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Cozma EC, Banciu LM, Celarel AM, Soare E, Srichawla BS, Kipkorir V, Găman MA. Molecular mechanisms of human papilloma virus related skin cancers: A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38202. [PMID: 38787972 PMCID: PMC11124606 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The human papillomavirus (HPV) belongs to the Papillomaviridae family of viruses which includes small, double-stranded DNA viral agents. Approximately 90% of HPV infections occur asymptomatically and resolve spontaneously. However, infection with high-risk viral strains can lead to the development of preneoplastic lesions, with an increased propensity to become cancerous. The location of these malignancies includes the oral cavity, cervix, vagina, anus, and vulva, among others. The role of HPV in carcinogenesis has already been demonstrated for the aforementioned neoplasia. However, regarding skin malignancies, the mechanisms that pinpoint the role played by HPV in their initiation and progression still elude our sight. Until now, the only fully understood mechanism of viral cutaneous oncogenesis is that of human herpes virus 8 infection in Kaposi sarcoma. In the case of HPV infection, however, most data focus on the role that beta strains exhibit in the oncogenesis of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), along with ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and other environmental or genetic factors. However, recent epidemiological investigations have highlighted that HPV could also trigger the onset of other non-melanocytic, for example, basal cell carcinoma (BCC), and/or melanocytic skin cancers, for example, melanoma. Herein, we provide an overview of the role played by HPV in benign and malignant skin lesions with a particular focus on the main epidemiological, pathophysiological, and molecular aspects delineating the involvement of HPV in skin cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena-Codruta Cozma
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
- Elias University Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | | | - Elena Soare
- Elias University Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Vincent Kipkorir
- Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mihnea-Alexandru Găman
- Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Hematology, Center of Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Fundeni Clinical Institute, Bucharest, Romania
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2
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Holic L. Common skin cancers and their association with other non-cutaneous primary malignancies: a review of the literature. Med Oncol 2024; 41:157. [PMID: 38758457 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-024-02385-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
It has long been recognized that a history of skin cancer puts one at risk for additional primary skin cancers. However, more variable data exists for the risk of developing a non-cutaneous primary cancer following a diagnosis of skin cancer. The data are most variable for Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC), the most common and least aggressive type of skin cancer. While early studies imply that BCC does not impart a larger risk of other primary non-cutaneous cancers, more recent studies with larger populations suggest otherwise. The cancers most significantly associated with BCC are lip, oropharyngeal, and salivary gland cancer. There is also burgeoning evidence to suggest a link between BCC and prostate, breast, and colorectal cancer, but more data are needed to draw a concrete conclusion. Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC), the second most common type of skin cancer, has a slightly more defined risk to other non-cutaneous primary malignancies. There is a notable link between SCC and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), possibly due to immunosuppression. There is also an increased risk of other cancers derived from squamous epithelium following SCC, including oropharyngeal, lip, and salivary gland cancer. Some studies also suggest an increased risk of respiratory tract cancer following SCC, possibly due to shared risk factors. Melanoma, a more severe type of skin cancer, shows a well-defined risk of additional primary non-cutaneous malignancies. The most significant of these risks include NHL, thyroid cancer, prostate cancer, and breast cancer along with a host of other cancers. Each of these three main skin cancer types has a profile of genetic mutations that have also been linked to non-cutaneous malignancies. In this review, we discuss a selection of these genes to highlight the complex interplay between different tumorigenesis processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Holic
- Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University, North Chicago, IL, USA.
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3
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Chambers DB, Ghosh S, Taher MS, Salopek TG. Incidence of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers in Alberta, Canada, From 2007 to 2018. J Cutan Med Surg 2024; 28:238-247. [PMID: 38374688 DOI: 10.1177/12034754241232677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most common malignancy affecting Caucasian populations and has been seeing steady increases in incidence globally for decades. Our previous study (from Alberta, Canada) had shown a plateau in the incidence rates for NMSC. This contrasts with data from other regions within Canada and throughout the world that indicated a continued increase in incidence rates of NMSCs. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to provide an update on the trends in incidence of NMSC in Alberta, Canada, from 2007 to 2018. METHODS A retrospective analysis of patients from Alberta diagnosed with NMSC from 2007 to 2018 inclusive was conducted with data retrieved from Alberta Cancer Registry. Sex-, age-, anatomical location-, NMSC subtype-, stage-specific incidence rates and trends were examined. RESULTS From 2007 to 2018, overall incidence rates of NMSC increased by 36%. Invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and in situ SCC demonstrated the most significant increase, invasive SCC [annual percentage change (APC) 3.48, P = .014] and in situ SCC (APC 5.61, P = .0001). In addition, we were able to determine that females had the most significant increases in NMSC incidence rates from 2007 to 2018 particularly invasive SCC (APC 3.03, P = <.0001) and in situ SCC (APC 5.08, P = <.0001). CONCLUSIONS After initial levelling of NMSC incidence in Alberta in the early part of 21st century, the incidence of NMSC continues to increase over the past decade. The reasons for this change are not clear and likely multifactorial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Chambers
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Sunita Ghosh
- Department of Medical Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Muba S Taher
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Thomas G Salopek
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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4
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Liu H, Wang N, Yang R, Luan J, Cao M, Zhai C, Wang S, Wei M, Wang D, Qiao J, Liu Y, She W, Guo N, Liao B, Gou X. E3 Ubiquitin Ligase NEDD4L Negatively Regulates Skin Tumorigenesis by Inhibiting IL-6/GP130 Signaling Pathway. J Invest Dermatol 2024:S0022-202X(24)00272-0. [PMID: 38580105 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2024.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
IL-6 signaling plays a crucial role in the survival and metastasis of skin cancer. NEDD4L acts as a suppressor of IL-6 signaling by targeting GP130 degradation. However, the effects of the NEDD4L-regulated IL-6/GP130 signaling pathway on skin cancer remain unclear. In this study, protein expression levels of NEDD4L and GP130 were measured in tumor tissues from patients with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Skin tumors were induced in wild-type and Nedd4l-knockout mice, and activation of the IL-6/GP130/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling pathway was detected. The results indicated a negative correlation between the protein expression levels of NEDD4L and GP130 in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma tissues from patients. Nedd4l deficiency significantly promoted 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced skin tumorigenesis and benign-to-malignant conversion by activating the IL-6/GP130/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling pathway, which was abrogated by supplementation with the GP130 inhibitor SC144. Furthermore, our findings suggested that NEDD4L can interact with GP130 and promote its ubiquitination in skin tumors. In conclusion, our results indicate that NEDD4L could act as a tumor suppressor in skin cancer, and inhibition of GP130 could be a potential therapeutic method for treating this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China; Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Diseases, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Institute of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Run Yang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Luan
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China; Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Diseases, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Meng Cao
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China; Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Diseases, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Cui Zhai
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China; Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Diseases, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shan Wang
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China; Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Diseases, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Mengqian Wei
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China; Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Diseases, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Duorong Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiayue Qiao
- School of Clinical Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuqian Liu
- College of pharmacy, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenting She
- College of pharmacy, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Na Guo
- Department of Immunology, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bo Liao
- Department of Orthopedics, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Xingchun Gou
- Institute of Basic and Translational Medicine, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China; Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Diseases, Xi'an Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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5
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Guo S, Cui H. METTL3-mediated HPV vaccine enhances the effect of anti PD-1 immunotherapy to alleviate the development of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. An Bras Dermatol 2024; 99:210-222. [PMID: 38030537 PMCID: PMC10943324 DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2023.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) develops from epithelial keratinocytes by dysregulation of self-renewal and differentiation. Recent studies have found that the size and number of cSCC tumors gradually decrease or even disappear after HPV vaccination. However, the role of the HPV vaccine in the cSCC mechanism is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to investigate the effect and mechanism of the HPV vaccine in cSCC. METHODS Immunofluorescence was used to study the immune infiltrating cells in the tumor tissues of patients with cSCC. The effects of the HPV vaccine on cSCC cells and tissues were studied by Cell Culture, Real-time PCR, Western Blot, Cytotoxicity Assay, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay, m6A Blotting, CCK-8 Assay, m6A Ribonucleic acid Methylation Quantification and tumor transplantation. RESULTS The HPV vaccine enhanced the toxic effect of CD8+T cells on cSCC cells and promoted the secretion of multiple cytokines by CD8+T cells. In addition, HPV vaccines can increase tumor sensitivity to anti-PD-1 therapy by downregulating METTL3 in tumor tissue, with the combination of HPV vaccine and PD-1 monoclonal antibodies producing enhanced immune cell infiltration compared to PD-1 blockade alone. STUDY LIMITATIONS It is important to note the limitations of this study, including the small sample size, the construction of the mouse model, and the choice of HPV vaccine and PD-1 monoclonal antibody, which may limit the generalization of our findings to a wider population. CONCLUSIONS It is hoped that this research will contribute to a deeper understanding of the role of the HPV vaccine in the treatment of cSCC. HPV vaccine is expected to become an important approach to alleviate the development of cSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China; The First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yiru Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Taiyuan Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Shuping Guo
- Department of Dermatology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hongzhou Cui
- Department of Dermatology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China; The First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
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Cocuz IG, Popelea MC, Niculescu R, Manea A, Sabău AH, Tinca AC, Szoke AR, Budin CE, Stoian A, Morariu SH, Cotoi TC, Cocuz ME, Cotoi OS. Pathophysiology, Histopathology, and Differential Diagnostics of Basal Cell Carcinoma and Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma-An Update from the Pathologist's Point of View. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2220. [PMID: 38396897 PMCID: PMC10888641 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) are the most frequently occurring non-melanocytic skin cancers. The objective of our study is to present the pathophysiology of BCC and cSCC and its direct relationship with the histopathological diagnostics and the differential diagnostics of these types of cancer, based on the morphological characteristics, immunohistochemical profile, and genetic alterations. The qualitative study was based on emphasizing the morphological characteristics and immunohistochemistry profiles of BCC and cSCC and the differential diagnostics based on the tissue samples from the Clinical Pathology Department of Mures Clinical County Hospital between 2020 and 2022. We analyzed the histopathological appearances and immunohistochemical profiles of BCC and cSCC in comparison with those of Bowen disease, keratoacanthoma, hyperkeratotic squamous papilloma, metatypical carcinoma, pilomatricoma, trichoblastoma, Merkel cell carcinoma, pleomorphic dermal sarcoma (PDS), and melanoma. Our study showed the importance of the correct histopathological diagnosis, which has a direct impact on the appropriate treatment and outcome for each patient. The study highlighted the histopathological and morphological characteristics of NMSCs and the precursor lesions in HE and the immunohistochemical profile for lesions that may make the differential diagnosis difficult to establish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuliu Gabriel Cocuz
- Pathophysiology Department, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania; (I.G.C.); (R.N.); (A.-H.S.); (A.-C.T.); (A.R.S.); (C.E.B.); (A.S.); (O.S.C.)
- Pathology Department, Mures Clinical County Hospital, 540011 Targu Mures, Romania
| | | | - Raluca Niculescu
- Pathophysiology Department, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania; (I.G.C.); (R.N.); (A.-H.S.); (A.-C.T.); (A.R.S.); (C.E.B.); (A.S.); (O.S.C.)
- Pathology Department, Mures Clinical County Hospital, 540011 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Andrei Manea
- Faculty of Medicine, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania;
| | - Adrian-Horațiu Sabău
- Pathophysiology Department, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania; (I.G.C.); (R.N.); (A.-H.S.); (A.-C.T.); (A.R.S.); (C.E.B.); (A.S.); (O.S.C.)
- Pathology Department, Mures Clinical County Hospital, 540011 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Andreea-Cătălina Tinca
- Pathophysiology Department, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania; (I.G.C.); (R.N.); (A.-H.S.); (A.-C.T.); (A.R.S.); (C.E.B.); (A.S.); (O.S.C.)
- Pathology Department, Mures Clinical County Hospital, 540011 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Andreea Raluca Szoke
- Pathophysiology Department, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania; (I.G.C.); (R.N.); (A.-H.S.); (A.-C.T.); (A.R.S.); (C.E.B.); (A.S.); (O.S.C.)
- Pathology Department, Mures Clinical County Hospital, 540011 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Corina Eugenia Budin
- Pathophysiology Department, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania; (I.G.C.); (R.N.); (A.-H.S.); (A.-C.T.); (A.R.S.); (C.E.B.); (A.S.); (O.S.C.)
- Pneumology Department, Mures Clinical County Hospital, 540011 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Adina Stoian
- Pathophysiology Department, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania; (I.G.C.); (R.N.); (A.-H.S.); (A.-C.T.); (A.R.S.); (C.E.B.); (A.S.); (O.S.C.)
- Neurology I Clinic, Targu Mures Emergency County Hospital, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Silviu Horia Morariu
- Dermatology Department, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania;
- Dermatology Department, Mures Clinical County Hospital, 540011 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Titiana Cornelia Cotoi
- Pharmaceutical Technique Department, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania;
- Pharmacy No. 2, Mures Clinical County Hospital, 540011 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Maria-Elena Cocuz
- Fundamental Prophylactic and Clinical Disciplines Department, Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500003 Brașov, Romania;
- Clinical Pneumology and Infectious Diseases Hospital of Brasov, 500174 Brasov, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Simion Cotoi
- Pathophysiology Department, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Targu Mures, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania; (I.G.C.); (R.N.); (A.-H.S.); (A.-C.T.); (A.R.S.); (C.E.B.); (A.S.); (O.S.C.)
- Pathology Department, Mures Clinical County Hospital, 540011 Targu Mures, Romania
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Thakur M, Rho O, Khandelwal A, Nathan CAO, DiGiovanni J. Inducible Keratinocyte Specific FGFR2 Deficiency Inhibits UVB-Induced Signaling, Proliferation, Inflammation, and Skin Carcinogenesis. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:341-350.e7. [PMID: 37660781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
A potential role for fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) has been reported. To demonstrate the specific role of FGFR2 in UVB-induced skin carcinogenesis and development of cSCC, we generated a keratinocyte specific, tamoxifen inducible mouse model of FGFR2 deficiency. In this mouse model, topical application of 4-hydroxy tamoxifen led to the induction of Cre recombinase to delete FGFR2 in epidermal keratinocytes of both male and female transgenic mice. Analysis of epidermal protein lysates isolated from FGFR2 deficient mice exposed to UVB showed significant reductions of phospho-FGFR (pFGFR; Y653/654) and phospho-fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2α as well as downstream effectors of mTORC1 signaling. Phosphorylation of signal transducer and activators of transcription 1/3 was significantly reduced as well as levels of IRF-1, DUSP6, early growth response 1, and PD-L1 compared to the control groups. Keratinocyte-specific ablation of FGFR2 also significantly inhibited epidermal hyperproliferation, hyperplasia, and inflammation after exposure to UVB. Finally, keratinocyte-specific deletion of FGFR2 significantly inhibited UVB-induced cSCC formation. Collectively, the current data demonstrate an important role of FGFR2 in UVB-induced oncogenic signaling as well as development of cSCC. In addition, the current preclinical findings suggest that inhibition of FGFR2 signaling may provide a previously unreported strategy to prevent and/or treat UVB-induced cSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Thakur
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Okkyung Rho
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Alok Khandelwal
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Los Angeles, USA; Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Cherie-Ann O Nathan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Los Angeles, USA; Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Los Angeles, USA; Department of Surgery, Overton Brooks Veterans Affairs Hospital, Shreveport, Los Angeles, USA
| | - John DiGiovanni
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA; LiveStrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA; Center for Molecular Carcinogenesis and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.
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Perry JR, Genenger B, Thind AS, Ashford B, Ranson M. PIK Your Poison: The Effects of Combining PI3K and CDK Inhibitors against Metastatic Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma In Vitro. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:370. [PMID: 38254859 PMCID: PMC10814950 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16020370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is a very common skin malignancy with poor prognosis for patients with locally advanced or metastatic cSCC (mcSCC). PI3K/AKT/mTOR and cell cycle signalling pathways are often dysregulated in mcSCC. A combination drug approach has been theorised to overcome the underwhelming clinical performance of targeted inhibitors as single agents. This study investigates the potential of targeted inhibition of the p110α-subunit of PI3K with PIK-75 or BGT226 (P13Ki), and of CDK1/2/5/9 with dinaciclib (CDKi) as single agents and in combination. The patient-derived mcSCC cell lines, UW-CSCC1 and UW-CSCC2, were used to assess cell viability, migration, cell signalling, cell cycle distribution, and apoptosis. PIK-75, BGT226, and dinaciclib exhibited strong cytotoxic potency as single agents. Notably, the non-malignant HaCaT cell line was unaffected. In 2D cultures, PIK-75 synergistically enhanced the cytotoxic effects of dinaciclib in UW-CSCC2, but not UW-CSCC1. Interestingly, this pattern was reversed in 3D spheroid models. Despite the combination of PIK-75 and dinaciclib resulting in an increase in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and reduced cell motility, these differences were largely negligible compared to their single-agent counterpart. The differential responses between the cell lines correlated with driver gene mutation profiles. These findings suggest that personalised medicine approaches targeting PI3K and CDK pathways in combination may yield some benefit for mcSCC, and that more complex 3D models should be considered for drug responsiveness studies in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay R. Perry
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizon, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (B.G.); (A.S.T.)
| | - Benjamin Genenger
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizon, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (B.G.); (A.S.T.)
| | - Amarinder Singh Thind
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizon, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (B.G.); (A.S.T.)
- Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia;
| | - Bruce Ashford
- Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia;
- Graduate School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Marie Ranson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizon, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (B.G.); (A.S.T.)
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9
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Tang H, Seykora JT, Ko CJ. Squamous carcinogenesis: potential truncal mutations. Hum Pathol 2023; 140:32-38. [PMID: 37001739 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2023.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Squamous carcinogenesis is incompletely understood, but more recent genetic studies support that the order of acquired mutations is important. This paper will review more recent genetic studies with an emphasis on the potential truncal mutations, mutations critical to the trunk of the cancer evolutionary tree, in actinic keratosis, squamous cell carcinoma in situ, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, keratoacanthoma, and keratoacanthoma-like squamous proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Tang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
| | - John T Seykora
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christine J Ko
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA; Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
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10
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Rajeh A, Cornman HL, Gupta A, Szeto MD, Kambala A, Oladipo O, Parthasarathy V, Deng J, Wheelan S, Pritchard T, Kwatra MM, Semenov YR, Gusev A, Yegnasubramanian S, Kwatra SG. Somatic mutations reveal hyperactive Notch signaling and racial disparities in prurigo nodularis. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.09.25.23295810. [PMID: 37808834 PMCID: PMC10557842 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.25.23295810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Prurigo nodularis (PN) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that disproportionately affects African Americans and is characterized by pruritic skin nodules of unknown etiology. Little is known about genetic alterations in PN pathogenesis, especially relating to somatic events which are often implicated in inflammatory conditions. We thus performed whole-exome sequencing on 54 lesional and nonlesional skin biopsies from 17 PN patients and 10 atopic dermatitis (AD) patients for comparison. Somatic mutational analysis revealed that PN lesional skin harbors pervasive somatic mutations in fibrotic, neurotropic, and cancer-associated genes. Nonsynonymous mutations were most frequent in NOTCH1 and the Notch signaling pathway, a regulator of cellular proliferation and tissue fibrosis, and NOTCH1 mutations were absent in AD. Somatic copy-number analysis, combined with expression data, showed that recurrently deleted and downregulated genes in PN lesional skin are associated with axonal guidance and extension. Follow-up immunofluorescence validation demonstrated increased NOTCH1 expression in PN lesional skin fibroblasts and increased Notch signaling in PN lesional dermis. Finally, multi-center data revealed a significantly increased risk of NOTCH1-associated diseases in PN patients. In characterizing the somatic landscape of PN, we uncover novel insights into its pathophysiology and identify a role for dysregulated Notch signaling in PN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Rajeh
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hannah L Cornman
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anuj Gupta
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mindy D Szeto
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anusha Kambala
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Olusola Oladipo
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Varsha Parthasarathy
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Junwen Deng
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sarah Wheelan
- Present affiliation: National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Pritchard
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Madan M Kwatra
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Yevgeniy R Semenov
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Gusev
- Division of Genetics, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Srinivasan Yegnasubramanian
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shawn G Kwatra
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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11
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Zhurauliou A, Vasyukova O. Perianal Cutaneous Spindle Cell Squamous Cell Carcinoma With Myxoid Stroma: Case Report and Literature Review. Am J Dermatopathol 2023; 45:650-653. [PMID: 37506272 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000002504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Spindle cell squamous cell carcinoma with myxoid stroma is a rare variant of squamous cell carcinoma with sarcomatoid morphology. We report a case of a 75-year-old woman with an ulcerated polypoid cutaneous mass in the perianal area. The patient had a history of clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Microscopy revealed an invasive myxoid spindle cell carcinoma without the classic squamous cell carcinoma component. The immunohistochemical study demonstrated diffuse positive reactions for p63, AE1/3, and CK5/6. The tumor cells were negative for desmin, smooth muscle actin, S100, and CD34. Fluorescent in situ hybridization was negative for EWSR1 gene rearrangement. Follow-up was remarkable for recurrence of tumor in 2 months after complete resection with negative surgical margin. This is the first case report of perianal spindle cell squamous cell carcinoma with myxoid stroma with a literature review of previous case reports from different locations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olesya Vasyukova
- Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution (FSBSI) "Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery," Clinical Morphology Laboratory, Moscow, Russia
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12
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Grube VL, Ahmed S, McCoy K, Ashi S, Hafeez F. Whole-Exome Sequencing of a Case of Squamoid Eccrine Ductal Carcinoma Reveal Similarities With Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Am J Dermatopathol 2023; 45:495-498. [PMID: 37249370 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000002456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Squamoid eccrine ductal carcinoma (SEDC) is a poorly documented but likely underrecognized sweat gland malignancy with significant risk for local recurrence and potential for metastasis and rare disease-related mortality. Histopathologically, the tumor demonstrates a biphasic differentiation pattern: superficially, the tumor has squamous differentiation [indistinguishable from well-differentiated cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC)], while the deeper aspect has a more infiltrative pattern with prominent ductal differentiation. Diagnosis of SEDC relies upon histopathologic examination alone. Its pathogenesis is poorly understood, and its genomic features have yet to be described. In this article, we characterize the genomic features in a case of SEDC through whole-exome sequencing, then compare its features with cSCC and other eccrine ductal carcinomas. Whole-exome sequencing revealed 30 mutations/Mb with 21 pathogenic or likely pathogenic mutations in total, identified across 14 different genes. The genomic abnormalities identified in this case of SEDC overlap considerably with those found in cSCC but not those of other sweat gland malignancies. The clinical and histopathologic features of SEDC previously reported and the genetic features determined from this case suggest that this tumor may arise initially as a well-differentiated cSCC that subsequently undergoes divergent differentiation focally to resemble a sweat gland malignancy. Genetic analyses of additional cases are warranted to clarify this consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanden Lamar Grube
- Department of Dermatology, St. Luke's/Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Bethlehem, PA; and
| | - Sarah Ahmed
- Department of Dermatology, St. Luke's University Health System, St. Luke's/Temple School of Medicine, Bethlehem, PA
| | - Kelly McCoy
- Department of Dermatology, St. Luke's University Health System, St. Luke's/Temple School of Medicine, Bethlehem, PA
| | - Shaymaa Ashi
- Department of Dermatology, St. Luke's University Health System, St. Luke's/Temple School of Medicine, Bethlehem, PA
| | - Farhaan Hafeez
- Department of Dermatology, St. Luke's University Health System, St. Luke's/Temple School of Medicine, Bethlehem, PA
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13
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Bang S, Son H, Cha H, Song K, Park H, Kim H, Ko JY, Myung J, Paik S. Immunohistochemical Analysis of Single-Stranded DNA Binding Protein 2 in Non-Melanoma Skin Cancers. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1818. [PMID: 37509458 PMCID: PMC10376428 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-stranded DNA binding protein 2 (SSBP2) is a tumor suppressor candidate. In this study, the expression level and clinicopathological significance of SSBP2 in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) were evaluated. We also identified biological pathways associated with a set of genes potentially related to SSBP2. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed on 70 SCC and 146 BCC cases to assess SSBP2 expression semi-quantitatively. In addition, the associations between SSBP2 expression and clinicopathological characteristics were analyzed. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis was performed using publicly available data and web-based bioinformatics tools. Compared with BCC, SCC had a significantly low SSBP2 expression (p < 0.001). In total, 12 (17.1%) of the 70 SCC cases and 30 (20.5%) of the 146 BCC cases showed low SSBP2 expression. Among SCC cases, ulceration (p = 0.005) and a deep level of invasion (p = 0.012) showed an association with low SSBP2 expression. Local recurrence was slightly more common in the SCC subgroup with low SSBP2 expression, although the difference was not significant (p = 0.058). Using GO enrichment analysis, we identified several biological functions performed by a set of 36 genes in SCC. SSBP2 evaluation using IHC can be helpful in the differential diagnosis of SCC and BCC. SSBP2 expression was associated with tumor invasiveness in SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongsik Bang
- Department of Pathology, Seoul Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwangkyu Son
- Department of Pathology, Seoul Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyebin Cha
- Department of Pathology, Seoul Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Kihyuk Song
- Department of Pathology, Seoul Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hosub Park
- Department of Pathology, Seoul Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsung Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Yeon Ko
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaekyung Myung
- Department of Pathology, Seoul Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungsam Paik
- Department of Pathology, Seoul Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
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14
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Alonso-Juarranz M, Mascaraque M, Carrasco E, Gracia-Cazaña T, De La Sen O, Gilaberte Y, Gonzalez S, Juarranz Á, Falahat F. The Distinctive Features behind the Aggressiveness of Oral and Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3227. [PMID: 37370836 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15123227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinomas arise from stratified squamous epithelia. Here, a comparative analysis based on recent studies defining the genetic alterations and composition of the stroma of oral and cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC and CSCC, respectively) was performed. Both carcinomas share some but not all histological and genetic features. This review was focused on how mutations in tumor suppressor genes and protooncogenes cooperate to determine the differentiation, aggressiveness, and metastatic potential of OSCC and CSCC. In fact, driver mutations in tumor suppressor genes are more frequently observed in OSCC than CSCC. These include mutations in TP53 (encoding pP53 protein), CDKN2A (encoding cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A), FAT1 (encoding FAT atypical cadherin 1), and KMT2D (encoding lysine methyltransferase 2D), with the exception of NOTCH (encoding Notch receptor 1), whose mutation frequency is lower in OSCC compared to CSCC. Finally, we describe the differential composition of the tumor microenvironment and how this influences the aggressiveness of each tumor type. Although both OSCC and CSCC tumors are highly infiltrated by immune cells, high levels of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) have been more frequently reported as predictors of better outcomes in OSCC than CSCC. In conclusion, OSCC and CSCC partially share genetic alterations and possess different causal factors triggering their development. The tumor microenvironment plays a key role determining the outcome of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Alonso-Juarranz
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Service, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Mascaraque
- Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Translational Research Unit, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elisa Carrasco
- Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Experimental Dermatology and Skin Biology, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, IRYCIS, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tamara Gracia-Cazaña
- Department of Dermatology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Oscar De La Sen
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Service, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Gilaberte
- Department of Dermatology, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Salvador Gonzalez
- Department of Experimental Dermatology and Skin Biology, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, IRYCIS, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Universidad de Alcalá, 28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángeles Juarranz
- Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Experimental Dermatology and Skin Biology, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, IRYCIS, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Farzin Falahat
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Service, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Surgery Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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15
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Zhang L, Yang J, Ji Z, Zhang J, Yang S. PRR14 acts a novel oncogene activating the PI3K signal pathway in human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. J Cancer 2023; 14:1531-1540. [PMID: 37325059 PMCID: PMC10266252 DOI: 10.7150/jca.83695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Proline rich protein 14 (PRR14) is considered as a new component of the nuclear fiber layer, it may be a key molecule in mediating nuclear morphological changes and functional changes in tumorigenesis. But, it's still unclear in human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). In the study, the expression profiles of PRR14 in patients with cSCC were investigated by immunohistochemistry (IHC), also the PRR14 expression in cSCC tissues were detected using the methods of real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and Western blot; cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, wound healing assay, matrigel-based transwell assay and Annexin V-FITC and PI double-staining with flow cytometry assay were used to investigate the biological functions of PRR14 in A431 and HSC-1 cSCC cells. Overexpression of PRR14 in cSCC patients was reported firstly in this study and its high expression was related to differentiation, thickness and tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage of cSCC. PRR14 inhibition with RNA interfering (RNAi) method resulted in the suppression of cell proliferation, migration and invasion but promotion the apoptosis of cSCC cells, and upregulation of the protein phosphorylation levels of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and Akt. The study shows PRR14 maybe an activator of cSCC carcinogenesis through PI3K/Akt/mTOR signal pathway, and it also maybe a prognostic factor and new therapeutical target for cSCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Tongzhou District Home Textile City Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhoujing Ji
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shengju Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
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16
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Masarwy R, Shilo S, Carmel Neiderman NN, Kampel L, Horowitz G, Muhanna N, Mansour J. The Prognostic Value and Clinical Utility of the 40-Gene Expression Profile (40-GEP) Test in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15092456. [PMID: 37173922 PMCID: PMC10177351 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15092456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current tumor staging systems for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) are considered inadequate and insufficient for evaluating the risk of metastasis and for identifying patients at high risk of cSCC. This meta-analysis aimed to assess the prognostic significance of a 40-gene expression profile (40-GEP) both independently and integrated with clinicopathologic risk factors and established staging systems (American Joint Committee on Cancer, eighth edition (AJCC8) and Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH)). METHODS Electronic databases, including PubMed (MEDLINE), Embase, the Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar, were systematically searched to identify cohort studies and randomized controlled trials on evaluations of the prediction value of 40-GEP in cSCC patients up to January 2023. The metastatic risk analysis of a given 40-GEP class combined with tumor stage and/or other clinicopathologic risk factors was based upon log hazard ratios (HRs) and their standard error (SE). Heterogeneity and subgroup analyses were performed, and data quality was assessed. RESULTS A total of 1019 patients from three cohort studies were included in this meta-analysis. The overall three-year metastatic-free survival rates were 92.4%, 78.9%, and 45.4% for class 1 (low risk), class 2A (Intermediate risk), and class 2B (high risk) 40-GEP, respectively, indicating a significant variation in survival rates between the risk classification groups. The pooled positive predictive value was significantly higher in class 2B when compared to AJCC8 or BWH. The subgroup analyses demonstrated significant superiority of integrating 40-GEP with clinicopathologic risk factors or AJCC8/BWH, especially for class 2B patients. CONCLUSIONS The integration of 40-GEP with staging systems can improve the identification of cSCC patients at high risk of metastasis, potentially leading to improved care and outcomes, especially in the high-risk class 2B group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razan Masarwy
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6423906, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Shahaf Shilo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6423906, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Narin Nard Carmel Neiderman
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6423906, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Liyona Kampel
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6423906, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Gilad Horowitz
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6423906, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Nidal Muhanna
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6423906, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Jobran Mansour
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6423906, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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17
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Radhakrishna U, Ratnamala U, Jhala DD, Vadsaria N, Patel M, Uppala LV, Vedangi A, Saiyed N, Rawal RM, Damiani G, Jemec GBE. Cytochrome P450 Genes Mediated by DNA Methylation Are Involved in the Resistance to Hidradenitis Suppurativa. J Invest Dermatol 2023; 143:670-673.e19. [PMID: 36155054 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uppala Radhakrishna
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, Michigan, USA.
| | - Uppala Ratnamala
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Devendrasinh D Jhala
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Nikita Vadsaria
- Department of Bioinformatics, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | | | - Lavanya V Uppala
- College of Information Science & Technology, University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Aaren Vedangi
- Department of Clinical Research, KIMS ICON Hospital, Visakapatnam, India
| | - Nazia Saiyed
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Royal Oak, Michigan, USA
| | - Rakesh M Rawal
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Giovanni Damiani
- Clinical Dermatology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gregor B E Jemec
- Department of Dermatology, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
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18
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Zeng Q, Liu J, Yan Y, Zhang G, Wang P, Zhang H, Liu X, Zhang L, Wang X. Modified 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy suppresses cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma through blocking Akt/mTOR-mediated autophagic flux. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1114678. [PMID: 37007013 PMCID: PMC10063783 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1114678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: We previously found that modified 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (M-PDT) is painless and effective in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) treatment, however, the regulatory mechanism of M-PDT in cSCC is still unclear.Objective: To clarify the effect and relevant regulatory mechanism of M-PDT in cSCC.Methods: The cSCC apoptosis was examined by flow cytometry, TUNEL staining and Cleaved-caspase-3 immunofluorescence, respectively. The autophagy-related characterization was detected by monodansylcadaverine (MDC) staining, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), GFP-LC3B autophagic vacuoles localization and mRFP-EGFP tandem fluorescence-tagged LC3B construct, respectively. The expression of autophagy-related proteins and Akt/mTOR signaling molecules were examined by Western blot. ROS generation was measured by DCFH-DA probe.Results: We found that M-PDT induced cSCC apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner, and this result was related to autophagic flux blockage. The phenomenon is confirmed by the results that M-PDT could induce autophagosomes accumulation and upregulate LC3-II and p62 expression. M-PDT elevated co-localization of RFP and GFP tandem-tagged LC3B puncta in cSCC cell, reflecting autophagic flux blockage, and this was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, we noticed that M-PDT induced accumulated autophagosomes-dependent apoptosis via targeting ROS-mediated Akt/mTOR signaling. Suppression of Akt potentiated M-PDT-induced upregulation of LC3-II and p62 levels, whereas Akt activation and ROS inhibition rendered resistance to these events. In addition, we observed that lysosomal dysfunction was involved in M-PDT-triggered accumulated autophagosomes-dependent cSCC apoptosis.Conclusion: Our data demonstrates that M-PDT inhibits cSCC through blocking Akt/mTOR-mediated autophagic flux.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xiuli Wang
- *Correspondence: Linglin Zhang, ; Xiuli Wang,
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19
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Di Bartolomeo L, Vaccaro F, Irrera N, Borgia F, Li Pomi F, Squadrito F, Vaccaro M. Wnt Signaling Pathways: From Inflammation to Non-Melanoma Skin Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021575. [PMID: 36675086 PMCID: PMC9867176 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling pathways are involved in cell differentiation and homeostasis, but also in tumorigenesis. In fact, an exaggerated activation of Wnt signaling may promote tumor growth and invasion. We summarize the most intriguing evidence about the role of Wnt signaling in cutaneous carcinogenesis, in particular in the pathogenesis of non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). Wnt signaling is involved in several ways in the development of skin tumors: it may modulate the inflammatory tumor microenvironment, synergize with Sonic Hedgehog pathway in the onset of basal cell carcinoma, and contribute to the progression from precancerous to malignant lesions and promote the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in squamous cell carcinoma. Targeting Wnt pathways may represent an additional efficient approach in the management of patients with NMSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Di Bartolomeo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Federico Vaccaro
- Department of Dermatology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Natasha Irrera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Borgia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Federica Li Pomi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Squadrito
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
| | - Mario Vaccaro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Dermatology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy
- Correspondence:
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20
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Zhang Y, Guo Z, Wang H, Li B. Global status of research on cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and its programmed cell death: Bibliometric and visual analysis from 2012 to middle 2022. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1099382. [PMID: 37114133 PMCID: PMC10126243 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1099382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study was aimed to analyze the research status and development trend of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC), focusing on the field of programmed cell death of CSCC, and providing suggestions for the research of CSCC. Methods The publications related to CSCC and CSCC programmed cell death were searched in the Web of Science Core Collection (WOSCC) database, and timespan was set from 2012 to middle 2022. Research trends, authors, major country collaborations, research institutions, representative journals, publishers, and keywords were analyzed with CiteSpace and VOSviewer. Results After screening, a total of 3656 publications on CSCC and 156 publications on CSCC cell programmed death were obtained. The number of published articles increased gradually with the years. The United States ranked first in terms of the number of published papers. Research in this field had focused on dermatology. Most of the institutions in both regions were from European and American countries. Harvard University was the most prolific institution. Wiley was the most prolific publisher. The popular keywords for programmed cell death in CSCC were cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, diagnosis, pd 1, head, nivolumab and risk. Keywords in CSCC field were divided into 7 clusters: cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, sentinel lymph node biopsy, skin cancer, B-Raf Proto-Oncogene, Serine/Threonine Kinase (BRAF) inhibitor and human Papillomaviruses, and P63 expression. Squamous cell carcinoma, cancer, head and expression were the most popular keywords. The popular keywords for programmed cell death in CSCC were cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, diagnosis, pd 1, head, nivolumab and risk. Conclusion This study analyzed the research status of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and programmed cell death from 2012 to middle 2022. Understanding research status and hotspots can help scholars, countries and policymakers to better understand the background and research frontier of CSCC, and guide further research directions.
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Mihara N, Imai K. Suppression of Krüppel-like factor 5 basal expression by CREB1 binding to far distal element. Tumour Biol 2023; 45:81-94. [PMID: 37694332 DOI: 10.3233/tub-230017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) is a transcription factor regulating the proliferation and differentiation of epithelial cells, and its uncontrolled expression is closely associated with carcinoma progression. Sp3 binding to the minimal essential region (MER) of KLF5 gene is critical for KLF5 basal expression, but the expression control mechanism is unknown. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to identify a regulatory region for KLF5 basal expression and the binding protein in carcinoma cells by analyzing the promoter upstream region. METHODS Reporter assays determined the silencer region. The protein binding to the region was identified by database analysis and ChIP assay. The protein mediating the interaction between the region and the MER was confirmed through chromosome conformation capture (3 C) on ChIP assay. The effects of the protein on KLF5 expression were analyzed using qRT-PCR and western blot. RESULTS Reporter assay localized the 425-region from upstream KLF5 gene as the silencer. Database analysis and ChIP assay found CREB1 binding to the 425-region. CREB1 siRNA or mutation of CREB1-binding site in the 425-region increased luciferase activities and decreased the binding to 425-region. 3 C on ChIP assay showed that CREB1 mediated interaction of the 425-region and the MER. CREB1 overexpression decreased endogenous KLF5 expression and luciferase activity. CONCLUSIONS The 425-region is the silencer of KLF5 basal expression, and CREB1 binding suppresses the expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Mihara
- Department of Biochemistry, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazushi Imai
- Department of Biochemistry, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Zhang ZZ, Wen CH, Jia M, Zhang HQ, Sun SQ. Alkannin exerts antitumor properties in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma by inducing apoptosis and shifting the M1/M2 polarization of tumor-associated macrophages by upregulating PTEN. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2023; 39:70-79. [PMID: 36367154 DOI: 10.1002/kjm2.12617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) is a common cancer in humans and is the second major type of skin cancer that causes death in humans. In this article, we investigated the effects of alkannin on CSCC progression. We revealed that alkannin curbed CSCC cell viability in a dose-dependent manner and accelerated CSCC cell apoptosis. In addition, alkannin expedited macrophage M1 polarization while curbing M2 polarization. Moreover, alkannin elevated phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) abundance in CSCC cells. The results of bioinformatics analysis revealed that alkannin might modulate CSCC via PTEN. Downregulation of PTEN reversed the effects of alkannin on apoptosis of CSCC cells and M1/M2 polarization of macrophages. Alkannin reduced CSCC tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model. In conclusion, alkannin curbed the advancement of CSCC by expediting apoptosis and facilitating M1 polarization of macrophages by upregulating PTEN. These data may offer a therapeutic approach against CSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Zhao Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Chang-Hui Wen
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Min Jia
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Hong-Qiang Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
| | - Shao-Qin Sun
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, China
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Design-of-Experiments (DoE)-Assisted Fabrication of Quercetin-Loaded Nanoemulgel and Its Evaluation against Human Skin Cancer Cell Lines. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112517. [PMID: 36432708 PMCID: PMC9692577 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Quercetin (QCT) is a natural polyphenolic flavonoid showing great potential in the treatment of skin cancer. However, its use is limited owing to its poor water solubility, poor absorption, quick metabolism and excretion, as well as low stability. Preparation of nanoemulgel has been proven to be an effective approach to deliver the drugs topically due to various advantages associated with it. Objectives: This study aimed to prepare stable nanoemulgel of QCT using a Design-of-Experiments (DoE) tool for optimization, to characterize and to assess its in vivo toxicity and efficacy against human cancer cell lines in vitro. Methods: An ultrasonication emulsification method was used for the preparation of QCT-loaded nanoemulsion (QCT@NE). Box-Behnken design was used for the optimization of developed nanoemulgel. Then, in vitro characterization of prepared nanoemulsion was performed using Fourier Transform-Infra Red (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), particle size analysis, determination of zeta potential and entrapment efficiency (%EE). Further, the developed QCT-loaded nanoemulgel (QCT@NG) was characterized in vitro using texture profile analysis, viscosity and pH determination. Eventually, the cell cytotoxicity studies of the prepared nanoemulgel were performed on the skin cancer cell lines A431 followed by an acute toxicity and skin irritation study on male wistar rats in vivo. Results: The developed QCT@NE was found to be nanometric in size (173.1 ± 1.2 nm) with low polydispersity index (0.353 ± 0.13), zeta potential (-36.1 ± 5.9 mV), and showed good %EE (90.26%). The QCT@NG was found to be substantially more effective against the human skin carcinoma (A431) cell lines as compared to plain QCT with IC50 values of 108.5 and 579.0 µM, respectively. Skin irritation study showed no sign of toxicity and ensured safety for topical application. Hematological analysis revealed no significant differences between the treatment and control group in any biochemical parameter. In the nanoemulgel treatment group, there were no discernible differences in the liver enzymes, bilirubin, hemoglobin, total leukocyte and platelet counts as compared to the control group. Conclusions: The optimized QCT@NG was found to be an ideal and promising formulation for the treatment of skin cancer without showing skin irritation and organ toxicity.
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Chen K, Yong J, Zauner R, Wally V, Whitelock J, Sajinovic M, Kopecki Z, Liang K, Scott KF, Mellick AS. Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan 4 as a Marker for Aggressive Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14225564. [PMID: 36428658 PMCID: PMC9688099 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate (CS) proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4) is a cell surface proteoglycan that is currently under investigation as a marker of cancer malignancy, and as a potential target of anticancer drug treatment. CSPG4 acts as a driver of tumourigenesis by regulating turnover of the extracellular matrix (ECM) to promote tumour cell invasion, migration as well as inflammation and angiogenesis. While CSPG4 has been widely studied in certain malignancies, such as melanoma, evidence is emerging from global gene expression studies, which suggests a role for CSPG4 in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). While relatively treatable, lack of widely agreed upon diagnostic markers for SCCs is problematic, especially for clinicians managing certain patients, including those who are aged or infirm, as well as those with underlying conditions such as epidermolysis bullosa (EB), for which a delayed diagnosis is likely lethal. In this review, we have discussed the structure of CSPG4, and quantitatively analysed CSPG4 expression in the tissues and pathologies where it has been identified to determine the usefulness of CSPG4 expression as a diagnostic marker and therapeutic target in management of malignant SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Chen
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Medicine, University of New South Wales, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Joel Yong
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Medicine, University of New South Wales, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2033, Australia
| | - Roland Zauner
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology & Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Verena Wally
- EB House Austria, Research Program for Molecular Therapy of Genodermatoses, Department of Dermatology & Allergology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - John Whitelock
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Medicine, University of New South Wales, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2033, Australia
| | - Mila Sajinovic
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Medicine, University of New South Wales, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
| | - Zlatko Kopecki
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Kang Liang
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Medicine, University of New South Wales, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2033, Australia
| | - Kieran Francis Scott
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Medicine, University of New South Wales, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Albert Sleiman Mellick
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Medicine, University of New South Wales, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2033, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Molecular Mechanisms and Targeted Therapies of Advanced Basal Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911968. [PMID: 36233269 PMCID: PMC9570397 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Among human cutaneous malignancies, basal cell carcinoma is the most common. Solid advances in unveiling the molecular mechanisms of basal cell carcinoma have emerged in recent years. In Gorlin syndrome, which shows basal cell carcinoma predisposition, identification of the patched 1 gene (PTCH1) mutation was a dramatic breakthrough in understanding the carcinogenesis of basal cell carcinoma. PTCH1 plays a role in the hedgehog pathway, and dysregulations of this pathway are known to be crucial for the carcinogenesis of many types of cancers including sporadic as well as hereditary basal cell carcinoma. In this review, we summarize the clinical features, pathological features and hedgehog pathway as applied in basal cell carcinoma. Other crucial molecules, such as p53 and melanocortin-1 receptor are also discussed. Due to recent advances, therapeutic strategies based on the precise molecular mechanisms of basal cell carcinoma are emerging. Target therapies and biomarkers are also discussed.
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Bertino G, Groselj A, Campana LG, Kunte C, Schepler H, Gehl J, Muir T, Clover JAP, Quaglino P, Kis E, Mascherini M, Bisase B, Pecorari G, Bechara F, Matteucci P, Odili J, Russano F, Orlando A, Pritchard-Jones R, Moir G, Mowatt D, Silvestri B, Seccia V, Saxinger W, de Terlizzi F, Sersa G. Electrochemotherapy for the treatment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: The INSPECT experience (2008-2020). Front Oncol 2022; 12:951662. [PMID: 36203425 PMCID: PMC9531998 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.951662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is a frequent skin cancer with a high risk of recurrence characterized by tumor infiltration and, in advanced cases, a poor prognosis. ECT (electrochemotherapy) is an alternative treatment option for locally advanced or recurrent cSCC that is unsuitable for surgical resection. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the data in the InspECT (International Network for Sharing Practice on ECT) registry of the referral centers and to clarify the indications for the use of ECT as a treatment modality for cSCC. Materials and methods Patients with primary, recurrent or locally advanced cSCC from 18 European centers were included. They underwent at least one ECT session with bleomycin between February 2008 and November 2020, which was performed following the European Standard Operating Procedures. Results The analysis included 162 patients (mean age of 80 years; median, 1 lesion/patient). Side effects were mainly local and mild (hyperpigmentation, 11%; ulceration, 11%; suppuration, 4%). The response to treatment per patient was 62% complete and 21% partial. In the multivariate model, intravenous drug administration and small tumor size showed a significant association with a positive outcome (objective response). One-year local progression-free survival was significantly better (p<0.001) in patients with primary tumors (80% (95% C.I. 70%-90%) than in patients with locally advanced disease (49% (95% C.I. 30%-68%). Conclusion In the present study, ECT showed antitumor activity and a favorable safety profile in patients with complex cSCC for whom there was no widely accepted standard of care. Better results were obtained in primary and small tumors (<3 cm) using intravenous bleomycin administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Bertino
- Department of Otolaryngology Head Neck Surgery, University of Pavia, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Giulia Bertino,
| | - Ales Groselj
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Cervicofacial Surgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Luca G. Campana
- Department of Surgery, The Christie National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Kunte
- Department of Dermatosurgery and Dermatology, Artemed Fachklinik Munich, München, Germany
| | - Hadrian Schepler
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Julie Gehl
- Center for Experimental Drug and Gene Electrotransfer (CEDGE), Department of Clinical Oncology and Palliative Care, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tobian Muir
- Department of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery, James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
| | - James A. P. Clover
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
- Cancer Research @UCC, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Pietro Quaglino
- Dermatologic Clinic, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Erika Kis
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Matteo Mascherini
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Polyclinic Hospital San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Brian Bisase
- Clinic for Head and Neck Cancer, Queen Victoria Hospital National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, East Grinstead, United Kingdom
| | - Giancarlo Pecorari
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Otolaryngology Clinic, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Falk Bechara
- Department of Dermatologic Surgery, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Paolo Matteucci
- Dept Plastic Surgery, Hull University Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Joy Odili
- Department of Plastic Surgery, St. Georges University Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Russano
- Melanoma and Sarcoma Surgical Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Padova, Italy
| | - Antonio Orlando
- Southmead Hospital, North Bristol National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Rowan Pritchard-Jones
- Plastic Reconstructive Surgery, University of Liverpool, St. Helens & Knowsley Teaching Hospitals National Health Service (NHS) Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme Moir
- Department of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery, The Royal London Hospital & Queen Mary University of London (QMUL), Bart’s Health National Health Service (NHS) Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Mowatt
- Department of Surgery, Christie Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Silvestri
- Oncology and Haematology Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale Socio Sanitaria (AULSS) 3 Serenissima-Mirano, Venice, Italy
| | - Veronica Seccia
- Otorhinolaryngology Audiology and Phoniatric Unit, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Werner Saxinger
- Department of Dermatology, Klinikum Wels-Grieskirchen, Wels, Austria
| | | | - Gregor Sersa
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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