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Zhao H, Wu N, Haapala EA, Gao Y. Association between meeting 24-h movement guidelines and health in children and adolescents aged 5-17 years: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1351972. [PMID: 38774055 PMCID: PMC11106490 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1351972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Twenty-four-hour movement behaviors have significant implications for physical and mental health throughout one's lifespan. Consistent with movement behaviors, several countries have formulated and published 24-h movement guidelines. This review summarized the studies related to 24-h movement guidelines among children and adolescents from six databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, and SPORTDiscus). In a total of 61 studies that discussed compliance with 24-h movement guidelines, the overall adherence rate was very low (7.1%), with boys exceeding girls, children surpassing adolescents, and regional differences. A total of 39 studies examined the associations between 24-h movement guidelines and health indicators. Findings indicated that meeting all three guidelines was favorably associated with adiposity, cardiometabolic health, mental and social health, physical fitness, health-related quality of life, academic achievement, cognitive development, perceived health, dietary patterns, and myopia. Future research should utilize longitudinal and experimental designs to enhance our understanding of the associations between 24-h movement guidelines and health indicators, thereby aiding the formulation and refinement of such guidelines. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, CRD42023481230.
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Affiliation(s)
- HanHua Zhao
- Department of Sports Science, College of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Na Wu
- Shanghai Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Service, School of Public Health, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Eero A. Haapala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ying Gao
- Department of Sports Science, College of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Shi G, Liang C, Zang W, Bao R, Yan J, Zhou L, Wang L. 24-hour movement behaviours and self-rated health in Chinese adolescents: a questionnaire-based survey in Eastern China. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16174. [PMID: 37842041 PMCID: PMC10576499 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Although much evidence has demonstrated the benefits of adhering to the 24-hour movement guidelines, little is known about their association with self-rated health in adolescents. The objective of this study was to explore the association between adherence to the 24-hour movement guidelines (i.e., physical activity, screen time, and sleep) and self-rated health among Chinese adolescents aged 10-17 ages. Methods A convenient sample of 12 schools and their students were recruited for this cross-sectional study. Physical activity and screen time were assessed using a questionnaire based on the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children questionnaire, while sleep duration was used measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Scale. Ordinal logistic regression was performed to examine the association between adherence to the 24-hour movement guidelines and self-rated health. Results Adolescents who adhered to more guidelines contained in the 24-hour movement guidelines reported better self-rated health. A dose-response association was observed, with the odds ratio (OR) for adhering to all three = 11.26, 95% CI [4.82-26.35]; OR for meeting two = 1.62, 95% CI [1.25-2.12]; OR for meeting one = 1.16, 95% CI [0.98-1.38]) indicating a higher probability of better self-rated health with increasing adherence. Regarding adherence to specific combination of 24-hour movement guidelines, positive associations were found for adhering to all three recommendations (OR = 11.95, 95% CI [5.06-28.19]), only MVPA (OR = 4.96, 95% CI [2.82-8.72]), MVPA + screen time (OR = 5.50, 95% CI [3.02-9.99]), and MVPA + sleep (OR = 4.63, 95% CI [2.52-8.51]). Conclusion This study provides evidence supporting the association between adherence to the 24-hour movement guidelines and better self-rated health among Chinese adolescents. Sufficient physical activity may be particularly important for promoting self-rated health in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Shi
- Ningbotech University, Department of Physical Education, Zhejiang, China
| | | | - Wanli Zang
- Postgraduate School, Harbin Sport University, Harbin, China
| | - Ran Bao
- Centre for Active Living and Learning, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Jin Yan
- Centre for Active Living and Learning, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Li Zhou
- School of Sports and Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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Liu T, Li D, Yang H, Chi X, Yan J. Associations of sport participation with subjective well-being: a study consisting of a sample of Chinese school-attending students. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1199782. [PMID: 37427269 PMCID: PMC10326896 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1199782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Past studies have illustrated that the impact of sports participation on school-attending students' well-being plays a significant role in the life course of adolescence, which is a golden period for developing sound psychological qualities. However, the relationship between sports participation and subjective well-being is not clear, particularly in Chinese primary and middle schools. Therefore, the current study was aimed to explore the relationship between sports participation and subjective well-being in elementary and middle schools in China. Method All involved children and adolescents were asked to conduct a self-report of their sociodemographic factors (e.g., sex, grade, and age), independence, and outcomes. The survey involved a two-stage sampling design (district school). Besides, in order to examine the relationship between participation in sports and subjective well-being, a self-report questionnaire was used. Logistic regression with 95% confidence interval and odds ratios (ORs), was conducted to investigate the relationship between sports participation and subjective well-being. Results A total of 67,281 participants in total provided complete data for the final analysis of the current study. The percentage of boys and girls was 51.9% and 48.1%, namely. The current study found that compared with children who never participate in sports, those children who participated sports in 1-3 times a month, 1-2 times a week, and 3 times a week and above were more likely to enjoy better well-being. Compared with children who never participate in sports, those children who in every grade participated sports in 1-3 times a month, 1-2 times a week, and 3 times a week and above were more likely to achieve better well-being. Conclusion Our current study offered the positive effect of sports participation on children and adolescents' subjective well-being. For schools and governments, further studies are needed to focus on sports participation and positive feedback on adolescents' mental health, and the three parties' endeavors should be intervened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhuo Liu
- School of Physical Education, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Ji Lin, China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of International Culture Education, Chodang University, Muan, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Xinli Chi
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jin Yan
- Centre for Active Living and Learning, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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Silva C, Vilas C, Pereira B, Rosário P, Fuentes S, Magalhães P. Changes in Physical Fitness Parameters in a Portuguese Sample of Adolescents during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A One-Year Longitudinal Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3422. [PMID: 36834116 PMCID: PMC9965852 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Due to a worldwide response to the COVID-19 pandemic, many changes were imposed on individuals' daily lives, including those related to the physical activity of children and adolescents. The present study aims to comprehend the impact of early COVID-19 pandemic restrictions on Portuguese adolescents' physical fitness parameters during two school years. A total of 640 students from the 5th to the 12th grades participated in the longitudinal study. Data on body composition, aerobic fitness, speed, agility, lower and upper body strength, and flexibility were collected at three moments: 1. before the COVID-19 pandemic (December 2019); 2. after the COVID-19 lockdown when the schools reopened delivering in-person classes (October 2020), and 3. two months after the in-person classes started (December 2020). To analyze the overall changes between the three moments and between two age groups, we conducted repeated measure ANOVAs. The main findings indicate that participants' body composition (i.e., waist circumference) and aerobic fitness (i.e., maximal oxygen uptake) deteriorated after the first lockdown but improved two months after the in-person classes started. However, the same did not happen to neuromuscular fitness (i.e., horizontal Jumps and Sit and Reach). These findings suggest that the COVID-19 lockdown may have negatively impacted adolescents' physical fitness, particularly older adolescents. Altogether, data reinforce the importance of in-person classes and school context in promoting adolescents' physical health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Silva
- Department of Applied Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Minho, 4710-052 Braga, Portugal
| | - Catarina Vilas
- Department of Applied Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Minho, 4710-052 Braga, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Pereira
- Department of Applied Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Minho, 4710-052 Braga, Portugal
| | - Pedro Rosário
- Department of Applied Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Minho, 4710-052 Braga, Portugal
| | - Sonia Fuentes
- Facultad de Educación y Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Central de Chile, Santiago 530-598, Chile
| | - Paula Magalhães
- Department of Applied Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Minho, 4710-052 Braga, Portugal
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Zheng W, Shen H, Belhaidas MB, Zhao Y, Wang L, Yan J. The Relationship between Physical Fitness and Perceived Well-Being, Motivation, and Enjoyment in Chinese Adolescents during Physical Education: A Preliminary Cross-Sectional Study. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:children10010111. [PMID: 36670661 PMCID: PMC9856568 DOI: 10.3390/children10010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between physical fitness (PF) level and Chinese middle-school students’ perceived well-being, motivation, and enjoyment. Method: In this study, the participants were randomly selected from 16 Beijing-based middle schools in China. In addition to the collection of demographic data (i.e., gender, age, and parental education), tools including the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale, the Behavioural Regulation in Sport Questionnaire, and the Physical Activity Children’s Enjoyment Scale were employed for collecting data on other variables of well-being, motivation, and enjoyment, respectively. Results: A total of 1678 adolescents (M age = 14.66 years, SD = 1.80) participated in this study. According to the results, significant gender differences could be observed in the PF categories of mean age, BMI, vital capacity, 50-m sprint, muscular strength, and flexibility (all p < 0.05). In contrast, there was no significant gender difference in the levels of well-being, motivation, and enjoyment observed, with similar scores for boys and girls (p > 0.05). Indeed, adolescents with low BMI scores and high levels of vital capacity, muscular strength, and flexibility showed better well-being, motivation, and enjoyment. However, no association was observed between timed sit-ups and pull-ups and well-being, motivation, and enjoyment. Conclusions: This study produced preliminary findings on the relationship between PF and Chinese adolescents’ perceived well-being, motivation, and enjoyment. To improve the health of adolescents, it is necessary to adopt prospective and experimental research designs for advocating for fitness education in school-based programs in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zheng
- School of Physical Education, Guangzhou Sports University, Guangzhou 510500, China
| | - Hejun Shen
- School of Physical Education and Humanity, Nanjing Sport Institute, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Mohammed B. Belhaidas
- Institute of Physical Education and Sports, University of Abdelhamid Ibn Badis, Mostaganem 27000, Algeria
| | - Yaping Zhao
- The Library Unit, Shandong Sport University, Jinan 250102, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200483, China
| | - Jin Yan
- Centre for Active Living and Learning, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Ma C, Yan J, Hu H, Shi C, Li F, Zeng X. Associations between 24-h Movement Behavior and Internet Addiction in Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16873. [PMID: 36554753 PMCID: PMC9779407 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the relationship between 24-h activity behavior and Chinese adolescents' Internet addiction. METHODS A survey of 2045 adolescents (56.5% boys) was conducted, and adolescents' 24-h movement behavior and Internet addiction were measured via a questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the basic situation of the respondents; chi-square analysis was used to compare gender differences, and logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between 24-h exercise guide entries and Internet addiction. RESULTS From the number of 24-h movement behavior guides, 25.3% of the children did not meet the recommended amount of any kind of activity behavior guide, while 50.4% and 21.7% of the children reached the recommended amount of one and two activity behavior guidelines, respectively; only 3.2% of the children met the recommended amount of all three activity behavior guidelines. Adolescents who did not meet the recommended 24-h activity behavior guidelines were more likely to have Internet addiction (OR = 8.46, 95 CI = 3.06-23.36), and were more likely to have one item (OR = 4.50, 95 CI = 1.64-12.39) or two items (OR = 3.12, 95 CI = 1.11-8.74). CONCLUSIONS Physical activity, static behavior, and sleep may all have a greater impact on adolescents' Internet addiction, among which physical activity has a greater impact on adolescents' Internet addiction. Different combinations of 24-h movement behavior have different effects on adolescents' Internet addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caizhen Ma
- School of Physical Education, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen 041081, China
| | - Jin Yan
- Centre for Active Living and Learning, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
- College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, Newcastle, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Hejue Hu
- Library of Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chongyan Shi
- School of Physical Education and Humanity, Nanjing Sport Institute, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Feng Li
- China Basketball College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xinyue Zeng
- Faculty of Physical Education, China West Normal University, Nanchong 637000, China
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Wang Y, She W, Chi G, Wang J. Vigorous physical activity and self-rated health during adolescence: A cross-sectional survey. Front Public Health 2022; 10:961361. [PMID: 36339185 PMCID: PMC9634651 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.961361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the positive relationship between self-rated health and general physical activity, very little research has touched upon the relationship between self-rated health and vigorous physical activity. Such research will help to promote self-rated health among adolescents by addressing the close relationship between self-rated health and the components of physical activity. Purpose In this study, the relationship between self-rated health and vigorous physical activity among Chinese adolescents were analyzed. Methods The current study was based on a collaborative survey conducted by the WHO in several nations, and the data generated by Health Behavior in School-aged Children every 4 years on health behavior were adopted. The school class was taken as a basic unit for sampling. Cluster sampling was performed systematically, and the possibility was proportional to the population. The sampling was conducted to collect typical cases. The class teachers were informed of the sampling activities, and they were to collect data on the students by distributing the questionnaires. Results The research included 116,828 respondents from 36 countries. Among them, 51.82% were girls and 48.18% were boys. A total of 98.54% of the respondents considered their health status as fair or above when completing the questionnaire, while 1.46% believed that their health status was poor. Moreover, more than 86% of the respondents participated in vigorous exercise more than weekly, and better self-health ratings were found among respondents who exercised more than weekly (once a week: OR = 1.95, CI: 1.86-2.04; two or three times a week: OR = 1.69, CIL: 1.63-1.76; four or six times a week: OR = 1.30, CI: 1.25-1.35). Certain respondents reported better results for self-rated health (4-6 h every week: OR = 1.36, CI: 1.30-1.43; 2 or 3 h every week: OR = 1.48, CI: 1.42-1.55; 1 h every week: OR = 1.64, CI: 1.57-1.72). Conclusion In this study, empirical evidence is provided for the relationship between self-rated health and vigorous physical activity among adolescents. From the results, it can be observed that there is a positive relationship between self-rated health and vigorous physical activity among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkang Wang
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Weizhong She
- Hebei Vocational College for Correctional Police, Handan, China
| | - Guijun Chi
- Department of Physical Education, Tangshan Normal University, Tangshan, China
| | - Junsheng Wang
- Institute of Physical Education and Training, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Junsheng Wang
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Chao L, Ma R, Jiang W. Movement behaviours and anxiety symptoms in Chinese college students: A compositional data analysis. Front Psychol 2022; 13:952728. [PMID: 36186352 PMCID: PMC9520661 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.952728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current research, sleep duration, sedentary behaviour, physical activity, and their relationship with several anxiety symptoms among college students were examined. This study was a cross-sectional study, and study respondents were recruited from college students. A total of 1,475 of college students were included for analysis. Sedentary behaviours and physical activity were assessed by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form, while sleep duration was assessed by the Chinese version Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. To assess the anxiety symptoms of study respondents, the Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7 was used. The compositional data was analysed in R to estimate the associations between replacements among physical activities, sedentary behaviours, and sleep and anxiety symptoms. Results indicated a greater impact was imposed on the alleviation of anxiety symptoms by substituting sedentary behaviours with physical activity at moderate to vigorous intensity. In the current research, the significance of moderate to vigorous physical activity should be highlighted in preventing anxiety among Chinese college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luomeng Chao
- Physical Education Teaching Unit, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Rui Ma
- Postdoctoral Research Station in Public Administration, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Physical Education (Based School), Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Rui Ma,
| | - Weiwei Jiang
- Centre for Mental Health, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Shi C, Yan J, Wang L, Shen H. Exploring the self-reported physical fitness and self-rated health, mental health disorders, and body satisfaction among Chinese adolescents: A cross-sectional study. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1003231. [PMID: 36186394 PMCID: PMC9521502 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1003231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundPhysical activity (PA) and Physical fitness (PF) have received tremendous attention in the field of physical and mental health. However, limited attention has been given to the associations of self-reported physical fitness with some health-related outcomes. Given the COVID-19 pandemic is still active in many Chinese regions, assessing health-related physical fitness (HRPF) in adolescents using field-based assessment (such as a shuttle run for cardiorespiratory fitness) is unrealistic, therefore, this study was conducted via a self-reported questionnaire.PurposeThe present cross-sectional study was aimed at delving into the relationship between self-reported physical fitness with self-rated health, depression, anxiety, and body satisfaction in adolescents. Three thousand eight hundred and seven study participants from 12 public schools in South-eastern China were recruited and 2,407 of them provided valid data on variables that this study needed for analysis.Materials and methodsStudy participants were asked to self-report their sociodemographic factors (e.g., sex, grade, age), independence, and outcomes. Generalized linear models were used to explore the associations of self-reported physical fitness (comprising general physical fitness, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength, speed and agility, and flexibility) with depression, anxiety, and body satisfaction. A total of 2,407 children and adolescents with a mean age of 13.82 (±2.1) years were included in the final study analysis.ResultsHigher self-reported levels of general physical fitness and cardiorespiratory fitness were associated with better self-rated health, and body satisfaction but with lower risks of depression and anxiety.ConclusionThe current study offered evidence on the roles of self-reported physical fitness and health-related outcomes. To facilitate health in children and adolescents, advocating fitness education, and promotion could be a feasible approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongyan Shi
- School of Physical Education and Humanity, Nanjing Sport Institute, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Yan
- Centre for Active Living and Learning, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Hejun Shen
- School of Physical Education and Humanity, Nanjing Sport Institute, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Hejun Shen,
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Shi C, Chen S, Wang L, Yan J, Liang K, Hong J, Shen H. Associations of sport participation, muscle-strengthening exercise and active commuting with self-reported physical fitness in school-aged children. Front Public Health 2022; 10:873141. [PMID: 35937209 PMCID: PMC9355271 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.873141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Numerous studies suggest a positive association between physical activity and physical fitness in schoolchildren. However, little is known about some neglected forms of physical activity and their associations with physical fitness. This study was conducted via a self-reported questionnaire, owing to the COVID-19 pandemic in many regions in China. Purpose This study explores the associations between participating in sports, muscle-strengthening exercises, and active commuting with self-reported physical fitness assessed by the International Fitness Scale (IFIS). Methods A total of 3,807 study participants (ages 11–17) from 12 public schools in South-eastern China were recruited, with 2,407 providing valid data on variables for analysis. Study participants were asked to self-report their sociodemographic factors (i.e., sex, grade, age), participation in sports (never, 1–3 times per month, 1–2 times per week, and 3 or more times per week), muscle-strengthening exercise (0–7 days) and active commuting (0–5 days). Generalized linear models were used to explore the associations between sports participation, muscle-strengthening exercise, and active commuting with self-reported physical fitness (comprising general physical fitness, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength, speed and agility, and flexibility). A total of 2,407 children and adolescents with a mean age of 13.82 (±2.1) years were included in the study's final analysis. Results The study found no significant association between active commuting and physical fitness. Regarding participating in sports and muscle-strengthening exercises, positive, significant associations were found, which showed that a higher frequency of participating in sports and more participation in muscle-strengthening exercises are associated with improved physical fitness. Conclusion This study offered evidence on the roles of some aspects of physical activity in physical fitness. To promote health in children and adolescents, they should be encouraged to participate in more sports and engage in muscle-strengthening exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongyan Shi
- School of Physical Education and Humanity, Nanjing Sport Institute, Nanjing, China
| | - Sitong Chen
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Yan
- Centre for Active Living and Learning, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
- College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Kaixin Liang
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jintao Hong
- Shanghai Research Institute of Sports Science (Shanghai Anti-Doping Agency), Shanghai, China
| | - Hejun Shen
- School of Physical Education and Humanity, Nanjing Sport Institute, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Hejun Shen
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