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Ma H, Ruan B, Li J, Zhang J, Wu C, Tian H, Zhao Y, Feng D, Yan W, Xi X. Topology-Optimized Splints vs Casts for Distal Radius Fractures: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7:e2354359. [PMID: 38306099 PMCID: PMC10837751 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.54359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Importance To date, there is currently no evidence-based medical support for the efficacy of topology-optimized splints in treating distal radius fractures. Objective To assess the clinical efficacy and complication rates of topology-optimized splints in the treatment of distal radius fractures after closed manual reduction. Design, Setting, and Participants This 12-week, multicenter, open-label, analyst-blinded randomized clinical trial (comprising a 6-week intervention followed by a 6-week observational phase) was carried out from December 3, 2021, to March 10, 2023, among 110 participants with distal radius fractures. Statistical analysis was performed on an intention-to-treat basis between June 3 and 30, 2023. Intervention Participants were randomly assigned to 2 groups: the intervention group received topology-optimized splint immobilization and the control group received cast immobilization after closed manual reduction for 6weeks. After this period, immobilization was removed, and wrist rehabilitation activities commenced. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was the Gartland-Werley (G-W) wrist score at 6 weeks (where higher scores indicate more severe wrist dysfunction). Secondary outcomes encompassed radiographic parameters, visual analog scale scores, swelling degree grade, complication rates, and 3 dimensions of G-W wrist scores. Results A total of 110 patients (mean [SD] age, 64.1 [12.7] years; 89 women [81%]) enrolled in the clinical trial, and complete outcome measurements were obtained for 101 patients (92%). Median G-W scores at 6 weeks were 15 (IQR, 13-18) for the splint group and 17 (IQR, 13-18) for the cast group (mean difference, -2.0 [95% CI, -3.4 to -0.6]; P = .03), indicating a statistically significant advantage for the splint group. At 12 weeks, no clinically significant differences in G-W scores between the 2 groups were observed. Complication rates, including shoulder-elbow pain and dysfunction and skin irritation, were less common in the splint group (shoulder-elbow pain and dysfunction: risk ratio, 0.28 [95% CI, 0.08-0.93]; P = .03; skin irritation: risk ratio, 0.30 [95% CI, 0.10-0.89]; P = .02). Conclusions and Relevance Findings of this randomized clinical trial suggest that patients with distal radius fractures that were managed with topology-optimized splints had better wrist functional outcomes and fewer complications at 6 weeks compared with those who received casting, with no difference at week 12. Therefore, topology-optimized splints with improved performance have the potential to be an advisable approach in the management of distal radius fractures. Trial Registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry: ChiCTR2000036480.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghong Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Graduate School, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Beite Ruan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Li
- Clinical Research Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Changgui Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Tian
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yichen Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Debing Feng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaobing Xi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Graduate School, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Mann M, Davies R, Lawrence C, Ghita O. Prototype Design for Grading Structures in Powder Bed Fusion Processes. 3D PRINTING AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 2023; 10:1320-1335. [PMID: 38116209 PMCID: PMC10726185 DOI: 10.1089/3dp.2022.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
While targeted alignment in certain additive manufacturing (AM) methods such as material extrusion (MEX) and stereolithography (SLA) has been well documented in the research community, a method for targeted alignment of added fillers or fibrous materials in powder bed fusion (PBF) AM devices has yet to be successfully achieved. Similarly, incorporation of multimaterials does not work easily with any of the AM technologies. This study creates a prototype design that could be integrated into a PBF system to allow for multimaterial layer deposition and alignment of powders and powder blends. The rheological properties of polyamide powder and a range of polyamide composite blends (incorporating milled carbon fibre, graphite flakes, polytetrafluoroethylene, and glass microspheres) in different concentrations were studied, and together with the particle size distribution and particle morphology analysis were applied for the design of a prototype hopper for incorporation in the PBF system to create targeted multimaterial deposition. Different concept designs, multichambered and multi-hopper with hopper angles calculated specifically for the composite blend powders selected, were proposed. Initial deposition trials outside a PBF process were tested, and the deposited layers were measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mann
- Centre for Additive Layer Manufacturing, Exeter Technologies Group, Streatham Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Davies
- Centre for Additive Layer Manufacturing, Exeter Technologies Group, Streatham Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Lawrence
- QinetiQ, Advanced Services and Products, Cody Technology Park, Ively Road, Farnborough, United Kingdom
| | - Oana Ghita
- Centre for Additive Layer Manufacturing, Exeter Technologies Group, Streatham Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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3
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Luo X, Cheng H, Wu X. Nanomaterials Reinforced Polymer Filament for Fused Deposition Modeling: A State-of-the-Art Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2980. [PMID: 37514370 PMCID: PMC10383500 DOI: 10.3390/polym15142980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
For the past years, fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology has received increased attention in the applications of industrial manufacturing fields, particularly for rapid prototyping, small batch production and highly customized products, owing to the merits of low-cost, user-friendliness and high design freedom. To further expand the application potential and promote the performance of the as-manufactured products, many efforts have been spent on the development of suitable materials for FDM applications. In recent years, the involvement of nanomaterials in the FDM-based polymer matrix, which has been demonstrated with great opportunities to enhance the performance and versatility of FDM printed objects, has attracted more and more research interest and the trend is expected to be more pronounced in the next few years. This paper attempts to provide a timely review regarding the current research advances in the use of nanomaterials to reinforce polymer filaments for the FDM technique. Polymer composite filaments based on nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, nanoclay, carbon fibers, graphene, metal nanoparticles and oxides are discussed in detail regarding their properties and applications. We also summarized the current research challenges and outlooked the future research trends in this field. This paper aims at providing a useful reference and guidance for skilled researchers and also beginners in related fields. Hopefully, more research advances can be stimulated in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchun Luo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Hailong Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
| | - Xin Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China
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4
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Bazan A, Turek P, Zakręcki A. Influence of Antibacterial Coating and Mechanical and Chemical Treatment on the Surface Properties of PA12 Parts Manufactured with SLS and MJF Techniques in the Context of Medical Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2405. [PMID: 36984288 PMCID: PMC10051754 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) is a rapidly growing branch of manufacturing techniques used, among others, in the medical industry. New machines and materials and additional processing methods are improved or developed. Due to the dynamic development of post-processing and its relative novelty, it has not yet been widely described in the literature. This study focuses on the surface topography (parameters Sa, Sz, Sdq, Sds, Str, Sdr) of biocompatible polyamide 12 (PA12) samples made by selective laser sintering (SLS) and multi jet fusion (MJF). The surfaces of the samples were modified by commercial methods: four types of smoothing treatments (two mechanical and two chemical), and two antibacterial coatings. The smoothing treatment decreased the values of all analyzed topography parameters. On average, the Sa of the SLS samples was 33% higher than that of the MJF samples. After mechanical treatment, Sa decreased by 42% and after chemical treatment by 80%. The reduction in Sdq and Sdr is reflected in a higher surface gloss. One antibacterial coating did not significantly modify the surface topography. The other coating had a smoothing effect on the surface. The results of the study can help in the development of manufacturing methodologies for parts made of PA12, e.g., in the medical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bazan
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Areonautics, Rzeszów University of Technology, Powstańców Warszawy 12, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Paweł Turek
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Areonautics, Rzeszów University of Technology, Powstańców Warszawy 12, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Andrzej Zakręcki
- MEDIPRINTIC Sp. Z.O.O., Wojska Polskiego 9, 39-300 Mielec, Poland
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5
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Cakir Yigit N, Karagoz I. A review of recent advances in bio-based polymer composite filaments for 3D printing. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2023.2190799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nese Cakir Yigit
- Polymer Materials Engineering Department, Yalova University, Yalova, Türkiye
| | - Idris Karagoz
- Polymer Materials Engineering Department, Yalova University, Yalova, Türkiye
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6
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Kolitha BS, Jayasekara SK, Tannenbaum R, Jasiuk IM, Jayakody LN. Repurposing of waste PET by microbial biotransformation to functionalized materials for additive manufacturing. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 50:kuad010. [PMID: 37248049 PMCID: PMC10549213 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuad010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Plastic waste is an outstanding environmental thread. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) is one of the most abundantly produced single-use plastics worldwide, but its recycling rates are low. In parallel, additive manufacturing is a rapidly evolving technology with wide-ranging applications. Thus, there is a need for a broad spectrum of polymers to meet the demands of this growing industry and address post-use waste materials. This perspective article highlights the potential of designing microbial cell factories to upcycle PET into functionalized chemical building blocks for additive manufacturing. We present the leveraging of PET hydrolyzing enzymes and rewiring the bacterial C2 and aromatic catabolic pathways to obtain high-value chemicals and polymers. Since PET mechanical recycling back to original materials is cost-prohibitive, the biochemical technology is a viable alternative to upcycle PET into novel 3D printing materials, such as replacements for acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. The presented hybrid chemo-bio approaches potentially enable the manufacturing of environmentally friendly degradable or higher-value high-performance polymers and composites and their reuse for a circular economy. ONE-SENTENCE SUMMARY Biotransformation of waste PET to high-value platform chemicals for additive manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhagya S Kolitha
- School of Biological Science, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Sandhya K Jayasekara
- School of Biological Science, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Rina Tannenbaum
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, the Stony Brook University Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Iwona M Jasiuk
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Lahiru N Jayakody
- School of Biological Science, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
- Fermentation Science Institute, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
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7
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Roy Chowdhury P, Medhi H, Bhattacharyya KG, Hussain CM. Emerging plastic litter variants: A perspective on the latest global developments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159859. [PMID: 36349627 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plastic litter is one of key reasons of environmental concern due to its adverse effect on ecosystem and health. Exposure of plastic litter to anthropogenic and ecological conditions results in a variety of emerging litter variants that fluctuate in composition, mechanical, and chemical properties. Considering the properties of these plastic litter variants, it is anticipated that the transportation of foreign species or microbial pathogens together with these litter variants is most likely to affect the marine ecosystem. Moreover the plastic litter may enter the plastic cycle or marine biota and can spread across the ocean. Very recently several emerging plastic litter variants such as anthropoquinas, plasticrust, pyroplastic, plastitar, and plastiglomerate have been reported along the coastal areas across the oceans. The purpose of this perspective is to comprehend these emerging plastic litter variants, integrate the latest developments and highlight their adverse effects on the coastal ecosystem. Further, it details the make-up, place of origin, and management strategies for these plastic litter variants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Himani Medhi
- Department of Chemistry, Eastern Karbi Anglong College, Sarihajan 782480, Assam, India.
| | | | - Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
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8
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Mogan J, Harun WSW, Kadirgama K, Ramasamy D, Foudzi FM, Sulong AB, Tarlochan F, Ahmad F. Fused Deposition Modelling of Polymer Composite: A Progress. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010028. [PMID: 36616377 PMCID: PMC9823360 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) highlights developing complex and efficient parts for various uses. Fused deposition modelling (FDM) is the most frequent fabrication procedure used to make polymer products. Although it is widely used, due to its low characteristics, such as weak mechanical properties and poor surface, the types of polymer material that may be produced are limited, affecting the structural applications of FDM. Therefore, the FDM process utilises the polymer composition to produce a better physical product. The review's objective is to systematically document all critical information on FDMed-polymer composite processing, specifically for part fabrication. The review covers the published works on the FDMed-polymer composite from 2011 to 2021 based on our systematic literature review of more than 150 high-impact related research articles. The base and filler material used, and the process parameters including layer height, nozzle temperature, bed temperature, and screw type are also discussed in this review. FDM is utilised in various biomedical, automotive, and other manufacturing industries. This study is expected to be one of the essential pit-stops for future related works in the FDMed-polymeric composite study.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mogan
- Institute of Postgraduate Studies, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang, Kuantan 26300, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - W. S. W. Harun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang, Kuantan 26300, Pahang, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
| | - K. Kadirgama
- Faculty of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang, Kuantan 26300, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - D. Ramasamy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Gambang, Kuantan 26300, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - F. M. Foudzi
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - A. B. Sulong
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - F. Tarlochan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - F. Ahmad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Seri Iskandar 32610, Perak, Malaysia
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9
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Mankotia K, Chohan JS, Singh R. On Almond Skin Powder Reinforced PA6 Composite for 3D Printing Applications. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES INDIA SECTION A-PHYSICAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40010-022-00775-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Fico D, Rizzo D, Casciaro R, Esposito Corcione C. A Review of Polymer-Based Materials for Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF): Focus on Sustainability and Recycled Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030465. [PMID: 35160455 PMCID: PMC8839523 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), one of the most encouraging additive manufacturing (AM) techniques, has fascinated great attention. Although FFF is growing into a manufacturing device with considerable technological and material innovations, there still is a challenge to convert FFF-printed prototypes into functional objects for industrial applications. Polymer components manufactured by FFF process possess, in fact, low and anisotropic mechanical properties, compared to the same parts, obtained by using traditional building methods. The poor mechanical properties of the FFF-printed objects could be attributed to the weak interlayer bond interface that develops during the layer deposition process and to the commercial thermoplastic materials used. In order to increase the final properties of the 3D printed models, several polymer-based composites and nanocomposites have been proposed for FFF process. However, even if the mechanical properties greatly increase, these materials are not all biodegradable. Consequently, their waste disposal represents an important issue that needs an urgent solution. Several scientific researchers have therefore moved towards the development of natural or recyclable materials for FFF techniques. This review details current progress on innovative green materials for FFF, referring to all kinds of possible industrial applications, and in particular to the field of Cultural Heritage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Fico
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Innovazione, Università del Salento, Edificio P, Campus Ecotekne, S.P. 6 Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
| | - Daniela Rizzo
- Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, Università del Salento, Via D. Birago 64, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (D.R.); (R.C.)
| | - Raffaele Casciaro
- Dipartimento di Beni Culturali, Università del Salento, Via D. Birago 64, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (D.R.); (R.C.)
| | - Carola Esposito Corcione
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Innovazione, Università del Salento, Edificio P, Campus Ecotekne, S.P. 6 Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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11
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Watt E, Picard M, Maldonado B, Abdelwahab MA, Mielewski DF, Drzal LT, Misra M, Mohanty AK. Ocean plastics: environmental implications and potential routes for mitigation - a perspective. RSC Adv 2021; 11:21447-21462. [PMID: 35478831 PMCID: PMC9034135 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00353d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides a current summary of the major sources and distribution of ocean plastic contamination, their potential environmental effects, and prospects towards the mitigation of plastic pollution. A characterization between micro and macro plastics has been established, along with a comprehensive discussion of the most common plastic waste sources that end up in aquatic environments within these categories. Distribution of these sources stems mainly from improper waste management, road runoff, and wastewater pathways, along with potential routes of prevention. The environmental impact of ocean plastics is not yet fully understood, and as such, current research on the potential adverse health effects and impact on marine habitats has been discussed. With increasing environmental damage and economic losses estimated at $US 1.5 trillion, the challenge of ocean plastics needs to be at the forefront of political and societal discussions. Efforts to increase the feasibility of collected ocean plastics through value-added commercial products and development of an international supply chain has been explored. An integrative, global approach towards addressing the growing ocean plastic problem has been presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Watt
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph Crop Science Building Guelph N1G 2W1 Ontario Canada
| | - Maisyn Picard
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph Crop Science Building Guelph N1G 2W1 Ontario Canada
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph Thornbrough Building Guelph N1G 2W1 Ontario Canada
| | - Benjamin Maldonado
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph Crop Science Building Guelph N1G 2W1 Ontario Canada
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph Thornbrough Building Guelph N1G 2W1 Ontario Canada
| | - Mohamed A Abdelwahab
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph Crop Science Building Guelph N1G 2W1 Ontario Canada
| | - Deborah F Mielewski
- Vehicle Research and Technologies, Ford Research and Innovation Laboratory, Ford Motor Company Dearborn MI 48121 USA
| | - Lawrence T Drzal
- Composite Materials and Structures Center, Michigan State University 2100 Engineering Building, East Lansing Michigan 48824 USA
| | - Manjusri Misra
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph Crop Science Building Guelph N1G 2W1 Ontario Canada
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph Thornbrough Building Guelph N1G 2W1 Ontario Canada
| | - Amar K Mohanty
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph Crop Science Building Guelph N1G 2W1 Ontario Canada
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph Thornbrough Building Guelph N1G 2W1 Ontario Canada
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12
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Rodríguez-Martín M, Fueyo JG, Gonzalez-Aguilera D, Madruga FJ, García-Martín R, Muñóz ÁL, Pisonero J. Predictive Models for the Characterization of Internal Defects in Additive Materials from Active Thermography Sequences Supported by Machine Learning Methods. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20143982. [PMID: 32709017 PMCID: PMC7411725 DOI: 10.3390/s20143982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The present article addresses a generation of predictive models that assesses the thickness and length of internal defects in additive manufacturing materials. These modes use data from the application of active transient thermography numerical simulation. In this manner, the raised procedure is an ad-hoc hybrid method that integrates finite element simulation and machine learning models using different predictive feature sets and characteristics (i.e., regression, Gaussian regression, support vector machines, multilayer perceptron, and random forest). The performance results for each model were statistically analyzed, evaluated, and compared in terms of predictive performance, processing time, and outlier sensibility to facilitate the choice of a predictive method to obtain the thickness and length of an internal defect from thermographic monitoring. The best model to predictdefect thickness with six thermal features was interaction linear regression. To make predictive models for defect length and thickness, the best model was Gaussian process regression. However, models such as support vector machines also had significative advantages in terms of processing time and adequate performance for certain feature sets. In this way, the results showed that the predictive capability of some types of algorithms could allow for the detection and measurement of internal defects in materials produced by additive manufacturing using active thermography as a non-destructive test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Rodríguez-Martín
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain; (M.R.-M.); (J.G.F.); (R.G.-M.)
- Department of Technology, Universidad Católica de Ávila, 05005 Ávila, Spain
| | - José G. Fueyo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain; (M.R.-M.); (J.G.F.); (R.G.-M.)
| | - Diego Gonzalez-Aguilera
- Department of Cartographic and Land Engineering, Universidad de Salamanca, 05003 Ávila, Spain; (Á.L.M.); (J.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Francisco J. Madruga
- Photonics Engineering Group, CIBER-BBN and IDIVAL, Universidad de Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Cantabria, Spain;
| | - Roberto García-Martín
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain; (M.R.-M.); (J.G.F.); (R.G.-M.)
| | - Ángel Luis Muñóz
- Department of Cartographic and Land Engineering, Universidad de Salamanca, 05003 Ávila, Spain; (Á.L.M.); (J.P.)
| | - Javier Pisonero
- Department of Cartographic and Land Engineering, Universidad de Salamanca, 05003 Ávila, Spain; (Á.L.M.); (J.P.)
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13
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Sustainable Additive Manufacturing: Mechanical Response of Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene over Multiple Recycling Processes. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12093568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sustainability in additive manufacturing refers mainly to the recycling rate of polymers and composites used in fused filament fabrication (FFF), which nowadays are rapidly increasing in volume and value. Recycling of such materials is mostly a thermomechanical process that modifies their overall mechanical behavior. The present research work focuses on the acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) polymer, which is the second most popular material used in FFF-3D printing. In order to investigate the effect of the recycling courses on the mechanical response of the ABS polymer, an experimental simulation of the recycling process that isolates the thermomechanical treatment from other parameters (i.e., contamination, ageing, etc.) has been performed. To quantify the effect of repeated recycling processes on the mechanic response of the ABS polymer, a wide variety of mechanical tests were conducted on FFF-printed specimens. Regarding this, standard tensile, compression, flexion, impact and micro-hardness tests were performed per recycle repetition. The findings prove that the mechanical response of the recycled ABS polymer is generally improved over the recycling repetitions for a certain number of repetitions. An optimum overall mechanical behavior is found between the third and the fifth repetition, indicating a significant positive impact of the ABS polymer recycling, besides the environmental one.
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