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Dos Santos FCF, Lima GFC, Merlo E, Januario CDF, Miranda-Alves L, Miranda RA, Lisboa PC, Graceli JB. Single microcystin exposure impairs the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis at different levels in female rats. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2024; 586:112203. [PMID: 38490633 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2024.112203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Microcystin (MC) is most common cyanobacterial toxin. Few studies have evaluated the MC effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and metabolic function. In this study, we assessed whether MC exposure results in HPG axis and metabolic changes. Female rats were exposed to a single dose of MC at environmentally relevant levels (5, 20 and 40 μg/kg). After 24 h, we evaluated reproductive and metabolic parameters for 15 days. MC reduced the hypothalamic GnRH protein expression, increased the pituitary protein expression of GnRHr and IL-6. MC reduced LH levels and increased FSH levels. MC reduced the primary follicles, increased the corpora lutea, elevated levels of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and progesterone, and decreased estrogen levels. MC increased ovarian VEGFr, LHr, AMH, ED1, IL-6 and Gp91-phox protein expression. MC increased uterine area and reduced endometrial gland number. A blunted estrogen-negative feedback was observed in MC rats after ovariectomy, with no changes in LH levels compared to intact MC rats. Therefore, these data suggest that a MC leads to abnormal HPG axis function in female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia C F Dos Santos
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, 290440-090, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Gabriela F C Lima
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, 290440-090, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Merlo
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, 290440-090, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Cidalia de F Januario
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, 290440-090, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Leandro Miranda-Alves
- Experimental Endocrinology Research, Development and Innovation Group, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-904, Ilha do Governador, Brazil
| | - Rosiane A Miranda
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Patrícia C Lisboa
- Laboratory of Endocrine Physiology, Biology Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jones B Graceli
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, 290440-090, Vitória, Brazil.
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Hajian H, Motallebi M, Akhavan Taheri M, Kheiripour N, Aghadavod E, Shahaboddin ME. The preventive effect of heat-killed Lactobacillus plantarum on male reproductive toxicity induced by cholestasis in rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2024:114571. [PMID: 38452966 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the preventive effect of heat-killed Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) on cholestasis-induced male reproductive toxicity in rats. Rats were divided into control normal, sham control, bile duct ligation (BDL) control, and BDL with heat-killed L. plantarum supplementation groups. The effects on sexual hormones, testicular and epididymal histology, sperm parameters, oxidative stress markers, and inflammatory gene expression were evaluated. Compared to the BDL control group, the BDL + heat-killed L. plantarum group showed higher levels of normal sperm, luteinizing hormone, testosterone, total antioxidant capacity, and catalase activity, indicating improved reproductive function. Conversely, markers of oxidative stress, such as total oxidative status, oxidative stress index, and carbonyl protein, were lower in the BDL + heat-killed L. plantarum group. The expression levels of inflammatory genes tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 were reduced, while interleukin-10 gene expression was increased in the BDL + heat-killed L. plantarum group. Histological evaluation confirmed the positive effects of heat-killed L. plantarum intervention on testicular parameters. In conclusion, heat-killed L. plantarum supplementation protects against cholestasis-induced male reproductive dysfunction in rats, as evidenced by improvements in hormonal balance, sperm quality, oxidative stress, and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Hajian
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mitra Motallebi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Maryam Akhavan Taheri
- Institute for Basic Sciences, Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Nejat Kheiripour
- Institute for Basic Sciences, Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Esmat Aghadavod
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Esmaeil Shahaboddin
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Institute for Basic Sciences, Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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Garcia C, Velez LM, Ujagar N, Del Mundo Z, Nguyen T, Fox C, Mark A, Fisch KM, Lawson MA, Duleba AJ, Seldin MM, Nicholas DA. Lipopolysaccharide-induced chronic inflammation increases female serum gonadotropins and shifts the pituitary transcriptomic landscape. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 14:1279878. [PMID: 38260148 PMCID: PMC10801245 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1279878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Female reproductive function depends on a choreographed sequence of hormonal secretion and action, where specific stresses such as inflammation exert profound disruptions. Specifically, acute LPS-induced inflammation inhibits gonadotropin production and secretion from the pituitary, thereby impacting the downstream production of sex hormones. These outcomes have only been observed in acute inflammatory stress and little is known about the mechanisms by which chronic inflammation affects reproduction. In this study we seek to understand the chronic effects of LPS on pituitary function and consequent luteinizing and follicle stimulating hormone secretion. Methods A chronic inflammatory state was induced in female mice by twice weekly injections with LPS over 6 weeks. Serum gonadotropins were measured and bulk RNAseq was performed on the pituitaries from these mice, along with basic measurements of reproductive biology. Results Surprisingly, serum luteinizing and follicle stimulating hormone was not inhibited and instead we found it was increased with repeated LPS treatments. Discussion Analysis of bulk RNA-sequencing of murine pituitary revealed paracrine activation of TGFβ pathways as a potential mechanism regulating FSH secretion in response to chronic LPS. These results provide a framework with which to begin dissecting the impacts of chronic inflammation on reproductive physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Garcia
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Leandro M. Velez
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Naveena Ujagar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Zena Del Mundo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Thu Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Chelsea Fox
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Prisma Health Upstate/University of South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, Greenville, SC, United States
| | - Adam Mark
- Center for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Kathleen M. Fisch
- Center for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Mark A. Lawson
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Antoni J. Duleba
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Marcus M. Seldin
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Dequina A. Nicholas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Center for Epigenetics and Metabolism, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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Liu S, Lu H, Mao S, Zhang Z, Zhu W, Cheng J, Xue Y. Undernutrition-induced substance metabolism and energy production disorders affected the structure and function of the pituitary gland in a pregnant sheep model. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1251936. [PMID: 38035344 PMCID: PMC10684748 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1251936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Undernutrition spontaneously occurs in ewes during late gestation and the pituitary is an important hinge in the neurohumoral regulatory system. However, little is known about the effect of undernutrition on pituitary metabolism. Methods Here, 10 multiparous ewes were restricted to a 30% feeding level during late gestation to establish an undernutrition model while another 10 ewes were fed normally as controls. All the ewes were sacrificed, and pituitary samples were collected to perform transcriptome, metabolome, and quantitative real-time PCR analysis and investigate the metabolic changes. Results PCA and PLS-DA of total genes showed that undernutrition changed the total transcriptome profile of the pituitary gland, and 581 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between the two groups. Clusters of orthologous groups for eukaryotic complete genomes demonstrated that substance transport and metabolism, including lipids, carbohydrates, and amino acids, energy production and conversion, ribosomal structure and biogenesis, and the cytoskeleton were enriched by DEGs. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathway enrichment analysis displayed that the phagosome, intestinal immune network, and oxidative phosphorylation were enriched by DEGs. Further analysis found that undernutrition enhanced the lipid degradation and amino acid transport, repressing lipid synthesis and transport and amino acid degradation of the pituitary gland. Moreover, the general metabolic profiles and metabolic pathways were affected by undernutrition, repressing the 60S, 40S, 28S, and 39S subunits of the ribosomal structure for translation and myosin and actin synthesis for cytoskeleton. Undernutrition was found also to be implicated in the suppression of oxidative phosphorylation for energy production and conversion into a downregulation of genes related to T cell function and the immune response and an upregulation of genes involved in inflammatory reactions enriching phagosomes. Discussion This study comprehensively analyses the effect of undernutrition on the pituitary gland in a pregnant sheep model, which provides a foundation for further research into the mechanisms of undernutrition-caused hormone secretion and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Huizhen Lu
- Biotechnology Center, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Shengyong Mao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zijun Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Wen Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Jianbo Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yanfeng Xue
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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Rahimi K, Riyahi M, Sajedianfard J, Nazifi S. Effects of intracerebroventricular administration of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) on sex hormones and sperm quality in rats. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2023; 85:5454-5458. [PMID: 37915664 PMCID: PMC10617940 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000001252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Therapeutic strategies with calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) or its receptor have been investigated, but there are few studies regarding the possible harmful effects of CGRP in other body organs. Objective This study aimed to investigate the effect of intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of CGRP on sex hormones and sperm quality in rats. Methods Twelve male rats were divided into two groups (n=6 per group). The first group (control) rats were injected with 5 µl artificial cerebrospinal fluid intra-ICV; the second group rats, 5 µl (1.5 nmol) CGRP. The levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and testosterone were measured. Epididymal sperms were used to determine the sperm parameters. Results The levels of testosterone, LH and FSH in CGRP group was significantly lower than in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) group (P<0.05). The concentration and motility of sperm in CGRP group was significantly lower than in ACSF group (P<0.05). In CGRP group live spermatozoa and intact acrosome significantly reduced compared to the ACSF group (P<0.05). In addition, in CGRP group dead spermatozoa and lose acrosome significantly increased compared to the ACSF group (P<0.05). Conclusion ICV injection of CGRP may reduce sperm quality, probably through induction of an imbalance in FSH and LH production as well as testosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Rahimi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz
| | | | | | - Saeed Nazifi
- Clinical Science, School of Veterinary Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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Pathak D, Sriram K. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Neuroinflammation Elicited by Occupational Injuries and Toxicants. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032272. [PMID: 36768596 PMCID: PMC9917383 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Occupational injuries and toxicant exposures lead to the development of neuroinflammation by activating distinct mechanistic signaling cascades that ultimately culminate in the disruption of neuronal function leading to neurological and neurodegenerative disorders. The entry of toxicants into the brain causes the subsequent activation of glial cells, a response known as 'reactive gliosis'. Reactive glial cells secrete a wide variety of signaling molecules in response to neuronal perturbations and thus play a crucial role in the progression and regulation of central nervous system (CNS) injury. In parallel, the roles of protein phosphorylation and cell signaling in eliciting neuroinflammation are evolving. However, there is limited understanding of the molecular underpinnings associated with toxicant- or occupational injury-mediated neuroinflammation, gliosis, and neurological outcomes. The activation of signaling molecules has biological significance, including the promotion or inhibition of disease mechanisms. Nevertheless, the regulatory mechanisms of synergism or antagonism among intracellular signaling pathways remain elusive. This review highlights the research focusing on the direct interaction between the immune system and the toxicant- or occupational injury-induced gliosis. Specifically, the role of occupational injuries, e.g., trips, slips, and falls resulting in traumatic brain injury, and occupational toxicants, e.g., volatile organic compounds, metals, and nanoparticles/nanomaterials in the development of neuroinflammation and neurological or neurodegenerative diseases are highlighted. Further, this review recapitulates the recent advancement related to the characterization of the molecular mechanisms comprising protein phosphorylation and cell signaling, culminating in neuroinflammation.
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Deng L, He S, Guo N, Tian W, Zhang W, Luo L. Molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis and relevance to inflammation. Inflamm Res 2022; 72:281-299. [PMID: 36536250 PMCID: PMC9762665 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01672-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Inflammation is a defensive response of the organism to irritation which is manifested by redness, swelling, heat, pain and dysfunction. The inflammatory response underlies the role of various diseases. Ferroptosis, a unique modality of cell death, driven by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, is regulated by multifarious cellular metabolic pathways, including redox homeostasis, iron processing and metabolism of lipids, as well as various signaling pathways associated with diseases. A growing body of evidence suggests that ferroptosis is involved in inflammatory response, and targeting ferroptosis has great prospects in preventing and treating inflammatory diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS Relevant literatures on ferroptosis, inflammation, inflammatory factors and inflammatory diseases published from January 1, 2010 to now were searched in PubMed database. CONCLUSION In this review, we summarize the regulatory mechanisms associated with ferroptosis, discuss the interaction between ferroptosis and inflammation, the role of mitochondria in inflammatory ferroptosis, and the role of targeting ferroptosis in inflammatory diseases. As more and more studies have confirmed the relationship between ferroptosis and inflammation in a wide range of organ damage and degeneration, drug induction and inhibition of ferroptosis has great potential in the treatment of immune and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Deng
- grid.410560.60000 0004 1760 3078The First Clinical College, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023 Guangdong China
| | - Shasha He
- grid.24696.3f0000 0004 0369 153XBeijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100000 China
| | - Nuoqing Guo
- grid.410560.60000 0004 1760 3078The First Clinical College, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023 Guangdong China
| | - Wen Tian
- grid.410560.60000 0004 1760 3078The First Clinical College, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023 Guangdong China
| | - Weizhen Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Lianxiang Luo
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, China. .,The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, 524023, Guangdong, China.
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The Effect of Leptin on the Blood Hormonal Profile (Cortisol, Insulin, Thyroid Hormones) of the Ewe in Acute Inflammation in Two Different Photoperiodical Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158109. [PMID: 35897684 PMCID: PMC9331064 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
As a day animal with sensitivity to inflammation similar to that of humans, the sheep may highly outperform the rodent model in inflammation studies. Additionally, seasonality makes sheep an interesting model in endocrinology research. Although there are studies concerning inflammation’s influence on leptin secretion and vice versa, a ewe model, with its possible ‘long-day leptin resistance’, is still not examined enough. The present study aimed to examine whether leptin may modulate an acute inflammation influence on plasma hormones in two photoperiodical conditions. The experiment was conducted on 48 ewes divided into four groups (control, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), leptin, LPS + leptin) during short and long days. Blood sampling started 1 hour before and continued 3 h after LPS/saline administration for further hormonal analysis. The results showed that the photoperiod is one of the main factors influencing the basal concentrations of several hormones with higher values of leptin, insulin and thyroid hormones during long days. Additionally, the acute inflammation effect on cortisol, insulin and thyroid hormones was photoperiod-dependent. The endotoxemia may also exert an influence on leptin concentration regardless of season. The effects of leptin alone on hormone blood concentrations are rather limited; however, leptin can modulate the LPS influence on insulin or thyroxine in a photoperiod-dependent way.
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Zammit NW, McDowell J, Warren J, Muskovic W, Gamble J, Shi YC, Kaczorowski D, Chan CL, Powell J, Ormandy C, Brown D, Oakes SR, Grey ST. TNFAIP3 Reduction-of-Function Drives Female Infertility and CNS Inflammation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:811525. [PMID: 35464428 PMCID: PMC9027572 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.811525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Women with autoimmune and inflammatory aetiologies can exhibit reduced fecundity. TNFAIP3 is a master negative regulator of inflammation, and has been linked to many inflammatory conditions by genome wide associations studies, however its role in fertility remains unknown. Here we show that mice harbouring a mild Tnfaip3 reduction-of-function coding variant (Tnfaip3I325N) that reduces the threshold for inflammatory NF-κB activation, exhibit reduced fecundity. Sub-fertility in Tnfaip3I325N mice is associated with irregular estrous cycling, low numbers of ovarian secondary follicles, impaired mammary gland development and insulin resistance. These pathological features are associated with infertility in human subjects. Transplantation of Tnfaip3I325N ovaries, mammary glands or pancreatic islets into wild-type recipients rescued estrous cycling, mammary branching and hyperinsulinemia respectively, pointing towards a cell-extrinsic hormonal mechanism. Examination of hypothalamic brain sections revealed increased levels of microglial activation with reduced levels of luteinizing hormone. TNFAIP3 coding variants may offer one contributing mechanism for the cause of sub-fertility observed across otherwise healthy populations as well as for the wide variety of auto-inflammatory conditions to which TNFAIP3 is associated. Further, TNFAIP3 represents a molecular mechanism that links heightened immunity with neuronal inflammatory homeostasis. These data also highlight that tuning-up immunity with TNFAIP3 comes with the potentially evolutionary significant trade-off of reduced fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan W. Zammit
- Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Nathan W. Zammit, ; Shane T. Grey,
| | - Joseph McDowell
- Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Joanna Warren
- Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Walter Muskovic
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Garvan-Weizmann Centre for Cellular Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Joanne Gamble
- Centre for NSW Health Pathology, Institute of Clinical Pathology And Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Yan-Chuan Shi
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Dominik Kaczorowski
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Garvan-Weizmann Centre for Cellular Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Chia-Ling Chan
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Garvan-Weizmann Centre for Cellular Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Joseph Powell
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Garvan-Weizmann Centre for Cellular Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Chris Ormandy
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Translation Science Pillar, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David Brown
- Centre for NSW Health Pathology, Institute of Clinical Pathology And Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Samantha R. Oakes
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Translation Science Pillar, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shane T. Grey
- Immunity and Inflammation Theme, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Translation Science Pillar, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Nathan W. Zammit, ; Shane T. Grey,
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