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Akram F, Fatima T, Ibrar R, Shabbir I, Shah FI, Haq IU. Trends in the development and current perspective of thermostable bacterial hemicellulases with their industrial endeavors: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:130993. [PMID: 38508567 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Hemicellulases are enzymes that hydrolyze hemicelluloses, common polysaccharides in nature. Thermophilic hemicellulases, derived from microbial strains, are extensively studied as natural biofuel sources due to the complex structure of hemicelluloses. Recent research aims to elucidate the catalytic principles, mechanisms and specificity of hemicellulases through investigations into their high-temperature stability and structural features, which have applications in biotechnology and industry. This review article targets to serve as a comprehensive resource, highlighting the significant progress in the field and emphasizing the vital role of thermophilic hemicellulases in eco-friendly catalysis. The primary goal is to improve the reliability of hemicellulase enzymes obtained from thermophilic bacterial strains. Additionally, with their ability to break down lignocellulosic materials, hemicellulases hold immense potential for biofuel production. Despite their potential, the commercial viability is hindered by their high enzyme costs, necessitating the development of efficient bioprocesses involving waste pretreatment with microbial consortia to overcome this challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Akram
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Taseer Fatima
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ramesha Ibrar
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ifrah Shabbir
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | | | - Ikram Ul Haq
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Zhang K, Liu S, Liang S, Xiang F, Wang X, Lian H, Li B, Liu F. Exopolysaccharides of lactic acid bacteria: Structure, biological activity, structure-activity relationship, and application in the food industry: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 257:128733. [PMID: 38092118 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, researchers have discovered that probiotics play an important role in our daily lives. With the further deepening of research, more and more evidence show that bacterial metabolites have an important role in food and human health, which opens up a new direction for the research of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the food and pharmaceutical industry. Many LAB have been widely studied because of the ability of exopolysaccharides (EPS). Lactic acid bacteria exopolysaccharides (LAB EPS) not only have great potential in the treatment of human diseases but also can become natural ingredients in the food industry to provide special qualitative structure and flavor. This paper has organized and summarized the biosynthesis, strain selection, production process parameters, structure, and biological activity of LAB EPS, filling in the monotony and incompleteness of previous articles' descriptions of LAB EPS. Therefore, this paper focuses on the general biosynthetic pathway, structural characterization, structure-activity relationship, biological activity of LAB EPS, and their application in the food industry, which will help to deepen people's understanding of LAB EPS and develop new active drugs from LAB EPS. Although the research results are relatively affluent, the low yield, complex structure, and few clinical trials of EPS are still the reasons that hinder its development. Therefore, future knowledge expansion should focus on the regulation of structure, physicochemical properties, function, higher production of EPS, and clinical trial applications, which can further increase the commercial significance and value of EPS. Furthermore, better understanding the structure-function relationship of EPS in food remains a challenge to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangyong Zhang
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Sibo Liu
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Shengnan Liang
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Fangqin Xiang
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Huiqiang Lian
- Guangdong Jinhaikang Medical Nutrition Co., Ltd, Meizhou, China
| | - Bailiang Li
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Fei Liu
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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Sadeghi M, Miroliaei M, Ghanadian M, Szumny A, Rahimmalek M. Exploring the inhibitory properties of biflavonoids on α-glucosidase; computational and experimental approaches. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127380. [PMID: 37838108 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Biflavonoids (BFs) are a group of polyphenols that have a unique biochemical structure. One of the key biomedical mechanisms that BFs can have high potential in managing Diabetes mellitus (DM) is α-glucosidase inhibition. Normally, elevated blood glucose levels are caused by high absorption of glucose in the epithelium of the small intestine. Since α-glucosidase helps increase the absorption of glucose in the small intestine in the final stage of glycan catabolism, inhibition of this essential biochemical process in diabetic patients can be considered a suitable approach in the treatment of this disease. The interaction between the BFs and α-glucosidase are still not clear, and need to be deeply investigated. Herein, the aim is to identify BFs with strong α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Using docking-based virtual screening approach, the potential binding affinity of 18 selected BFs to α-glucosidase was evaluated. The dynamic activity and stability of α-glucosidase-BFs complexes were then measured by molecular dynamics simulation (MDs). "Strychnobiflavone" showed the best score in α-glucosidase inhibition. Arg315 and Phe303 involved in the interactions of α-glucosidase-strychnobiflavone complex through cation-π and π-π stacking, respectively. Based on in vitro kinetic studies, it was determined that the type of inhibition of "strychnobiflavone" corresponds to the pattern of mixed inhibitors. Furthermore, details of the interactions between strychnobiflavone and α-glucosidase were performed by in silico secondary structure content analysis. The findings showed when "strychnobifone" binds to the enzyme, significant alterations occur in the enzyme conformation affecting its catalytic activity. In general, the findings highlighted the potential of "strychnobiflavone" as a promising candidate for the treatment of diabetes mellitus through α-glucosidase inhibition. Further in vitro and in vivo studies have to confirm the therapeutic benefits of "strychnobiflavone" in conformational diseases such as diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Sadeghi
- Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology & Microbiology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Mehran Miroliaei
- Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology & Microbiology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Mustafa Ghanadian
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Antoni Szumny
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mehdi Rahimmalek
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland; Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156-83111 Isfahan, Iran
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Park S, Kim J, Choi JH, Kim JC, Kim J, Cho Y, Jung S, Kwak HW, Choi IG. Biodegradation behavior of acetylated lignin added polylactic acid under thermophilic composting conditions. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127472. [PMID: 37858649 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Acetylated lignin (AL) can improve compatibility with commercial plastic polymers compared to existing lignin and can be used as an effective additive for eco-friendly biocomposites. For this reason, AL can be effectively incorporated into polylactic acid (PLA)-based biocomposites, but its biodegradation properties have not been investigated. In this study, biodegradation experiments were performed under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions to determine the effect of AL addition on the biodegradation characteristics of PLA-based biocomposites. As a result, the PLA-based biocomposite showed a faster biodegradation rate in a thermophilic composting environment, which is higher than the glass transition temperature of PLA, compared to a mesophilic environment. 16S rDNA sequencing results showed that differences in microbial communities depending on mesophilic and thermophilic environments strongly affected the biodegradation rate of lignin/PLA biocomposites. Importantly, the addition of AL can effectively delay the thermophilic biodegradation of PLA biocomposites. As a result of tracking the changes in physicochemical properties according to the biodegradation period in a thermophilic composting environment, the main biodegradation mechanism of AL/PLA biocomposite hydrolysis. It proceeded with cleavage of the PLA molecular chain, preferential biodegradation of the amorphous region, and additional biodegradation of the crystalline region. Above all, adding AL can be proposed as an effective additive because it can minimize the decline in the mechanical properties of PLA and delay the biodegradation rate more effectively compared to existing kraft lignin (KL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwoo Park
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Bioresources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungkyu Kim
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Bioresources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - June-Ho Choi
- Advanced Convergent Chemical Division, Center for Biobased Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Ulsan 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Chan Kim
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Bioresources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghwa Kim
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmin Cho
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Bioresources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungoh Jung
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Bioresources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Won Kwak
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Bioresources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - In-Gyu Choi
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Bioresources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Vijay K, Shibasini M, Sivasakthivelan P, Kavitha T. Microbial siderophores as molecular shuttles for metal cations: sources, sinks and application perspectives. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:322. [PMID: 37644212 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03644-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Iron is one of the highly abundant elements on the earth's crust, an essential micronutrient for a majority of life forms, and exists in two frequent oxidation states such as ferrous (Fe2+) and ferric (Fe3+). These two oxidation states are interconvertible by redox reactions and form complexes with a wide range of siderophores. At neutral pH in soil, Fe2+ is highly soluble upto 100 mM but have less biological value, whereas Fe3+ is less soluble upto 10-9 M. This reduced bioavailability of Fe3+ induces competition among microorganisms. As many microorganisms need at least 10-6 M of Fe3+ form of iron for their growth, siderophores from these microbes readily withdraw Fe3+ iron from a variety of habitats for their survival. In this review, we bring into light the several recent investigations related to diverse chemistry of microbial siderophores, mechanisms of siderophore uptake, biosynthetic gene clusters in microbial genomes, various sources of heavy metal cations in soil, siderophore-binding protein receptors and commercialisation perspectives of siderophores. Besides, this review unearths the recent advancements in the characterisation of novel siderophores and its heavy metal complexes alongside the interaction kinetics with receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuppiah Vijay
- Department of Microbiology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630 003, India
| | - Murugan Shibasini
- Department of Microbiology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630 003, India
| | - Panneerselvam Sivasakthivelan
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, 608 002, India
| | - Thangavel Kavitha
- Department of Microbiology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630 003, India.
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Lim YY, Zaidi AMA, Miskon A. Combining Copper and Zinc into a Biosensor for Anti-Chemoresistance and Achieving Osteosarcoma Therapeutic Efficacy. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28072920. [PMID: 37049685 PMCID: PMC10096333 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28072920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to its built-up chemoresistance after prolonged usage, the demand for replacing platinum in metal-based drugs (MBD) is rising. The first MBD approved by the FDA for cancer therapy was cisplatin in 1978. Even after nearly four and a half decades of trials, there has been no significant improvement in osteosarcoma (OS) therapy. In fact, many MBD have been developed, but the chemoresistance problem raised by platinum remains unresolved. This motivates us to elucidate the possibilities of the copper and zinc (CuZn) combination to replace platinum in MBD. Thus, the anti-chemoresistance properties of CuZn and their physiological functions for OS therapy are highlighted. Herein, we summarise their chelators, main organic solvents, and ligand functions in their structures that are involved in anti-chemoresistance properties. Through this review, it is rational to discuss their ligands' roles as biosensors in drug delivery systems. Hereafter, an in-depth understanding of their redox and photoactive function relationships is provided. The disadvantage is that the other functions of biosensors cannot be elaborated on here. As a result, this review is being developed, which is expected to intensify OS drugs with higher cure rates. Nonetheless, this advancement intends to solve the major chemoresistance obstacle towards clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yik Lim
- Faculty of Defence Science and Technology, National Defence University of Malaysia, Sungai Besi Camp, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Mujahid Ahmad Zaidi
- Faculty of Defence Science and Technology, National Defence University of Malaysia, Sungai Besi Camp, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Azizi Miskon
- Faculty of Engineering, National Defence University of Malaysia, Sungai Besi Camp, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
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Lam TN, Chen KM, Tsai CH, Tsai PI, Wu MH, Hsu CC, Jain J, Huang EW. Effect of Porosity and Heat Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Additive Manufactured CoCrMo Alloys. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:751. [PMID: 36676489 PMCID: PMC9861768 DOI: 10.3390/ma16020751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
To minimize the stress shielding effect of metallic biomaterials in mimicking bone, the body-centered cubic (bcc) unit cell-based porous CoCrMo alloys with different, designed volume porosities of 20, 40, 60, and 80% were produced via a selective laser melting (SLM) process. A heat treatment process consisting of solution annealing and aging was applied to increase the volume fraction of an ε-hexagonal close-packed (hcp) structure for better mechanical response and stability. In the present study, we investigated the impact of different, designed volume porosities on the compressive mechanical properties in as-built and heat-treated CoCrMo alloys. The elastic modulus and yield strength in both conditions were dramatically decreased with increasing designed volume porosity. The elastic modulus and yield strength of the CoCrMo alloys with a designed volume porosity of 80% exhibited the closest match to those of bone tissue. Different strengthening mechanisms were quantified to determine their contributing roles to the measured yield strength in both conditions. The experimental results of the relative elastic modulus and yield strength were compared to the analytical and simulation modeling analyses. The Gibson-Ashby theoretical model was established to predict the deformation behaviors of the lattice CoCrMo structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tu-Ngoc Lam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
- Department of Physics, College of Education, Can Tho University, Can Tho City 900000, Vietnam
| | - Kuang-Ming Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hao Tsai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Pei-I Tsai
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Chutung, Hsinchu 310401, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Huang Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedics, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wuxing St., Xinyi District, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chi Hsu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Jayant Jain
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - E-Wen Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
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Panthi KP, Gyawali A, Pandeya S, Sharma Bhusal ML, Neupane BB, Tiwari AP, Joshi MK. The Encapsulation of Bioactive Plant Extracts into the Cellulose Microfiber Isolated from G. optiva Species for Biomedical Applications. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:1089. [PMID: 36363644 PMCID: PMC9695381 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12111089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural waste-based cellulose fibers have gained significant interest for a myriad of applications. Grewia optiva (G. optiva), a plant species, has been widely used for feeding animals, and the small branches' bark is used for making rope. Herein, we have extracted cellulose fibers from the bark of G. optiva species via chemical treatments (including an alkaline treatment and bleaching). The gravimetric analysis revealed that the bark of G. Optiva contains cellulose (63.13%), hemicellulose (13.52%), lignin (15.13%), and wax (2.8%). Cellulose microfibre (CMF) has been synthesized from raw fibre via chemical treatment methods. The obtained cellulose fibers were crosslinked and employed as the matrix to encapsulate the bioactive plant extracts derived from the root of Catharanthus roseus (C. roseus). The microscopic images, XRD, FTIR, and antibacterial/antioxidant activity confirmed the encapsulation of natural extracts in the cellulose microfiber. The microscopic images revealed that the encapsulation of the natural extracts slightly increased the fiber's diameter. The XRD pattern showed that the extracted cellulose microfiber had an average crystalline size of 2.53 nm with a crystalline index of 30.4% compared to the crystalline size of 2.49 nm with a crystalline index of 27.99% for the plant extract incorporated membrane. The water uptake efficiency of the synthesized membrane increased up to 250%. The antimicrobial activity of the composite (the CMF-E membrane) was studied via the zone inhibition against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and the result indicated high antibacterial activity. This work highlighted G. optiva-derived cellulose microfiber as an optimum substrate for antimicrobial scaffolds. In addition, this paper first reports the antimicrobial/antioxidant behavior of the composite membrane of the C. roseus extract blended in the G. optiva microfiber. This work revealed the potential applications of CMF-E membranes for wound healing scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khim Prasad Panthi
- Department of Chemistry, Trichandra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44613, Nepal
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44613, Nepal
| | - Aashish Gyawali
- Department of Chemistry, Trichandra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44613, Nepal
| | - Shiva Pandeya
- Department of Chemistry, Trichandra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44613, Nepal
| | | | | | - Arjun Prasad Tiwari
- Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Science, the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Mahesh Kumar Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, Trichandra Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44613, Nepal
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 44613, Nepal
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Lim YY, Miskon A, Zaidi AMA. CuZn Complex Used in Electrical Biosensors for Drug Delivery Systems. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15217672. [PMID: 36363264 PMCID: PMC9656173 DOI: 10.3390/ma15217672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper is to discuss the potential of using CuZn in an electrical biosensor drug carrier for drug delivery systems. CuZn is the main semiconductor ingredient that has great promise as an electrochemical detector to trigger releases of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API). This CuZn biosensor is produced with a green metal of frameworks, which is an anion node in conductive polymers linked by bioactive ligands using metal-polymerisation technology. The studies of Cu, Zn, and their oxides are highlighted by their electrochemical performance as electrical biosensors to electrically trigger API. The three main problems, which are glucose oxidisation, binding affinity, and toxicity, are highlighted, and their solutions are given. Moreover, their biocompatibilities, therapeutic efficacies, and drug delivery efficiencies are discussed with details given. Our three previous investigations of CuZn found results similar to those of other authors' in terms of multiphases, polymerisation, and structure. This affirms that our research is on the right track, especially that related to green synthesis using plant extract, CuZn as a nanochip electric biosensor, and bioactive ligands to bind API, which are limited to the innermost circle of the non-enzymatic glucose sensor category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yik Lim
- Faculty of Defence Science and Technology, National Defence University of Malaysia, Sungai Besi Prime Camp, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Azizi Miskon
- Faculty of Engineering, National Defence University of Malaysia, Sungai Besi Prime Camp, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +60-3-9051-3400 (ext. 3087)
| | - Ahmad Mujahid Ahmad Zaidi
- Faculty of Defence Science and Technology, National Defence University of Malaysia, Sungai Besi Prime Camp, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
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Lim YY, Zaidi AMA, Miskon A. Composing On-Program Triggers and On-Demand Stimuli into Biosensor Drug Carriers in Drug Delivery Systems for Programmable Arthritis Therapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:1330. [PMID: 36355502 PMCID: PMC9698912 DOI: 10.3390/ph15111330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Medication in arthritis therapies is complex because the inflammatory progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) is intertwined and influenced by one another. To address this problem, drug delivery systems (DDS) are composed of four independent exogenous triggers and four dependent endogenous stimuli that are controlled on program and induced on demand, respectively. However, the relationships between the mechanisms of endogenous stimuli and exogenous triggers with pathological alterations remain unclear, which results in a major obstacle in terms of clinical translation. Thus, the rationale for designing a guidance system for these mechanisms via their key irritant biosensors is in high demand. Many approaches have been applied, although successful clinical translations are still rare. Through this review, the status quo in historical development is highlighted in order to discuss the unsolved clinical difficulties such as infiltration, efficacy, drug clearance, and target localisation. Herein, we summarise and discuss the rational compositions of exogenous triggers and endogenous stimuli for programmable therapy. This advanced active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) implanted dose allows for several releases by remote controls for endogenous stimuli during lesion infections. This solves the multiple implantation and local toxic accumulation problems by using these flexible desired releases at the specified sites for arthritis therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yik Lim
- Faculty of Defence Science and Technology, National Defence University of Malaysia, Sungai Besi Prime Camp, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Mujahid Ahmad Zaidi
- Faculty of Defence Science and Technology, National Defence University of Malaysia, Sungai Besi Prime Camp, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Azizi Miskon
- Faculty of Engineering, National Defence University of Malaysia, Sungai Besi Prime Camp, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
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