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Towriss M, MacVicar B, Ciernia AV. Modelling Microglial Innate Immune Memory In Vitro: Understanding the Role of Aerobic Glycolysis in Innate Immune Memory. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108967. [PMID: 37240311 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system, play important roles in maintaining brain homeostasis and facilitating the brain's innate immune responses. Following immune challenges microglia also retain immune memories, which can alter responses to secondary inflammatory challenges. Microglia have two main memory states, training and tolerance, which are associated with increased and attenuated expression of inflammatory cytokines, respectively. However, the mechanisms differentiating these two distinct states are not well understood. We investigated mechanisms underlying training versus tolerance memory paradigms in vitro in BV2 cells using B-cell-activating factor (BAFF) or bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a priming stimulus followed by LPS as a second stimulus. BAFF followed by LPS showed enhanced responses indicative of priming, whereas LPS followed by LPS as the second stimulus caused reduced responses suggestive of tolerance. The main difference between the BAFF versus the LPS stimulus was the induction of aerobic glycolysis by LPS. Inhibiting aerobic glycolysis during the priming stimulus using sodium oxamate prevented the establishment of the tolerized memory state. In addition, tolerized microglia were unable to induce aerobic glycolysis upon LPS restimulus. Therefore, we conclude that aerobic glycolysis triggered by the first LPS stimulus was a critical step in the induction of innate immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Towriss
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Brian MacVicar
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Annie Vogel Ciernia
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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Chhabra R, Guergues J, Wohlfahrt J, Rockfield S, Espinoza Gonzalez P, Rego S, Park MA, Berglund AE, Stevens SM, Nanjundan M. Deregulated expression of the 14q32 miRNA cluster in clear cell renal cancer cells. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1048419. [PMID: 37139155 PMCID: PMC10150008 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1048419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinomas (ccRCC) are characterized by arm-wide chromosomal alterations. Loss at 14q is associated with disease aggressiveness in ccRCC, which responds poorly to chemotherapeutics. The 14q locus contains one of the largest miRNA clusters in the human genome; however, little is known about the contribution of these miRNAs to ccRCC pathogenesis. In this regard, we investigated the expression pattern of selected miRNAs at the 14q32 locus in TCGA kidney tumors and in ccRCC cell lines. We demonstrated that the miRNA cluster is downregulated in ccRCC (and cell lines) as well as in papillary kidney tumors relative to normal kidney tissues (and primary renal proximal tubule epithelial (RPTEC) cells). We demonstrated that agents modulating expression of DNMT1 (e.g., 5-Aza-deoxycytidine) could modulate 14q32 miRNA expression in ccRCC cell lines. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA, a lysophospholipid mediator elevated in ccRCC) not only increased labile iron content but also modulated expression of a 14q32 miRNA. Through an overexpression approach targeting a subset of 14q32 miRNAs (specifically at subcluster A: miR-431-5p, miR-432-5p, miR-127-3p, and miR-433-3p) in 769-P cells, we uncovered changes in cellular viability and claudin-1, a tight junction marker. A global proteomic approach was implemented using these miRNA overexpressing cell lines which uncovered ATXN2 as a highly downregulated target. Collectively, these findings support a contribution of miRNAs at 14q32 in ccRCC pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravneet Chhabra
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Jennifer Guergues
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Jessica Wohlfahrt
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Stephanie Rockfield
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Pamela Espinoza Gonzalez
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Shanon Rego
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Margaret A. Park
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
- Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Anders E. Berglund
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Stanley M. Stevens
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Meera Nanjundan
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Meera Nanjundan,
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Cao C, Li Q, Chen Y, Zou M, Sun C, Li X, Wu L. Untargeted Metabolomic Analysis Reveals the Metabolic Disturbances and Exacerbation of Oxidative Stress in the Cerebral Cortex of a BTBR Mouse Model of Autism. J Mol Neurosci 2023; 73:15-27. [PMID: 36574152 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-02096-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The etiology and pathology of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are still poorly understood, which largely limit the treatment and diagnosis of ASDs. Emerging evidence supports that abnormal metabolites in the cerebral cortex of a BTBR mouse model of autism are involved in the pathogenesis of autism. However, systematic study on global metabolites in the cerebral cortex of BTBR mice has not been conducted. The current study aims to characterize metabolic changes in the cerebral cortex of BTBR mice by using an untargeted metabolomic approach based on UPLC-Q-TOF/MS. C57BL/6 J mice were used as a control group. A total of 14 differential metabolites were identified. Compared with the control group, the intensities of PI(16:0/22:5(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)), PC(22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/18:1(9Z)), PA(16:0/18:1(11Z)), 17-beta-estradiol-3-glucuronide, and N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine decreased significantly (p < 0.01) and the intensities of 2-oxo-4-hydroxy-4-carboxy-5-ureidoimidazoline, LysoPC(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/0:0), adenosine monophosphate, adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate, LacCer(d18:1/12:0),3-dehydro-L-gulonate, N-(1-deoxy-1-fructosyl)tryptophan, homovanillic acid, and LPA(0:0/18:1(9Z)) increased significantly (p < 0.01) in the BTBR group. These changes in metabolites were closely related to perturbations in lipid metabolism, energy metabolism, purine metabolism, sulfur metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and carnitine biosynthesis. Notably, exacerbation of the oxidative stress response caused by differential prooxidant metabolites led to alteration of antioxidative systems in the cerebral cortex and resulted in mitochondrial dysfunction, further leading to abnormal energy metabolism as an etiological mechanism of autism. A central role of abnormal metabolites in neurological functions associated with behavioral outcomes and disturbance of sulfur metabolism and carnitine biosynthesis were found in the cerebral cortex of BTBR mice, which helped increase our understanding for exploring the pathological mechanism of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Cao
- Department of Children's and Adolescent Health, Public Health College of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Children's and Adolescent Health, Public Health College of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Yanping Chen
- Department of Children's and Adolescent Health, Public Health College of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Mingyang Zou
- Department of Children's and Adolescent Health, Public Health College of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Caihong Sun
- Department of Children's and Adolescent Health, Public Health College of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Xiangning Li
- Department of Children's and Adolescent Health, Public Health College of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Lijie Wu
- Department of Children's and Adolescent Health, Public Health College of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China.
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Zheng M, Hu Z, Wang Y, Wang C, Zhong C, Cui W, You J, Gao B, Sun X, La L. Zhen Wu decoction represses renal fibrosis by invigorating tubular NRF2 and TFAM to fuel mitochondrial bioenergetics. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 108:154495. [PMID: 36257219 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zhen Wu Decoction (ZWD) is a prescription from the classical text "Treatise on Exogenous Febrile Disease" and has been extensively used to control kidney diseases since the time of the Eastern Han Dynasty. HYPOTHESIS We hypothesized that ZWD limits tubular fibrogenesis by reinvigorating tubular bio-energetic capacity. STUDY DESIGN / METHODS A mouse model of chronic kidney disease (CKD) was established using unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Three concentrations of ZWD, namely 25.2 g/kg (high dosage), 12.6 g/kg (middle dosage), and 6.3 g/kg (low dosage), were included to study the dose-effect relationship. Real-time qPCR was used to observe gene transcription in blood samples from patients with CKD. Different siRNAs were designed to study the role of mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-related factor 2 (NRF2) in transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 induced fibrogenesis and mitochondrial damage. RESULTS We showed that ZWD efficiently attenuates renal function impairment and reduces renal interstitial fibrosis. TFAM and NRF2 were repressed, and the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) was activated in CKD patient blood sample. We further confirmed that ZWD activated TFAM depended on NRF2 as an important negative regulator of STING in mouse kidneys. Treatment with ZWD significantly reduced oxidative stress and inflammation by regulating the levels of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and pro-inflammatory factors, such as interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor receptor 1, and mitochondrial respiratory chain subunits. NRF2 inhibitors can weaken the ability of ZWD to increase TFAM expression and heal injured mitochondria, playing a similar role to that of STING inhibitors. Our study showed that ZWD elevates the expression of TFAM and mitochondrial respiratory chain subunits by promoting NRF2 activation, after suppressing mitochondrial membrane damage and cristae breakdown and restricting mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) leakage into the cytoplasm to reduce STING activation. CONCLUSION ZWD maintains mitochondrial integrity and improves OXPHOS which represents an innovative insight into "strengthening Yang-Qi" theory. ZWD limits tubular fibrogenesis by reinvigorating tubular bioenergetic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Clinical Pharmacy Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhengyang Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Clinical Pharmacy Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Yibin Wang
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Chao Zhong
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Weiwei Cui
- Department of Imaging, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Junxiong You
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Baogui Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xuegang Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Lei La
- Department of Pharmacy, Clinical Pharmacy Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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Kim D, Khin PP, Lim OK, Jun HS. LPA/LPAR1 signaling induces PGAM1 expression via AKT/mTOR/HIF-1α pathway and increases aerobic glycolysis, contributing to keratinocyte proliferation. Life Sci 2022; 311:121201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Afridi R, Rahman MH, Suk K. Implications of glial metabolic dysregulation in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 174:105874. [PMID: 36154877 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cells are the most abundant cells of the brain, outnumbering neurons. These multifunctional cells are crucial for maintaining brain homeostasis by providing trophic and nutritional support to neurons, sculpting synapses, and providing an immune defense. Glia are highly plastic and undergo both structural and functional alterations in response to changes in the brain microenvironment. Glial phenotypes are intimately regulated by underlying metabolic machinery, which dictates the effector functions of these cells. Altered brain energy metabolism and chronic neuroinflammation are common features of several neurodegenerative diseases. Microglia and astrocytes are the major glial cells fueling the ongoing neuroinflammatory process, exacerbating neurodegeneration. Distinct metabolic perturbations in microglia and astrocytes, including altered carbohydrate, lipid, and amino acid metabolism have been documented in neurodegenerative diseases. These disturbances aggravate the neurodegenerative process by potentiating the inflammatory activation of glial cells. This review covers the recent advances in the molecular aspects of glial metabolic changes in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we discuss studies exploiting glial metabolism as a potential therapeutic avenue in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqayya Afridi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea; BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Habibur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea; BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea; Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea.
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Kong E, Li Y, Deng M, Hua T, Yang M, Li J, Feng X, Yuan H. Glycometabolism Reprogramming of Glial Cells in Central Nervous System: Novel Target for Neuropathic Pain. Front Immunol 2022; 13:861290. [PMID: 35669777 PMCID: PMC9163495 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.861290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is characterized by hyperalgesia and allodynia. Inflammatory response is conducive to tissue recovery upon nerve injury, but persistent and exaggerated inflammation is detrimental and participates in neuropathic pain. Synaptic transmission in the nociceptive pathway, and particularly the balance between facilitation and inhibition, could be affected by inflammation, which in turn is regulated by glial cells. Importantly, glycometabolism exerts a vital role in the inflammatory process. Glycometabolism reprogramming of inflammatory cells in neuropathic pain is characterized by impaired oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria and enhanced glycolysis. These changes induce phenotypic transition of inflammatory cells to promote neural inflammation and oxidative stress in peripheral and central nervous system. Accumulation of lactate in synaptic microenvironment also contributes to synaptic remodeling and central sensitization. Previous studies mainly focused on the glycometabolism reprogramming in peripheral inflammatory cells such as macrophage or lymphocyte, little attention was paid to the regulation effects of glycometabolism reprogramming on the inflammatory responses in glial cells. This review summarizes the evidences for glycometabolism reprogramming in peripheral inflammatory cells, and presents a small quantity of present studies on glycometabolism in glial cells, expecting to promote the exploration in glycometabolism in glial cells of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erliang Kong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, The No. 988 Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yongchang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengqiu Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Hua
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xudong Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The No. 988 Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongbin Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Niu D, Wu Y, Lei Z, Zhang M, Xie Z, Tang S. Lactic acid, a driver of tumor-stroma interactions. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 106:108597. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Joshi L, Plastira I, Bernhart E, Reicher H, Koshenov Z, Graier WF, Vujic N, Kratky D, Rivera R, Chun J, Sattler W. Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptor 5 (LPA 5) Knockout Ameliorates the Neuroinflammatory Response In Vivo and Modifies the Inflammatory and Metabolic Landscape of Primary Microglia In Vitro. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071071. [PMID: 35406635 PMCID: PMC8998093 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic inflammation induces alterations in the finely tuned micromilieu of the brain that is continuously monitored by microglia. In the CNS, these changes include increased synthesis of the bioactive lipid lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a ligand for the six members of the LPA receptor family (LPA1-6). In mouse and human microglia, LPA5 belongs to a set of receptors that cooperatively detect danger signals in the brain. Engagement of LPA5 by LPA polarizes microglia toward a pro-inflammatory phenotype. Therefore, we studied the consequences of global LPA5 knockout (-/-) on neuroinflammatory parameters in a mouse endotoxemia model and in primary microglia exposed to LPA in vitro. A single endotoxin injection (5 mg/kg body weight) resulted in lower circulating concentrations of TNFα and IL-1β and significantly reduced gene expression of IL-6 and CXCL2 in the brain of LPS-injected LPA5-/- mice. LPA5 deficiency improved sickness behavior and energy deficits produced by low-dose (1.4 mg LPS/kg body weight) chronic LPS treatment. LPA5-/- microglia secreted lower concentrations of pro-inflammatory cyto-/chemokines in response to LPA and showed higher maximal mitochondrial respiration under basal and LPA-activated conditions, further accompanied by lower lactate release, decreased NADPH and GSH synthesis, and inhibited NO production. Collectively, our data suggest that LPA5 promotes neuroinflammation by transmiting pro-inflammatory signals during endotoxemia through microglial activation induced by LPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Joshi
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.J.); (I.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (Z.K.); (W.F.G.); (N.V.); (D.K.)
| | - Ioanna Plastira
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.J.); (I.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (Z.K.); (W.F.G.); (N.V.); (D.K.)
| | - Eva Bernhart
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.J.); (I.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (Z.K.); (W.F.G.); (N.V.); (D.K.)
| | - Helga Reicher
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.J.); (I.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (Z.K.); (W.F.G.); (N.V.); (D.K.)
| | - Zhanat Koshenov
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.J.); (I.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (Z.K.); (W.F.G.); (N.V.); (D.K.)
| | - Wolfgang F. Graier
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.J.); (I.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (Z.K.); (W.F.G.); (N.V.); (D.K.)
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Nemanja Vujic
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.J.); (I.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (Z.K.); (W.F.G.); (N.V.); (D.K.)
| | - Dagmar Kratky
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.J.); (I.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (Z.K.); (W.F.G.); (N.V.); (D.K.)
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Richard Rivera
- Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (R.R.); (J.C.)
| | - Jerold Chun
- Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (R.R.); (J.C.)
| | - Wolfgang Sattler
- Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (L.J.); (I.P.); (E.B.); (H.R.); (Z.K.); (W.F.G.); (N.V.); (D.K.)
- BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-316-385-71950
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Li J, Cheng X, Fu D, Liang Y, Chen C, Deng W, He L. Autophagy of Spinal Microglia Affects the Activation of Microglia through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway. Neuroscience 2021; 482:77-86. [PMID: 34902496 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Delayed paralysis occurs within some patients suffered from ischemic spinal cord injury (ISCI) due to the aorta occlusion during the repair surgery of thoracic and thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms. Although mild hypothermia has been reported to improve ISCI and prolong the tolerance of rats to ISCI without inducing immediate paralysis, the mechanism remains unclear. Herein, the study revealed that the mild hypothermia treatment indeed partially improved the ISCI in rats caused by cross-clamping at the descending aorta. ISCI induced the excessive activation of microglia and moderate autophagy in the spinal cord tissues of rats, while mild hypothermia significantly induced autophagy and reversed the excessive activation of microglia in the spinal cord tissues of rats. In OGD-stimulated mouse microglia BV-2 cells, the excessive activation of microglia and moderate autophagy were also observed; in the rapamycin-treated OGD model in BV-2 cells, autophagy was significantly enhanced whereas the excessive activation of microglia was reversed. In both in vivo ISCI model in rats and in vitro OGD model in BV-2 cells, the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway showed to be inhibited, whereas the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway was further inhibited by mild hypothermia in ISCI rats or rapamycin treatment in OGD-stimulated BV-2 cells. In conclusion, enhanced autophagy might be the mechanism of inhibited microglia activation by hypothermia treatment in ISCI rats and by rapamycin treatment in OGD-stimulated BV-2 cells. Autophagy could be enhanced through inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjuan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510900, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- Department of Nephrology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541000, China
| | - Dan Fu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510900, China
| | - Yi Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate College, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, China
| | - Cai Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510900, China
| | - Wei Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate College, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi 541001, China
| | - Liang He
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510900, China.
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