1
|
Liu Z, Han X, You Y, Xin G, Li L, Gao J, Meng H, Cao C, Liu J, Zhang Y, Li L, Fu J. Shuangshen ningxin formula attenuates cardiac microvascular ischemia/reperfusion injury through improving mitochondrial function. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 323:117690. [PMID: 38195019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Shuangshen Ningxin Formula (SSNX) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula used to treat myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI). A randomized controlled trial previously showed that SSNX reduced cardiovascular events, and experiments have also verified that SSNX attenuated ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, the mechanism of SSNX in the treatment of microvascular I/R injury is still unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY To determine whether SSNX protects the microvasculature by regulating I/R induction in rats and whether this effect depends on the regulation of NR4A1/Mff/Drp1 pathway. METHODS The anterior descending coronary artery was ligated to establish a rat MIRI model with 45 min of ischemia and 24 h of reperfusion. The rats were subjected to a 7-day pretreatment with SSNX and nicorandil, after which their cardiac function and microvascular functional morphology were evaluated through diverse methods, including hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) staining, and transmission electron microscopy. Cell apoptosis was assessed using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. Additionally, serum levels of ET-1 and eNOS were determined through an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The expression levels of NR4A1, Mff, and proteins related to mitochondrial fission were examined by Western blot (WB). Cardiac microcirculation endothelial cells (CMECs) were cultured and the oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) model was duplicated. Following treatment with SSNX and DIM-C-pPhOH, an NR4A1 inhibitor, cell viability was assessed. Fluorescence was used to evaluate mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening. Moreover, vascular endothelial function was evaluated through transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER), Transwell assays and tube formation assays. RESULTS The results showed that SSNX reduced the infarction area and no-flow area, improved cardiac function, mitigated pathological alterations, increased endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression, protected endothelial function, and attenuated microvascular damage after I/R injury. I/R triggered mitochondrial fission and apoptotic signaling in CMECs, while SSNX restored mitochondrial fission to normal levels and inhibited mitochondrial apoptosis. A study using CMECs revealed that SSNX protected endothelial function after OGD/R, attenuating the increase in NR4A1/Mff/Drp1 protein and inactivating VDAC1, HK2, cytochrome c (cyt-c) and caspase-9. Research also shows that SSNX can affect CMEC cell migration and angiogenesis, reduce mitochondrial membrane potential damage, and inhibit membrane opening. Moreover, DIM-C-pPhOH, an NR4A1 inhibitor, partially imitated the effect of SSNX. CONCLUSION SSNX has a protective effect on the cardiac microvasculature by inhibiting the NR4A1/Mff/Drp1 pathway both in vivo and in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- ZiXin Liu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100091, PR China.
| | - Xiao Han
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100091, PR China.
| | - Yue You
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100091, PR China.
| | - GaoJie Xin
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100091, PR China.
| | - LingMei Li
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100091, PR China.
| | - JiaMing Gao
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100091, PR China.
| | - HongXu Meng
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100091, PR China.
| | - Ce Cao
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100091, PR China.
| | - JianXun Liu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100091, PR China.
| | - YeHao Zhang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100091, PR China.
| | - Lei Li
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100091, PR China.
| | - JianHua Fu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, National Clinical Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100091, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li L, Pang Z, Wang J, Chen Y, Chu H, He Z, Li J. Prognostic value of myocardial flow reserve measured with CZT cardiac-dedicated SPECT low-dose dynamic myocardial perfusion imaging in patients with INOCA. J Nucl Cardiol 2023; 30:2578-2592. [PMID: 37434083 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-023-03332-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical use of dynamic myocardial perfusion imaging (D-MPI) of cadmium-zinc-telluride (CZT) cardiac-dedicated SPECT is growing, showing a higher application value than conventional SPECT. The prognostic value of ischemia in patients with non-obstructive coronary arteries (INOCA) remains an important challenge for investigation. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the prognostic value of myocardial flow reserve (MFR) measured with low-dose D-MPI of CZT cardiac-dedicated SPECT in the assessment of patients with INOCA. METHODS Consecutive screening of patients with INOCA and obstructive coronary artery disease (OCAD) who had coronary angiography (CAG) data was performed within three months before or after D-MPI imaging. The patients who met the inclusion criteria were retrospectively analyzed and follow-up by telephone was performed. The enrolled patients were then divided into the INOCA and OCAD groups. INOCA was defined as signs and/or symptoms of myocardial ischemia but with < 50% epicardial stenosis. OCAD was defined as obstructive stenosis (≥ 50% stenosis) of epicardial coronary arteries or their major branches on the CAG. Medical treatments, Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ) scores, and major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) were studied. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve, Log-rank test, and univariable COX regression analysis were used to evaluate the prognosis of patients and associated predictors, with P < 0.05 being considered statistically significant. RESULTS A total of 303 patients (159 males and 144 females) were enrolled for the final analysis after excluding 24 patients who were lost to follow-up. The mean age of the included cases was 61.94 ± 8.59 years, of which 203 (67.0%) cases were OCAD and 100 (33.0%) cases were INOCA, respectively. The median follow-up was 16 months (14-21 months). Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed that the incidence of MACE was similar in the INOCA and OCAD groups (log-rank P = 0.2645), while those with reduced MFR showed a higher incidence of MACE than those with normal MFR (log-rank P = 0.0019). The subgroup analysis in the OCAD group revealed that 105 patients with reduced MFR had a higher incidence of MACE than those with normal MFR (log-rank P = 0.0226). The subgroup analysis in the INOCA group showed that 37 patients with reduced MFR had a higher incidence of MACE than those with normal MFR in the INOCA group (log-rank P = 0.0186). Univariable Cox regression analysis showed for every 1 unit increase in MFR, the risk of MACE for INOCA was reduced by 66.1% and that for OCAD by 64.2%. For each 1 mL·g-1·min-1 increase in LV-sMBF, the risk of MACE was reduced by 72.4% in INOCA patients and 63.6% in OCAD patients. CONCLUSIONS MFR measured with low-dose D-MPI CZT SPECT provides incremental prognostic value in patients with INOCA. Patients with reduced MFR show an increased risk of MACE, increased symptom burdens, and impaired quality of life. INOCA patients with reduced MFR experienced higher rate of MACE than OCAD patients with normal MFR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University Cardiovascular Clinical Institute, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Zekun Pang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University Cardiovascular Clinical Institute, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University Cardiovascular Clinical Institute, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University Cardiovascular Clinical Institute, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Hongxin Chu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University Cardiovascular Clinical Institute, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Zuoxiang He
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 102218, China.
| | - Jianming Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University Cardiovascular Clinical Institute, TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang H, Teng H, Luo P, Fu R, Wang X, Qin G, Gao M, Ren J. The role of left ventricular hypertrophy measured by echocardiography in screening patients with ischaemia with non-obstructive coronary arteries: a cross-sectional study. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING 2023; 39:1657-1666. [PMID: 37237153 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-023-02879-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Many patients with ischaemia with non-obstructive coronary arteries (INOCA) have a poor prognosis. This study aims to explore the diagnostic value of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH)-related ultrasound parameters in INOCA patients. The study group consisted of 258 patients with INOCA in this retrospective cross-sectional study, and these patients were free of obstructive coronary artery disease, previous revascularization, atrial fibrillation, ejection fraction < 50%, major distortions of left ventricular geometry, suspected non-ischaemic causes. Control individuals were matched 1:1 with study group according to age, sex, cardiovascular risk factors, and time of hospital stay. According to left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and relative wall thickness, left ventricular geometry was composed of concentric hypertrophy, eccentric hypertrophy, concentric remodeling and normal geometry. LVH-related parameters, left ventricular geometry, demographic characteristics, laboratory parameters and other echocardiographic indicators were compared between the two groups. Subgroup analysis was performed based on sex. LVMI in the study group was higher than that in the control group (86.86 ± 18.83 g/m2 vs 82.25 ± 14.29 g/m2, P = 0.008). The ratio of LVH was higher in the study group (20.16% vs 10.85%, P = 0.006). After subgroup analysis based on sex, LVMI differences (85.77 ± 18.30 g/m2 vs 81.59 ± 14.64 g/m2, P = 0.014) and the ratio of LVH differences (25.00% vs 14.77%, P = 0.027) still existed in females between the two groups. There was no difference in the constituent ratio of left ventricular geometry between the two groups (P = 0.157). Sex-based subgroup analysis showed no difference in the constituent ratio of left ventricular geometry between the two groups in females (P = 0.242). The degree of LVH in the study group was higher than that in the control group, suggesting that LVH may play an important role in the occurrence and development of INOCA. Moreover, LVH-related ultrasound parameters may be of higher diagnostic value for female INOCA patients than for male INOCA patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Teng
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruqian Fu
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoting Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang Qin
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianli Ren
- Department of Ultrasound, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Najjar RS, Gewirtz AT. Plant-Based Diets: A Path to Ending CVD as We Know It? Nutrients 2023; 15:3608. [PMID: 37630797 PMCID: PMC10458614 DOI: 10.3390/nu15163608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States, with roughly 700,000 CVD deaths every year [1]. [...].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rami Salim Najjar
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA;
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Najjar RS. The Impacts of Animal-Based Diets in Cardiovascular Disease Development: A Cellular and Physiological Overview. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:282. [PMID: 37504538 PMCID: PMC10380617 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10070282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States, and diet plays an instrumental role in CVD development. Plant-based diets have been strongly tied to a reduction in CVD incidence. In contrast, animal food consumption may increase CVD risk. While increased serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol concentrations are an established risk factor which may partially explain the positive association with animal foods and CVD, numerous other biochemical factors are also at play. Thus, the aim of this review is to summarize the major cellular and molecular effects of animal food consumption in relation to CVD development. Animal-food-centered diets may (1) increase cardiovascular toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, due to increased serum endotoxins and oxidized LDL cholesterol, (2) increase cardiovascular lipotoxicity, (3) increase renin-angiotensin system components and subsequent angiotensin II type-1 receptor (AT1R) signaling and (4) increase serum trimethylamine-N-oxide concentrations. These nutritionally mediated factors independently increase cardiovascular oxidative stress and inflammation and are all independently tied to CVD development. Public policy efforts should continue to advocate for the consumption of a mostly plant-based diet, with the minimization of animal-based foods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rami Salim Najjar
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kaźmierczak T, Bonarska-Kujawa D, Męczarska K, Cyboran-Mikołajczyk S, Oszmiański J, Kapusta I. Analysis of the Polyphenolic Composition of Vaccinium L. Extracts and Their Protective Effect on Red Blood Cell Membranes. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:589. [PMID: 37367793 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13060589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The blueberry fruit of the genus Vaccinium, including high blueberry, low blueberry, and wild bilberry, is consumed for its flavor and medicinal properties. The purpose of the experiments was to investigate the protective effect and mechanism of the interaction of blueberry fruit polyphenol extracts with the erythrocytes and their membranes. The content of polyphenolic compounds in the extracts was determined using the chromatographic UPLC-ESI-MS method. The effects of the extracts on red blood cell shape changes, hemolysis and osmotic resistance were examined. Changes in the order of packing and fluidity of the erythrocyte membrane and the lipid membrane model caused by the extracts were identified using fluorimetric methods. Erythrocyte membrane oxidation was induced by two agents: AAPH compound and UVC radiation. The results show that the tested extracts are a rich source of low molecular weight polyphenols that bind to the polar groups of the erythrocyte membrane, changing the properties of its hydrophilic area. However, they practically do not penetrate the hydrophobic part of the membrane and do not damage its structure. Research results suggest that the components of the extracts can defend the organism against oxidative stress if they are delivered to the organism in the form of dietary supplements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Kaźmierczak
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dorota Bonarska-Kujawa
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Męczarska
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Sylwia Cyboran-Mikołajczyk
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jan Oszmiański
- Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Plant Nutraceutical Technology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego 37, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Kapusta
- Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Rzeszów, Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Khalili L, Centner AM, Salazar G. Effects of Berries, Phytochemicals, and Probiotics on Atherosclerosis through Gut Microbiota Modification: A Meta-Analysis of Animal Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043084. [PMID: 36834497 PMCID: PMC9960548 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a major cause of death and disability. The beneficial effects of phytochemicals and probiotics on atherosclerosis have gained significant interest since these functional foods can improve inflammation, oxidative stress, and microbiome dysbiosis. The direct effect of the microbiome in atherosclerosis, however, needs further elucidation. The objective of this work was to investigate the effects of polyphenols, alkaloids, and probiotics on atherosclerosis using a meta-analysis of studies with mouse models of atherosclerosis. Identification of eligible studies was conducted through searches on PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Science Direct until November 2022. The results showed that phytochemicals reduced atherosclerosis, which was significant in male mice, but not in females. Probiotics, on the other hand, showed significant reductions in plaque in both sexes. Berries and phytochemicals modulated gut microbial composition by reducing the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio and by upregulating health-promoting bacteria, including Akkermansia muciniphila. This analysis suggests that phytochemicals and probiotics can reduce atherosclerosis in animal models, with a potentially greater effect on male animals. Thus, consumption of functional foods rich in phytochemicals as well as probiotics are viable interventions to improve gut health and reduce plaque burden in patients suffering from cardiovascular disease (CVD).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Khalili
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Ann Marie Centner
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Gloria Salazar
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, College of Health and Human Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
- Center for Advancing Exercise and Nutrition Research on Aging (CAENRA), Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Russell C, Keshavamurthy S, Saha S. Nutraceuticals in the Management of Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Where is the Evidence? Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets 2021; 21:150-161. [PMID: 34852755 DOI: 10.2174/1871529x21666211201104124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease continues to rise at an alarming rate, and research focuses on possible therapies to reduce the risk and slow down its progression. Several epidemiological studies have indicated that dietary modifications, such as increased consumption of fruits and vegetables play an important role in reducing cardiovascular disease risk factors. Food sources rich in antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, hypolipidemic, and hypoglycemic properties are thought to ameliorate the progression of cardiovascular disease and serve as a potential treatment mode. Many in vivo and in vitro studies using turmeric, cinnamon, mango, blueberries, red wine, chocolate, and extra virgin olive oil have demonstrated significant improvements in cholesterol profiles, toxic reactive oxygen species, inflammation, obesity, and hypertension. In this review, we summarize recent evidence on the cardioprotective effect of different food groups, outline their potential mechanisms involved in slowing down the progression of cardiovascular disease, and highlight the beneficial effects associated with increased consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cody Russell
- The American University of the Caribbean School of Medicine. 0
| | | | - Sibu Saha
- University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Department of Surgery Professor of Surgery and Bioengineering. 0
| |
Collapse
|