than females; males were more likely to smoke every day than females (67.0 and 41.9%, respectively, p value=0.002), and the average number of cigarettes daily was higher among males than females (8.4 and 5.5, respectively, p value=0.006). The sources of cigarettes differed between males and females. The nicotine dependence level, as measured by the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence, was quite low in both male and female smokers and did not differ significantly (mean score of 2.3±2.2 for males, 1.8±1.8 for females; p value=0.123). Females were more likely than males toward intention to quit in the next 30 days (51.2 and 34.0%, respectively, p value=0.041). The most common reason for intention to quit was awareness of harm to health, for which females were more concerned than males. Conclusion Male and female university students who smoked differed in smoking behaviors and intention to quit, but not in nicotine dependence level. The university should provide health promotion to help students quit smoking.
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Cheung YTD, Ho SY, Wang MP, Kwong A, Lai V, Lam TH. Pro-smoking responses and attitudes due to point-of-sale tobacco displays in never smokers: A cross-sectional study in Hong Kong. Tob Induc Dis 2018; 16:32. [PMID: 31516431 PMCID: PMC6659512 DOI: 10.18332/tid/92585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Never smokers' responses to tobacco control policy are often overshadowed by the opposition from smokers and tobacco industry during policy advocacy and legislation. Very few studies have examined never smokers' exposure to point-of-sale (POS) tobacco displays and their effects. Therefore, we investigated the exposure, pro-smoking responses due to and attitudes towards such displays in never smokers in Hong Kong. METHODS We conducted two-stage, randomized cross-sectional telephone-based surveys in 2015 and 2016 of 1833 never-smoking adults. They were asked how often they noticed POS displays in the past 30 days (often, sometimes, never), whether they found POS displays attractive, felt encouraged to smoke, perceived POS displays as advertisements, and if they supported banning them. The distributions of the outcomes were analyzed by descriptive statistics with weighting to the general population. Risk ratios (RR) from Poisson regression models adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics were used to analyze the associations. RESULTS Our results showed that, in never smokers, the younger were more likely to often notice POS displays (RR=0.80, 95% CI: 0.72-0.89, p<0.01). Finding POS displays attractive was associated with primary (RR=2.52, 95% CI: 1.51-4.22, p<0.01) and secondary education (RR=1.68, 95% CI: 1.16- 2.44, p=0.01) versus tertiary education. Often noticing displays was associated with perceived attractiveness (RR=1.90, 95% CI: 1.32-2.75, p<0.01). The positive association between often noticing displays and being encouraged to smoke was marginally significant (RR=4.05, 95% CI: 0.98-16.85, p=0.054). Respondents who often noticed POS displays (RR=0.87, 95% CI: 0.77-0.98, p=0.02) and did not perceive them as advertisements (RR=0.70, 95% CI: 0.61-0.98, p<0.01) showed less support on banning them than those who did not notice them. CONCLUSIONS Frequent exposure to POS displays was associated with greater perceived attractiveness and lower support for banning them. A total ban on POS displays is needed to eliminate the advertising and normalization effect of POS displays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sai Yin Ho
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Man Ping Wang
- School of Nursing, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Antonio Kwong
- The Hong Kong Council on Smoking and Health, Hong Kong, China
| | - Vienna Lai
- The Hong Kong Council on Smoking and Health, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tai Hing Lam
- School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Saraf DS, Mehrotra R, Chandan K, Sinha DN, Yadav A. A review of trade practices of smokeless tobacco products in terms of prohibition on sale, manufacturing & importation in Framework Convention on Tobacco Control ratified Parties. Indian J Med Res 2018; 148:90-97. [PMID: 30264757 PMCID: PMC6172913 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_2027_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Over the past decade, the World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) has served as a powerful tool to initiate and advance global tobacco control efforts. However, the control strategies have mainly targeted demand-side measures. The goal of a tobacco-free world by 2040 cannot be achieved if the supply-side measures are not addressed. This analysis was undertaken to examine the tobacco control legislations of various Parties ratifying WHO FCTC with an objective to ascertain the status of prohibition of importation, sale and manufacturing of smokeless tobacco products. METHODS All 180 Parties to WHO FCTC were included for the study. A comprehensive database of all the parties to FCTC was created and tobacco control legislations and regulations of all parties were studied in detail. RESULTS Overall, the sale of smokeless tobacco (SLT) products was prohibited in 45 Parties. Eleven Parties prohibited manufacturing of SLT products and six Parties imposed a ban on importation of SLT products. Australia, Bhutan, Singapore and Sri Lanka banned all three. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS Comprehensive tobacco control strategy with effective tobacco cessation programme should complement strong legal actions such as prohibition on trade in SLT products to meet the public health objective of such laws and regulations. In addition, multisectoral efforts are needed for effective implementation of such restrictions imposed by the governments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Singh Saraf
- Division of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research, Noida, India
| | - Ravi Mehrotra
- WHO FCTC Global Knowledge Hub on Smokeless Tobacco, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research, Noida, India
| | - Kumar Chandan
- WHO FCTC Global Knowledge Hub on Smokeless Tobacco, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research, Noida, India
| | | | - Amit Yadav
- WHO FCTC Global Knowledge Hub on Smokeless Tobacco, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research, Noida, India
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Soong A, Navas-Acien A, Pang Y, Lopez MJ, Garcia-Esquinas E, Stillman FA. A Cross-Sectional Study of Tobacco Advertising, Promotion, and Sponsorship in Airports across Europe and the United States. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13100959. [PMID: 27690072 PMCID: PMC5086698 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13100959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship (TAPS) bans are effective and are increasingly being implemented in a number of venues and countries, yet the state of TAPS in airports and their effect on airport smoking behavior is unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of TAPS in airports across Europe and the US, and to begin to examine the relationship between TAPS and smoking behaviors in airports. We used a cross-sectional study design to observe 21 airports in Europe (11) and the US (10). Data collectors observed points of sale for tobacco products, types of products sold, advertisements and promotions, and branding or logos that appeared in the airport. Tobacco products were sold in 95% of all airports, with significantly more sales in Europe than the US. Advertisements appeared mostly in post-security areas; however, airports with advertisements in pre-security areas had significantly more smokers observed outdoors than airports without advertisements in pre-security areas. Tobacco branding appeared in designated smoking rooms as well as on non-tobacco products in duty free shops. TAPS are widespread in airports in Europe and the US and might be associated with outdoor smoking, though further research is needed to better understand any relationship between the two. This study adds to a growing body of research on tobacco control in air transit and related issues. As smoke-free policies advance, they should include comprehensive TAPS bans that extend to airport facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Soong
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Institute for Global Tobacco Control, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Ana Navas-Acien
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Yuanjie Pang
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Maria Jose Lopez
- Public Health Agency of Barcelona, Barcelona 08023, Spain.
- Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
- Sant Pau Institute of Biomedical Research (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona 08025, Spain.
| | - Esther Garcia-Esquinas
- Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid-IdiPaz, Madrid 28220, Spain.
| | - Frances A Stillman
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Institute for Global Tobacco Control, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 20742, USA.
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Impact of graphic pack warnings on adult smokers' quitting activities: Findings from the ITC Southeast Asia Survey (2005-2014). J Smok Cessat 2016; 11:124-134. [PMID: 27525045 DOI: 10.1017/jsc.2015.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaysia introduced graphic health warning labels (GHWLs) on all tobacco packages in 2009. We aimed to examine if implementing GHWLs led to stronger warning reactions (e.g., thinking about the health risks of smoking) and an increase in subsequent quitting activities; and to examine how reactions changed over time since the implementation of the GHWLs in Malaysia and Thailand where GHWL size increased from 50-55% in 2010. Data came from six waves (2005-2014) of the International Tobacco Control Southeast Asia Survey. Between 3,706 and 4,422 smokers were interviewed across these two countries at each survey wave. Measures included salience of warnings, cognitive responses (i.e., thinking about the health risks and being more likely to quit smoking), forgoing cigarettes, and avoiding warnings. The main outcome was subsequent quit attempts. Following the implementation of GHWLs in Malaysia, reactions increased, in some cases to levels similar to the larger Thai warnings, but declined over time. In Thailand, reactions increased following implementation, with no decline for several years, and no clear effect of the small increase in warning size. Reactions, mainly cognitive responses, were consistently predictive of quit attempts in Thailand, but this was only consistently so in Malaysia after the change to GHWLs. In conclusion, GHWLs are responded to more frequently, and generate more quit attempts, but warning wear-out is not consistent in these two countries, perhaps due to differences in other tobacco control efforts.
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