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Nguyen N, Nguyen T, Le Hong P, Ta TKH, Phan BT, Ngoc HNT, Bich HPT, Yen ND, Van TV, Nguyen HT, Ngoc DTT. Application of Coating Chitosan Derivatives (N,O-Carboxymethyl Chitosan/Chitosan Oligomer Saccharide) in Combination with Polyvinyl Alcohol Solutions to Preserve Fresh Ngoc Linh Ginseng Quality. Foods 2023; 12:4012. [PMID: 37959131 PMCID: PMC10650730 DOI: 10.3390/foods12214012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The postharvest preservation of Ngoc Linh ginseng (NL ginseng) is essential to retain its quality and sensory values for prolonged storage. In this study, the efficacy of NL ginseng preservation by coating chitosan derivatives in combination with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solutions was investigated under refrigeration conditions (~3 °C; ~40% RH) for 56 days. The effect of the chitosan-based solutions, including N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan (NOCC), chitosan oligomer saccharide (COS), or chitosan (CS), and the blend solutions (NOCC-PVA or COS-PVA) on the coated NL ginsengs was observed during storage. The pH values, viscosity, and film-forming capability of the coating solutions were determined, while the visual appearance, morphology, and mechanical properties of the films formed on glass substrates as a ginseng model for coating were also observed. The appearance, skin lightness, weight loss, sensory evaluation, total saponin content (TSC), total polyphenol content (TPC), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of the coated NL ginsengs were evaluated. The findings showed that the observed values of the coated NL ginsengs were better than those of the non-coated samples, with the exception of the COS-coated samples, which had completely negative results. Furthermore, the NOCC-PVA solution exhibited a better preservation effect compared with the COS-PVA one based on the observed indices, except for TPC and TAC, which were not impacted by the coating. Notably, the optimal preservation time was determined to be 35 days. This study presents promising preservation technology using the coating solution of NOCC-PVA, harnessing the synergistic effect of pH 7.4 and the form-firming capacity, to maintain the shelf life, medicinal content, and sensory attributes of NL ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Nguyen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, International University, Ho Chi Minh 700000, Vietnam; (N.N.)
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Trieu Nguyen
- Shared Research Facilities, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Phu Le Hong
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- School of Biotechnology, International University, Ho Chi Minh 700000, Vietnam
| | - Thi Kieu Hanh Ta
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, University of Science, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Center for Innovative Materials and Architectures, Ho Chi Minh 700000, Vietnam
| | - Bach Thang Phan
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Center for Innovative Materials and Architectures, Ho Chi Minh 700000, Vietnam
| | - Hanh Nguyen Thi Ngoc
- School of Biomedical Engineering, International University, Ho Chi Minh 700000, Vietnam; (N.N.)
| | - Hang Phung Thi Bich
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- School of Biotechnology, International University, Ho Chi Minh 700000, Vietnam
| | - Nhi Dinh Yen
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- School of Biotechnology, International University, Ho Chi Minh 700000, Vietnam
| | - Toi Vo Van
- School of Biomedical Engineering, International University, Ho Chi Minh 700000, Vietnam; (N.N.)
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Hiep Thi Nguyen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, International University, Ho Chi Minh 700000, Vietnam; (N.N.)
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Diep Tran Thi Ngoc
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- School of Biotechnology, International University, Ho Chi Minh 700000, Vietnam
- Centre for Innovation and Technology Transfer, International University, Ho Chi Minh 700000, Vietnam
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Alimi BA, Pathania S, Wilson J, Duffy B, Frias JMC. Extraction, quantification, characterization, and application in food packaging of chitin and chitosan from mushroom: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 237:124195. [PMID: 36972819 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
The application of chitin in food systems is limited by its insolubility in some common solvents and poor degradability. Hence, it is deacetylated to obtain chitosan, an industrially important derivative with excellent biological properties. Fungal-sourced chitosan is gaining prominence and industrial attraction because of its superior functional and biological properties, and vegan appeal. Further, the absence of such compounds as tropomyosin, myosin light chain, and arginine kinase, which are known to trigger allergic reactions, gives it an edge over marine-sourced chitosan in food and pharmaceutical applications. Mushrooms are macro-fungi with a significant content of chitin, with many authors reporting the highest content to be in the mushroom stalks. This indicates a great potential for the valorisation of a hitherto waste product. Hence, this review was written to provide a global summary of literature reports on the extraction and yield of chitin and chitosan from different fruiting parts of some species of mushroom, different methods used to quantify extracted chitin, as well as physicochemical properties of chitin and chitosan from some mushroom species are presented. Critical comparisons of reports on chitin and chitosan from mushrooms and other sources are made. This report concludes with an exposition of the potential application of mushroom-sourced chitosan for food packaging application. The reports from this review provide a very positive outlook regarding the use of mushrooms as a sustainable source of chitin and chitosan and the subsequent application of chitosan as a functional component in food packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shivani Pathania
- Food Industry Development Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin-15, Ireland
| | - Jude Wilson
- MBio, Monaghan Mushrooms, Tyholland, Co. Monaghan, Ireland
| | - Brendan Duffy
- Centre for Research in Engineering and Surface Technology (CREST), FOCAS Institute, Technological University Dublin-City Campus, Kevin Street, Dublin D08 NF82, Ireland
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Ly KL, Hu P, Raub CB, Luo X. Programmable Physical Properties of Freestanding Chitosan Membranes Electrofabricated in Microfluidics. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:294. [PMID: 36984680 PMCID: PMC10052736 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13030294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic-integrated freestanding membranes with suitable biocompatibility and tunable physicochemical properties are in high demand for a wide range of life science and biological studies. However, there is a lack of facile and rapid methods to integrate such versatile membranes into microfluidics. A recently invented interfacial electrofabrication of chitosan membranes offers an in-situ membrane integration strategy that is flexible, controllable, simple, and biologically friendly. In this follow-up study, we explored the ability to program the physical properties of these chitosan membranes by varying the electrofabrication conditions (e.g., applied voltage and pH of alginate). We found a strong association between membrane growth rate, properties, and fabrication parameters: high electrical stimuli and pH of alginate resulted in high optical retardance and low permeability, and vice versa. This suggests that the molecular alignment and density of electrofabricated chitosan membranes could be actively tailored according to application needs. Lastly, we demonstrated that this interfacial electrofabrication could easily be expanded to produce chitosan membrane arrays with higher uniformity than the previously well-established flow assembly method. This study demonstrates the tunability of the electrofabricated membranes' properties and functionality, thus expanding the utility of such membranes for broader applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanh L. Ly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA
| | - Piao Hu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA
| | - Christopher B. Raub
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA
| | - Xiaolong Luo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA
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Asim S, Tabish TA, Liaqat U, Ozbolat IT, Rizwan M. Advances in Gelatin Bioinks to Optimize Bioprinted Cell Functions. Adv Healthc Mater 2023:e2203148. [PMID: 36802199 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202203148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Gelatin is a widely utilized bioprinting biomaterial due to its cell-adhesive and enzymatically cleavable properties, which improve cell adhesion and growth. Gelatin is often covalently cross-linked to stabilize bioprinted structures, yet the covalently cross-linked matrix is unable to recapitulate the dynamic microenvironment of the natural extracellular matrix (ECM), thereby limiting the functions of bioprinted cells. To some extent, a double network bioink can provide a more ECM-mimetic, bioprinted niche for cell growth. More recently, gelatin matrices are being designed using reversible cross-linking methods that can emulate the dynamic mechanical properties of the ECM. This review analyzes the progress in developing gelatin bioink formulations for 3D cell culture, and critically analyzes the bioprinting and cross-linking techniques, with a focus on strategies to optimize the functions of bioprinted cells. This review discusses new cross-linking chemistries that recapitulate the viscoelastic, stress-relaxing microenvironment of the ECM, and enable advanced cell functions, yet are less explored in engineering the gelatin bioink. Finally, this work presents the perspective on the areas of future research and argues that the next generation of gelatin bioinks should be designed by considering cell-matrix interactions, and bioprinted constructs should be validated against currently established 3D cell culture standards to achieve improved therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Asim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
| | - Tanveer A Tabish
- Cardiovascular Division, Radcliff Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Usman Liaqat
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Ibrahim T Ozbolat
- Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, 16802, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Cukurova University, Adana, 01330, Turkey
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA.,Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, 49931, USA
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Optimization of Oligomer Chitosan/Polyvinylpyrrolidone Coating for Enhancing Antibacterial, Hemostatic Effects and Biocompatibility of Nanofibrous Wound Dressing. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173541. [PMID: 36080616 PMCID: PMC9460443 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A synergistic multilayer membrane design is necessary to satisfy a multitude of requirements of an ideal wound dressing. In this study, trilayer dressings with asymmetric wettability, composed of electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) base membranes coated with oligomer chitosan (COS) in various concentrations of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), are fabricated for wound dressing application. The membranes are expected to synergize the hygroscopic, antibacterial, hemostatic, and biocompatible properties of PCL and COS. The wound dressing was coated by spraying the solution of 3% COS and 6% PVP on the PCL base membrane (PVP6–3) three times, which shows good interaction with biological subjects, including bacterial strains and blood components. PVP6–3 samples confirm the diameter of inhibition zones of 20.0 ± 2.5 and 17.9 ± 2.5 mm against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. The membrane induces hemostasis with a blood clotting index of 74% after 5 min of contact. In the mice model, wounds treated with PVP6–3 closed 95% of the area after 10 days. Histological study determines the progression of skin regeneration with the construction of granulation tissue, new vascular systems, and hair follicles. Furthermore, the newly-growth skin shares structural resemblances to that of native tissue. This study suggests a simple approach to a multi-purpose wound dressing for clinical treatment.
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Production of Low Molecular Weight Chitosan Using a Combination of Weak Acid and Ultrasonication Methods. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14163417. [PMID: 36015674 PMCID: PMC9416096 DOI: 10.3390/polym14163417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Low molecular weight chitosan (LMWC) has higher solubility and lower viscosity allowing for a wider pharmaceutical application compared to high molecular weight chitosan. LMWC chitosan can be obtained through a chitosan depolymerization process. This research aimed to produce LWMC using the combination of formic acid and ultrasonication method with the optimal condition of the depolymerization process. The chitosan depolymerization method was performed by combining formic acid and ultrasonication. The optimum conditions of the depolymerization process were obtained using the Box–Behnken design. The LMWC obtained from depolymerization was characterized to identify its yield, degree of deacetylation, the molecular weight, structure, morphology, thermal behavior, and crystallinity index. Results: The characterization results of LWMC obtained from the depolymerization process using the optimum conditions showed that the yield was 89.398%; the degree of deacetylation was 98.076%; the molecular weight was 32.814 kDa; there was no change in the chemical structure, LWMC had disorganized shape, there was no change in the thermal behavior, and LWMC had a more amorphous shape compared to native chitosan. Conclusion: The production of LWMC involving depolymerization in the presence of weak acid and ultrasonication can be developed by using the optimal condition of the depolymerization process.
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Green and eco-friendly approaches for the extraction of chitin and chitosan: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 287:119349. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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