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Bahlouli S, Belaadi A, Makhlouf A, Alshahrani H, Khan MKA, Jawaid M. Effect of Fiber Loading on Thermal Properties of Cellulosic Washingtonia Reinforced HDPE Biocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2910. [PMID: 37447555 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this research work, we aim to study the effect of the incorporation of vegetable fiber reinforcement on the thermo-mechanical and dynamic properties of a composite formed by a polymeric matrix reinforced with cellulosic fibers with the various Washingtonia fiber (WF) loadings (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% by wt%) as reinforced material in high-density polyethylene (HDPE) Biocomposites to evaluate the optimum fiber loading of biocomposites. In addition, several characterization techniques (i.e., thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and thermal mechanical analysis (TMA)) were used to better understand the characteristics of the new composites prepared. With these techniques, we managed to verify the rigidity and thermal stability of the composites so elaborated, as well as the success of the polymer and the structural homogeneity of the obtained biocomposites. Hence, the biocomposite with the best ratio (HDPE/20WF) showed a loss modulus (E″) of 224 MPa, a storage modulus (E') of 2079 MPa, and a damping factor (Tanδ) of 0.270 to the glass transition (Tg) of 145 °C. In addition, thermomechanical analysis (TMA) of the biocomposite samples exhibited marginally higher Ts compared to the HDPE matrix. The best results were recorded with biocomposites with 20% WF, which showed better thermal properties. This composite material can be used as insulation in construction materials (buildings, false ceilings, walls, etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed Belaadi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University 20 Août 1955-Skikda, El-Hadaiek Skikda 21000, Algeria
| | | | - Hassan Alshahrani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran 1988, Saudi Arabia
- Scientific and Engineering Research Centre, Deanship of Scientific Research, Najran University, Najran 1988, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad K A Khan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Najran University, Najran 1988, Saudi Arabia
- Scientific and Engineering Research Centre, Deanship of Scientific Research, Najran University, Najran 1988, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Jawaid
- Laboratory of Biocomposite Technology, Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products (INTROP), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
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Adlie TA, Ali N, Huzni S, Ikramullah I, Rizal S. Impact of Zinc Oxide Addition on Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches Foamed Polymer Composites for Automotive Interior Parts. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020422. [PMID: 36679302 PMCID: PMC9862974 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The sustainable use of agricultural waste to generate valuable products while minimizing environmental burdens is increasing rapidly. Multiple sources of fibers have been intensively studied concerning their application in various fields and industries. However, few publications have extensively discussed the property's performance of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) composites. With main properties similar to composites currently listed for industrial applications, OPEFB is worth listing as a potential composite for industrial applications and non-structural material alternatives. OPEFB-reinforced polymer composites are expected to be applied to automotive interior parts. This study aims to determine the effect of adding zinc oxide (ZnO) and polyurethane on OPEFB-reinforced polymer composites for automotive interior parts. This composite was produced using the hand lay-up method with 70% resin, 15% OPEFB fiber, 15% polyurethane as a blowing agent, and four variations of ZnO at 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. The OPEFB particle sizes are 40, 60, 80, and 100, respectively. The composite was examined to determine mechanical, morphology, chemical, and thermal characteristics. It was observed that the addition of 20% ZnO caused ZnO agglomeration, weakening the interfacial bond between OPEFB particles, polyester, polyurethane, and ZnO filler. Overall, the results showed that adding ZnO and polyurethane to the composite increased tensile, compressive, flexural, and impact strength, as well as thermal stability with more significant values up to 160%, 225%, 100%, 100%, and 4.3%, respectively. This result depicted that the best composition was specimens with 15% ZnO and 149 microns OPEFB fibers particle size. It is considered a promising candidate to be applied in automotive interior components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taufan Arif Adlie
- Doctoral Program, School of Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Samudra, Langsa 24416, Indonesia
| | - Nurdin Ali
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
| | - Syifaul Huzni
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
| | - Ikramullah Ikramullah
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
| | - Samsul Rizal
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
- Correspondence:
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Epoxy–Date Palm Fiber Composites: Study on Manufacturing and Properties. INT J POLYM SCI 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/5670293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Epoxy-date palm fiber (DPF) composites have been synthesized and characterized successfully with various reinforced ratios of DPF (i.e., 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt%), where the mixture of Epoxy–DPF is poured into different prepared silicone molds. The first type of silicon molds is prepared to produce the samples of the Epoxy–DPF composites to conduct mechanical tests (i.e., impact, creep, and tensile). When the ratio of DPF is increased in the Epoxy matrix, a significant improvement was observed in the results of the mechanical tests. The Epoxy–DPF composites with 15 wt% exhibit a high hardness of 38.4 in comparison with other composite specimens. Maximum impact strength, creep strain, and tensile strengths were recorded to be 0.13 J/mm2, 0.03112, and 23.4 N/mm2, respectively, using 20 wt% DPF.
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Palmiyanto MH, Surojo E, Ariawan D, Imaduddin F. E-glass/kenaf fibre reinforced thermoset composites fiiled with MCC and immersion in a different fluid. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20332. [PMID: 36434046 PMCID: PMC9700771 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24506-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
It is important to examine the long-term durability of glass-kenaf fibre reinforced phenolic resin composites when they are exposed to humid environments or submerged in water. Furthermore, the durability of such composites when immersed in different pH solutions have yet to be examined. As such, this present study examined the use of 4%, 8%, and 12% volume fractions (vfs) of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) as a filler and reinforcement to improve the properties of glass fibre-kenaf reinforced phenolic resin composites. The flexural strength of these composites was examined both pre- and post-immersion in distilled water (pH 7), seawater (pH 8), and an acidic solution (pH 3) for 60 days. The diffusion mechanism, difussion coefficient, and water absorption concentration were also examined. The difussion coefficient and water absorption concentration occurred post-immersion in distilled water (pH7) and seawater (pH8) while the acidic solution (pH3) resulted in the highest loss of mass and size. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the surfaces of the saturated composites indicated that fibre-matrix interfacial bonding was weak. However, composites that contained a higher vf of MCC exhibited stronger interfacial bonding between the matrix and constituents, thereby, reducing water absorption and diffusion. The flexural strength of the composite pre- and post-immersion was MCC12 > MCC8 > MCC4 > MCC0, in descending order of strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martinus Heru Palmiyanto
- grid.444517.70000 0004 1763 5731Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, 57126 Central Java Indonesia ,Mechanical Engineering Department, Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Warga Surakarta, Sukoharjo, 57552 Central Java Indonesia
| | - Eko Surojo
- grid.444517.70000 0004 1763 5731Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, 57126 Central Java Indonesia
| | - Dody Ariawan
- grid.444517.70000 0004 1763 5731Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, 57126 Central Java Indonesia
| | - Fitrian Imaduddin
- grid.444517.70000 0004 1763 5731Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, 57126 Central Java Indonesia
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Perera H, Banu H. Recent developments in composite reinforcement using date palm fibers for improved performance through physical and chemical modifications. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1023666x.2022.2110088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helanka Perera
- Maths and Natural Science, Abu Dhabi Women’s College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hussaina Banu
- Abu Dhabi Women’s College, Higher Colleges of Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Investigation on Physical and Mechanical Characteristics of Date Palm Fiber Reinforced Aliphatic Epoxy Hybrid Composites. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/4916499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Automotive industry attention in using date palm fiber as an internal material has been sparked by its use as a polymer reinforced composite. Date palm fiber-reinforced aliphatic epoxy composites for semistructural applications are the key goals of this work. To make the various composites, they used a combination of manual lay-up and adhesive bonding. Date palm fiber/bamboo hybrid composite and uncontaminated composites were tested through density, tensile, flexural, and impact tests and also studied the effects of swelling, water absorption, and physical performance in greater depth. According to studies, hybrid composites constructed from date palm fiber and bamboo had the best mechanical properties. The date palm/bamboo hybrid composite was created to impact the toughness of 12.72 J/m in tensile, flexural strength, and impact toughness measurements. The reduced swelling and water absorption were 27.66 percent and 15.37 percent, respectively, when testing a date palm fiber/bamboo hybrid composite. Density ranged from 1.15 g/cm3 to 1.25 g/cm3 for bamboo fiber composite material and from 1.23 to 1.27 g/cm3 for date palm fiber/bamboo composite material. High flexural strength is achieved by the bamboo composite specimen (bamboo: 6.18 MPa), followed by (PDF-
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: 61.12 MPa, date palm fiber-AA/
: 61.08 MPa, date palm fiber-
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: 60.82 MPa, and date palm fiber-
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: 61.47 MPa), and the PDF composite specimens (date palm fiber-
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: 61.112). Hybridized materials (date palm fiber/bamboo fiber) with a 50 : 50 ratio had higher impact strength.
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Date Palm Fiber-Reinforced Recycled Polymer Composites: Synthesis and Characterization. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/7957456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this research study, Recycled Polymer (RP) composites are synthesized by using compression molding process, initial mixtures of RP and Date Palm Fibers (DPF) with four different lengths (e.g., 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10 mm) and weight ratios (e.g., 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt%). The RP composites utilized in this study are polyethylene and polypropylene. The mixtures of RP and DPF are heated at 80°C and then poured into a priori prepared mold. The mold is designed to have three cavities for three specimens in order to characterize them through impact, creep, and tensile tests. The results showed that the hardness and impact increased with this process. In addition, an increase in the DPF up to 15 wt% was observed with a small increase in the DPF length. High creep resistance was also observed to be 10 mm with 20 wt% in the DPF specimens. The maximum strain was obtained in a 2.5 mm fiber length with 5% of DPF due to ductility of the plastic matrix. Moreover, with a small ratio of tough DPF, short fibers are unable to block or resist rapid plastic deformation in specimens. In fact, the DPF specimens of 10 mm length with 20 wt% exhibit a high tensile strength of 78 N/mm2 in comparison with other composite specimens. This is due to the length and content of fibers, which improve transferring action and microfailure modes.
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Sienkiewicz N, Dominic M, Parameswaranpillai J. Natural Fillers as Potential Modifying Agents for Epoxy Composition: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14020265. [PMID: 35054672 PMCID: PMC8782032 DOI: 10.3390/polym14020265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Epoxy resins as important organic matrices, thanks to their chemical structure and the possibility of modification, have unique properties, which contribute to the fact that these materials have been used in many composite industries for many years. Epoxy resins are repeatedly used in exacting applications due to their exquisite mechanical properties, thermal stability, scratch resistance, and chemical resistance. Moreover, epoxy materials also have really strong resistance to solvents, chemical attacks, and climatic aging. The presented features confirm the fact that there is a constant interest of scientists in the modification of resins and understanding its mechanisms, as well as in the development of these materials to obtain systems with the required properties. Most of the recent studies in the literature are focused on green fillers such as post-agricultural waste powder (cashew nuts powder, coconut shell powder, rice husks, date seed), grass fiber (bamboo fibers), bast/leaf fiber (hemp fibers, banana bark fibers, pineapple leaf), and other natural fibers (waste tea fibers, palm ash) as reinforcement for epoxy resins rather than traditional non-biodegradable fillers due to their sustainability, low cost, wide availability, and the use of waste, which is environmentally friendly. Furthermore, the advantages of natural fillers over traditional fillers are acceptable specific strength and modulus, lightweight, and good biodegradability, which is very desirable nowadays. Therefore, the development and progress of "green products" based on epoxy resin and natural fillers as reinforcements have been increasing. Many uses of natural plant-derived fillers include many plant wastes, such as banana bark, coconut shell, and waste peanut shell, can be found in the literature. Partially biodegradable polymers obtained by using natural fillers and epoxy polymers can successfully reduce the undesirable epoxy and synthetic fiber waste. Additionally, partially biopolymers based on epoxy resins, which will be presented in the paper, are more useful than commercial polymers due to the low cost and improved good thermomechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Sienkiewicz
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 16, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Midhun Dominic
- Department of Chemistry, Sacred Heart College (Autonomous), Kochi 682013, Kerala, India;
| | - Jyotishkumar Parameswaranpillai
- Department of Science, Faculty of Science & Technology, Alliance University, Chandapura-Anekal Main Road, Bengaluru 562106, Karnataka, India; or
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Tezara C, Hadi AE, Siregar JP, Muhamad Z, Hamdan MHM, Oumer AN, Jaafar J, Irawan AP, Rihayat T, Fitriyana DF. The Effect of Hybridisation on Mechanical Properties and Water Absorption Behaviour of Woven Jute/Ramie Reinforced Epoxy Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13172964. [PMID: 34503004 PMCID: PMC8433802 DOI: 10.3390/polym13172964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, the most critical issue related to the use of natural fibre-reinforced polymer composites (NFRPC) is the degradation properties of composites exposed to the environment. NFRPC’s moisture absorption behaviour has adverse effects on the composite’s mechanical properties and dimensional stability. The purpose of this study is to analyse the mechanical properties of epoxy composites reinforced by jute–ramie hybridisation. This study also analysed the effect of stacking sequence hybridisation of the jute–ramie composite on water absorption behaviour. A five-layer different type of stacking sequence of single and hybrid jute–ramie is produced with the hand lay-up method. The results obtained from this study found that the mechanical properties and water absorption behaviour of a single jute fibre are lower compared to a single ramie fibre. The hybrid of jute–ramie has been able to increase the performance of composite compared to pure jute composites. The mechanical properties of the hybrid jute–ramie composite show a reduction effect after exposure to an aqueous environment due to the breakdown of fibre matrix interfacial bonding. However, after 28 days of immersion, all types of the stacking sequence’s mechanical properties are still higher than that of pure epoxy resin. In conclusion, the appropriate sequence of stacking and selecting the material used are two factors that predominantly affect the mechanical properties and water absorption behaviour. The hybrid composites with the desired and preferable properties can be manufactured using a hand-lay-up technique and used in the various industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cionita Tezara
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Quantity Surveying, INTI International University, Nilai 71800, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (C.T.); (A.E.H.); (J.P.S.); (M.H.M.H.)
| | - Agung Efriyo Hadi
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Malahayati, Jl. Pramuka No. 27, Kemiling, Bandar Lampung 35153, Indonesia
- Correspondence: (C.T.); (A.E.H.); (J.P.S.); (M.H.M.H.)
| | - Januar Parlaungan Siregar
- College of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang 26300, Malaysia; (A.N.O.); (J.J.)
- Correspondence: (C.T.); (A.E.H.); (J.P.S.); (M.H.M.H.)
| | - Zalinawati Muhamad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politeknik Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah, Semambu, Kuantan 25350, Malaysia;
| | - Mohammad Hazim Mohamad Hamdan
- Faculty of Engineering and Computing, First City University College, No. 1, Persiaran Bukit Utama, Bandar Utama, Petaling Jaya 47600, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (C.T.); (A.E.H.); (J.P.S.); (M.H.M.H.)
| | - Ahmed Nurye Oumer
- College of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang 26300, Malaysia; (A.N.O.); (J.J.)
| | - Jamiluddin Jaafar
- College of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang 26300, Malaysia; (A.N.O.); (J.J.)
| | | | - Teuku Rihayat
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Lhokseumawe, Lhokseumawe 24301, Indonesia;
| | - Deni Fajar Fitriyana
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Kampus Sekaran, Gunungpati, Semarang 50229, Indonesia;
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Agarwal J, Mohanty S, Nayak SK. Influence of cellulose nanocrystal/sisal fiber on the mechanical, thermal, and morphological performance of polypropylene hybrid composites. Polym Bull (Berl) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-020-03178-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Dębska B, Lichołai L, Silva GJB, Altoé Caetano M. Assessment of the Mechanical Parameters of Resin Composites with the Addition of Various Types of Fibres. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13061378. [PMID: 32197548 PMCID: PMC7143342 DOI: 10.3390/ma13061378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The article describes tests of epoxy mortars after the addition of fibres. The fibres were a substitute for sand in the amount of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5% by volume, respectively. Three types of mortar were obtained, containing polypropylene, glass and carbon fibres, respectively. Statistical analyses (ANOVA) were carried out to assess the impact of fibre content on the mechanical properties of mortars. Brittle fracture toughness was also tested using the Cracked Straight Through Brazilian Disc method. The addition of each type of fibre improved the assessed parameters. Based on the obtained research results, and also due to availability and price, the most advantageous seems to be the production of composites containing the addition of polypropylene fibres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardeta Dębska
- Department of Building Engineering, Rzeszow University of Technology, ul. Poznańska 2, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-177-432-077
| | - Lech Lichołai
- Department of Building Engineering, Rzeszow University of Technology, ul. Poznańska 2, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Guilherme Jorge Brigolini Silva
- Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto CEP 35.400.000, Brazil; (G.J.B.S.); (M.A.C.)
| | - Marina Altoé Caetano
- Departamento de Engenharia Civil, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto CEP 35.400.000, Brazil; (G.J.B.S.); (M.A.C.)
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