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Zhu J, Du J, Kou W, Liu C, Fan J, Zhu Z, Deng L, Guan L, Wang Y, Yu A. Probucol protects against brain damage caused by intra-neural pyroptosis in rats with vascular dementia through inhibition of the Syk/Ros pathway. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:4363-4377. [PMID: 38441564 PMCID: PMC10968675 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuronal injury in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) is the main pathogenic factor of vascular dementia (VD). Clinically, there isn't a drug specifically for VD; instead, the majority of medications used to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD) are also used to treat VD. Based on the proven anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of Probucol, we hypothesized that it may have therapeutic effects on VD, but more research is required to determine its exact mechanism of action. METHODS In vivo experiment: We used SD rats and most commonly used bilateral carotid artery occlusion (2-VO) in VD for modeling. After successful modeling, SD rats were given Probucol 3.5 mg/kg/day for 8 weeks to evaluate the therapeutic effect. In vitro experiment: BV-2 microglia of rats were cultured and divided into Control group and Probucol group. Each group was treated with hypoxia-hypoglycemia, hypoxia-hypoglycemia hydrogen peroxide and hypoxia-hypoglycemia hydrogen peroxide Syk inhibitor respectively. RESULTS The results of immunofluorescence and Western blot showed that Probucol could significantly improve the cognitive impairment induced by CCH, and the neuronal damage was also attenuated. On the one hand, the underlying mechanism of Probucol was to reduce oxidative stress and cell apoptosis of hippocampal neurons by inhibiting the expression of phosphorylated spleen tyrosine kinase (P-Syk); On the other hand, it exerted a protective effect by reducing NLRP3-dependent cell pyroptosis and inhibiting neuroinflammation induced by microglia activation. CONCLUSION Probucol could reduce oxidative stress and cell apoptosis by inhibiting the Syk/ROS signaling pathway, thereby improving CCH-induced cognitive impairment in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Zhu
- Graduate School, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China
| | - Jing Du
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China
| | - Wenhui Kou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China
| | - Chenling Liu
- Graduate School, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China
| | - Jianchun Fan
- Graduate School, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China
| | - Ziyan Zhu
- Graduate School, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China
| | - Lexiu Deng
- Graduate School, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China
| | - Lingling Guan
- Graduate School, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China
| | - Yuandi Wang
- Graduate School, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China
| | - Aimei Yu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, Hebei, China
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Du H, Xia J, Huang L, Zheng L, Gu W, Yi F. Relationship between insulin-like growth factor-1 and cerebral small vessel disease and its mechanisms: advances in the field. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1190869. [PMID: 37358957 PMCID: PMC10285072 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1190869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is an active polypeptide protein that closely resembles the structural sequence of insulin and is involved in a variety of metabolic processes in the body. Decreased IGF-1 circulation levels are associated with an increased risk of stroke and a poorer prognosis, but the relationship with cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) is unclear. Some studies found that the level of IGF-1 in patients with cSVD was significantly reduced, but the clinical significance and underlying mechanisms are unknown. This article reviews the correlation between IGF-1 and cerebrovascular disease and explores the potential relationship and mechanism between IGF-1 and cSVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Du
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jian Xia
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Research Center for Cerebrovascular Disease of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lan Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenping Gu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Clinical Research Center for Cerebrovascular Disease of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fang Yi
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Chi X, Fan X, Fu G, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Shen W. Research trends and hotspots of post-stroke cognitive impairment: a bibliometric analysis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1184830. [PMID: 37324494 PMCID: PMC10267734 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1184830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) is a major complication of stroke that affects more than one-third of stroke survivors, threatening their quality of life and increasing the risk of disability and death. Although various studies have described the etiology, epidemiology, and risk factors of PSCI, there are a limited number of comprehensive and accurate reports on research trends and hotspots in this field. Therefore, this review aimed to evaluate research trends, hotspots, and frontiers in PSCI using bibliometric analysis. Methods: We screened the literature spanning 20 years in the Web of Science Core Collection: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-Expanded) database from 1 January 2003 to 31 December 2022. We included all eligible literature reports based on our comprehensive search strategy, inclusion criteria, and exclusion criteria. The analysis of annual publications, countries/regions, institutions, journals, co-cited references, and keywords was conducted using CiteSpace and VOSviewer, and the hotspots and major findings of PSCI were summarized. Results: A total of 1,024 publications were included in this review. We found that the number of publications on PSCI increased annually. These publications were published in 75 countries or regions by over 400 institutions. Although Chinese institutions had the highest number of publications, their international influence was limited. The United States showed a strong influence in the field. The journal "Stroke" published the most publications (57) with a high impact factor and was considered the most co-cited journal. The most frequently cited references focused on the prevalence, incidence, neuropsychological assessment scales, criteria, and guidelines of PSCI. The strongest citation burst keywords for PSCI were "neurotrophic factor" and "synaptic plasticity", which were regarded as research focuses and research hotspots, respectively. Conclusion: This review provided a comprehensive summary of the literature of PSCI, identified the authoritative and frequently cited literature and journals, clarified the trends in PSCI research, and highlighted the hotspots in this field. Currently, studies on the mechanisms and treatment of PSCI are limited, and we hope that this review has effectively highlighted the research trajectory of PSCI and will lay the foundation for more innovative research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Wei Shen
- *Correspondence: Yunling Zhang, ; Wei Shen,
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Wang Z, Li T, Du M, Zhang L, Xu L, Song H, Zhang J. β-hydroxybutyrate improves cognitive impairment caused by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion via amelioration of neuroinflammation and blood-brain barrier damage. Brain Res Bull 2023; 193:117-130. [PMID: 36577190 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) is the second most common type of dementia after Alzheimer's disease (AD) in elderly people. Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) is the early pathophysiological basis of VCI. β-Hydroxybutyrate (BHB) is one of the important components of ketone bodies, an intermediate product of endogenous energy metabolism, which can mitigate neuroinflammation in stroke and neurodegenerative diseases. The present study aimed to investigate whether BHB can improve cognitive impairment caused by CCH and the underlying mechanism. METHODS The CCH model was established by permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (2VO). CCH rats were intraperitoneally injected with BHB (1.5 mmol/kg/d) every day for 8 consecutive weeks from 2 weeks before surgery. The hippocampal blood flow of rats was measured by using a laser Doppler velocimetry. Used the Morris water maze test (MWM) to assess spatial learning and memory of rats, and harvested brain tissues for molecular, biochemical, and pathological tests. RESULTS We found that BHB intervention for 8 weeks could effectively restore hippocampal blood flow and improve spatial learning and memory in CCH rats. BHB can protect the blood-brain barrier (BBB), as manifested by reducing the ultrastructural damage and leakage of the BBB, restoring the expression of tight junction-related proteins and reducing the expression of Matrix Metalloproteinases-9 (MMP-9). Additionally, after BHB intervention, microglia activation was reduced, oligodendrocyte motility was active, and the expression levels of pro-inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) were lower, which also indicated that BHB had a beneficial effect in mitigating neuroinflammation. CONCLUSION BHB can improve the cognitive impairment caused by CCH. The potential mechanisms of BHB may be through reducing neuroinflammation and protecting BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitian Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, No.169, Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China.
| | - Tian Li
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, No.169, Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China.
| | - Miaoyu Du
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, No.169, Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, No.169, Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China.
| | - Linling Xu
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, No.169, Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China.
| | - Hao Song
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, No.169, Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China.
| | - Junjian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, No.169, Donghu Road, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, China.
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Kim SE, Kim HJ, Jang H, Weiner MW, DeCarli C, Na DL, Seo SW. Interaction between Alzheimer's Disease and Cerebral Small Vessel Disease: A Review Focused on Neuroimaging Markers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:10490. [PMID: 36142419 PMCID: PMC9499680 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the presence of β-amyloid (Aβ) and tau, and subcortical vascular cognitive impairment (SVCI) is characterized by cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). They are the most common causes of cognitive impairment in the elderly population. Concurrent CSVD burden is more commonly observed in AD-type dementia than in other neurodegenerative diseases. Recent developments in Aβ and tau positron emission tomography (PET) have enabled the investigation of the relationship between AD biomarkers and CSVD in vivo. In this review, we focus on the interaction between AD and CSVD markers and the clinical effects of these two markers based on molecular imaging studies. First, we cover the frequency of AD imaging markers, including Aβ and tau, in patients with SVCI. Second, we discuss the relationship between AD and CSVD markers and the potential distinct pathobiology of AD markers in SVCI compared to AD-type dementia. Next, we discuss the clinical effects of AD and CSVD markers in SVCI, and hemorrhagic markers in cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Finally, this review provides both the current challenges and future perspectives for SVCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Eun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Samsung Alzheimer Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Department of Neurology, Inje University College of Medicine, Haeundae Paik Hospital, Busan 48108, Korea
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Samsung Alzheimer Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Hyemin Jang
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Samsung Alzheimer Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Michael W. Weiner
- Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Charles DeCarli
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Duk L. Na
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Samsung Alzheimer Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06355, Korea
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Sang Won Seo
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Samsung Alzheimer Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06355, Korea
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea
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Jenkins TA. Metabolic Syndrome and Vascular-Associated Cognitive Impairment: a Focus on Preclinical Investigations. Curr Diab Rep 2022; 22:333-340. [PMID: 35737273 PMCID: PMC9314301 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-022-01475-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Metabolic syndrome is associated with an increased risk of vascular cognitive impairment or, in the more extreme, vascular dementia. Animal models are used to investigate the relationship between pathology and behaviour. This review summarizes the latest understanding of the role of the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in vascular cognitive impairment, the influence of inflammation in this association while also commenting on some of the latest interventions proposed. RECENT FINDINGS Models of vascular cognitive impairment and vascular dementia, whether they develop from an infarct or non-infarct base, demonstrate increased neuroinflammation, reduced neuronal function and deficits in prefrontal and hippocampal-associated cognitive domains. Promising new research shows agents and environmental interventions that inhibit central oxidative stress and inflammation can reverse both pathology and cognitive dysfunction. While preclinical studies suggest that reversal of deficits in vascular cognitive impairment models is possible, replication in patients still needs to be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trisha A Jenkins
- Human Biosciences, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, STEM College, RMIT University, Plenty Road, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia.
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7
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Li T, Xu G, Yi J, Huang Y. Intraoperative Hypothermia Induces Vascular Dysfunction in the CA1 Region of Rat Hippocampus. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12060692. [PMID: 35741578 PMCID: PMC9221322 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12060692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraoperative hypothermia is very common and leads to memory decline. The hippocampus is responsible for memory formation. As a functional core area, the cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) region of the hippocampus contains abundant blood vessels and is susceptible to ischemia. The aim of the study was to explore vascular function and neuronal state in the CA1 region of rats undergoing intraoperative hypothermia. The neuronal morphological change and activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc) expression were evaluated by haematoxylin-eosin staining and immunofluorescence respectively. Histology and immunohistochemistry were used to assess vascular function. Results showed that intraoperative hypothermia inhibited the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and endothelial nitric oxide synthase, and caused reactive oxygen species accumulation. Additionally, the phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells was transformed from contractile to synthetic, showing a decrease in smooth muscle myosin heavy chain and an increase in osteopontin. Ultimately, vascular dysfunction caused neuronal pyknosis in the CA1 region and reduced memory-related Arc expression. In conclusion, neuronal disorder in the CA1 region was caused by intraoperative hypothermia-related vascular dysfunction. This study could provide a novel understanding of the effect of intraoperative hypothermia in the hippocampus, which might identify a new research target and treatment strategy.
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Gastrodin and Vascular Dementia: Advances and Current Perspectives. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:2563934. [PMID: 35463081 PMCID: PMC9019412 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2563934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Gastrodia elata, a traditional Chinese medicine, has been widely used since ancient times to treat diseases such as dizziness, epilepsy, stroke, and memory loss. Gastrodin, one of the active components of Gastrodia elata, has been used in the treatment of migraine, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, dementia, and depression in recent years. It can improve cognitive function and related neuropsychiatric symptoms through various effects and is considered as a promising treatment for dementia. Vascular dementia is a kind of severe cognitive impairment syndrome caused by vascular factors, and it is the dementia syndrome with the largest number of patients besides Alzheimer's disease. Although there is still a lack of evidence-based explorations, the paper reviewed the mechanism and methods of gastrodin in the treatment of vascular dementia, providing a reference for clinical therapy.
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Lin L, Wu Y, Chen Z, Huang L, Wang L, Liu L. Severe Hypoglycemia Contributing to Cognitive Dysfunction in Diabetic Mice Is Associated With Pericyte and Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:775244. [PMID: 34899278 PMCID: PMC8662820 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.775244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Severe hypoglycemia can cause cognitive impairment in diabetic patients, but the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Objective: To assess the effect of severe hypoglycemia on cognitive function in diabetic mice to clarify the relationship between the mechanism and dysfunction of pericytes and the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Method: We established type 1 diabetes mellitus in 80 male C57BL/6J mice by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (150 mg/kg). Further intraperitoneal injection of short-acting insulin induced severe hypoglycemia. The mice were divided into normal, diabetes, and diabetic + severe hypoglycemia groups, and their blood glucose and general weight index were examined. Pericyte and BBB morphology and function were detected by histological and western blot analyses, BBB permeability was detected by Evans blue staining, and cognitive function was detected with the Morris water maze. Results: Severe hypoglycemia aggravated the histological damage, BBB damage, brain edema, and pericyte loss in the diabetic mice. It also reduced the expression of the BBB tight junction proteins occludin and claudin-5, the expression of the pericyte-specific markers PDGFR-β (platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β) and α-SMA, and increased the expression of the inflammatory factor MMP9. At the same time, diabetic mice with severe hypoglycemia had significantly reduced cognitive function. Conclusion: Severe hypoglycemia leads to cognitive dysfunction in diabetic mice, and its possible mechanism is related to pericyte dysfunction and BBB destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lin
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yubin Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhou Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Administration, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lishan Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lijing Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Libin Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
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Davis CM, Bah TM, Zhang WH, Nelson JW, Golgotiu K, Nie X, Alkayed FN, Young JM, Woltjer RL, Silbert LC, Grafe MR, Alkayed NJ. GPR39 localization in the aging human brain and correlation of expression and polymorphism with vascular cognitive impairment. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (NEW YORK, N. Y.) 2021; 7:e12214. [PMID: 34692987 PMCID: PMC8515554 DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The pathogenesis of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) is not fully understood. GPR39, an orphan G-protein coupled receptor, is implicated in neurological disorders but its role in VCI is unknown. METHODS We performed GPR39 immunohistochemical analysis in post mortem brain samples from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and control subjects. DNA was analyzed for GPR39 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and correlated with white matter hyperintensity (WMH) burden on pre mortem magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS GPR39 is expressed in aged human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, localized to microglia and peri-capillary cells resembling pericytes. GPR39-capillary colocalization, and density of GPR39-expressing microglia was increased in aged brains compared to young. SNP distribution was equivalent between groups; however, homozygous SNP carriers were present only in the MCI group, and had higher WMH volume than wild-type or heterozygous SNP carriers. DISCUSSION GPR39 may play a role in aging-related VCI, and may serve as a therapeutic target and biomarker for the risk of developing VCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M. Davis
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative MedicineOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Thierno M. Bah
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative MedicineOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Wenri H. Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative MedicineOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Jonathan W. Nelson
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of MedicineOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Kirsti Golgotiu
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative MedicineOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Xiao Nie
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative MedicineOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Farah N. Alkayed
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative MedicineOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Jennifer M. Young
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative MedicineOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Randy L. Woltjer
- Department of PathologyOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Lisa C. Silbert
- Layton Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterDepartment of NeurologyOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Marjorie R. Grafe
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative MedicineOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
- Department of PathologyOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Nabil J. Alkayed
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative MedicineOregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
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The Influence of Virus Infection on Microglia and Accelerated Brain Aging. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071836. [PMID: 34360004 PMCID: PMC8303900 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system contributing substantially to health and disease. There is increasing evidence that inflammatory microglia may induce or accelerate brain aging, by interfering with physiological repair and remodeling processes. Many viral infections affect the brain and interfere with microglia functions, including human immune deficiency virus, flaviviruses, SARS-CoV-2, influenza, and human herpes viruses. Especially chronic viral infections causing low-grade neuroinflammation may contribute to brain aging. This review elucidates the potential role of various neurotropic viruses in microglia-driven neurocognitive deficiencies and possibly accelerated brain aging.
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Traditional Chinese Medicine Shenmayizhi Decoction Ameliorates Memory and Cognitive Impairment Induced by Multiple Cerebral Infarctions. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:6648455. [PMID: 33859709 PMCID: PMC8026291 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6648455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to illustrate the mechanism by which Shenmayizhi decoction (SMYZD) improves the learning memory of rats with vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). Fifty male and female Wistar rats of specific pathogen-free grade (SPF grade) were used to establish the model by the administration of a microsphere embolization. This was accomplished by injecting sterile, standardized, mass-produced microspheres of uniform particle size (100–200 µm in diameter) in a sodium alginate microsphere vascular embolic agent suspension to induce VCI. The VCI model was successfully established in 40 rats, including both male and female rats, and the rats were randomly divided into 4 groups of 10 rats each. The model group was administered an equal volume of distilled water. The donepezil group was administered 0.45 mg/kg/d donepezil, which is equivalent to the clinical dosage. The SMYZ-H group was administered 11.88 g/kg/d SMYZ, which is 4 times higher than the clinically equivalent dosage. The SMYZ-L group was administered 2.97 g/kg/d SMYZ, which is the clinically equivalent dosage. A sham-operated group was used as the control group and administered an equal volume of distilled water. The rats in the 4 groups were treated by gavage with equal volumes of liquid and the indicated concentration of drug diluted in distilled water for 8 consecutive weeks. Two months later, the Morris water maze (MWM) was used to evaluate the spatial memory of all the rats. Ultrastructural and ultrapathological changes in the capillaries of the cerebral cortex were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, Western blot and RT-PCR analyses were used to assess the levels of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β (PDGFR-β), neuron-glial antigen 2 (NG2), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), and angiopoietin 1 (Ang1) in the cerebral cortex of the rats. The results showed that SMYZD at concentrations of 11.88 g/kg/d and 2.97 g/kg/d (SMYZ-H and SMYZ-L) significantly shortened the escape latency (EL). In addition, SMYZ-H significantly prolonged the distance traveled and the time spent in the original platform quadrant by the rats with VCI. SMYZ-H significantly increased the NG2 and Ang1 protein expression levels and increased the PDGFR-β and Ang1 mRNA levels. These results demonstrated that Shenmayizhi decoction can improve the memory abilities of rats with VCI induced by multiple cerebral infarctions by preventing pericyte degeneration.
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Thawkar BS, Kaur G. Zebrafish as a Promising Tool for Modeling Neurotoxin-Induced Alzheimer's Disease. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:949-965. [PMID: 33687726 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00343-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Drug discovery and development for Alzheimer's disease (AD) are complex and challenging due to the higher failure rate in the drug development process. The overproduction and deposition of Aβ senile plaque and intracellular neurofibrillary tangle (NFT) formation are well-recognized diagnostic hallmarks of AD. Numerous transgenic models of Alzheimer's disease have restrictions on cost-effectiveness and time in the preclinical setup. Zebrafish has emerged as an excellent complementary model for neurodegenerative research due to simpler organisms with robust, clearly visible behavior forms. Glutaminergic and cholinergic pathways responsible for learning and memory are present in zebrafish and actively participate in the transmission process. Therefore, it is imperative to study neurotoxic agents' mechanisms that induce dysfunction of memory, learning, and neurons in the zebrafish. This review illustrates the in-depth molecular mechanism of several neurotoxic agents such as okadaic acid, cigarette smoke extract, and metals to produce cognitive deficits or neurodegeneration similar to mammals. These updates would determine an ideal and effective neurotoxic agent for producing AD pathophysiology in the zebrafish brain for preclinical screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baban S Thawkar
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), 400056, Mumbai, India
| | - Ginpreet Kaur
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), 400056, Mumbai, India.
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Lee NK, Kim H, Chang JW, Jang H, Kim H, Yang J, Kim J, Son JP, Na DL. Exploring the Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Therapy in Mouse Models of Vascular Cognitive Impairment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155524. [PMID: 32752272 PMCID: PMC7432487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Closely linked to Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the pathological spectrum of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) is known to be wide and complex. Considering that multiple instead of a single targeting approach is considered a treatment option for such complicated diseases, the multifaceted aspects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) make them a suitable candidate to tackle the heterogeneity of VCI. MSCs were delivered via the intracerebroventricular (ICV) route in mice that were subjected to VCI by carotid artery stenosis. VCI was induced in C57BL6/J mice wild type (C57VCI) mice by applying a combination of ameroid constrictors and microcoils, while ameroid constrictors alone were bilaterally applied to 5xFAD (transgenic AD mouse model) mice (5xVCI). Compared to the controls (minimal essential medium (MEM)-injected C57VCI mice), changes in spatial working memory were not noted in the MSC-injected C57VCI mice, and unexpectedly, the mortality rate was higher. In contrast, compared to the MEM-injected 5xVCI mice, mortality was not observed, and the spatial working memory was also improved in MSC-injected 5xVCI mice. Disease progression of the VCI-induced mice seems to be affected by the method of carotid artery stenosis and due to this heterogeneity, various factors must be considered to maximize the therapeutic benefits exerted by MSCs. Factors, such as the optimal MSC injection time point, cell concentration, sacrifice time point, and immunogenicity of the transplanted cells, must all be adequately addressed so that MSCs can be appropriately and effectively used as a treatment option for VCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Kyung Lee
- School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea;
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea; (H.K.); (J.W.C.); (H.J.)
- Samsung Alzheimer Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Hyeongseop Kim
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea; (H.K.); (J.W.C.); (H.J.)
- Stem Cell Institute, ENCell Co. Ltd., Seoul 06072, Korea
| | - Jong Wook Chang
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea; (H.K.); (J.W.C.); (H.J.)
- Stem Cell Institute, ENCell Co. Ltd., Seoul 06072, Korea
| | - Hyemin Jang
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea; (H.K.); (J.W.C.); (H.J.)
- Samsung Alzheimer Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Department of Neurology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Hunnyun Kim
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea; (H.K.); (J.Y.); (J.K.)
| | - Jehoon Yang
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea; (H.K.); (J.Y.); (J.K.)
| | - Jeyun Kim
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea; (H.K.); (J.Y.); (J.K.)
| | - Jeong Pyo Son
- Laboratory Animal Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju 28160, Korea;
| | - Duk L. Na
- School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea;
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Institute, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea; (H.K.); (J.W.C.); (H.J.)
- Samsung Alzheimer Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Department of Neurology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-3410-3591; Fax: +82-2-3412-3423
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Yuan M, Bi X. Therapeutic and Diagnostic Potential of microRNAs in Vascular Cognitive Impairment. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 70:1619-1628. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01597-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Yan N, Zhang JJ. The Emerging Roles of Ferroptosis in Vascular Cognitive Impairment. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:811. [PMID: 31447633 PMCID: PMC6691122 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) is a clinical syndrome that encompasses all forms of cognitive deficits caused by cerebrovascular disease, from mild cognitive impairment to dementia. Vascular dementia, the second most common type of dementia after Alzheimer’s disease (AD), accounts for approximately 20% of dementia patients. Ferroptosis is a recently defined iron-dependent form of cell death, which is distinct from apoptosis, necrosis, autophagy, and other forms of cell death. Emerging evidence suggests that ferroptosis has significant implications in neurological diseases such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, and AD. Additionally, ferroptosis inhibition has an obvious neuroprotective effect and ameliorates cognitive impairment in various animal models. Here, we summarize the underlying mechanisms of ferroptosis and review the close relationship between ferroptosis and VCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Yan
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun-Jian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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