1
|
Benčina M, Rawat N, Paul D, Kovač J, Lakota K, Žigon P, Kralj-Iglič V, Iglič A, Junkar I. Enhanced Hemocompatibility and Cytocompatibility of Stainless Steel. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:19566-19577. [PMID: 38708281 PMCID: PMC11064193 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The present study introduces an advanced surface modification approach combining electrochemical anodization and non-thermal plasma treatment, tailored for biomedical applications on stainless steel grade 316L (SS316L) surfaces. Nanopores with various diameters (100-300 nm) were synthesized with electrochemical anodization, and samples were further modified with non-thermal oxygen plasma. The surface properties of SS316L surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, and Water contact angle measurements. It has been shown that a combination of electrochemical anodization and plasma treatment significantly alters the surface properties of SS316L and affects its interactions with blood platelets and human coronary cells. Optimal performance is attained on the anodized specimen featuring pores within the 150-300 nm diameter range, subjected to subsequent oxygen plasma treatment; the absence of platelet adhesion was observed. At the same time, the sample demonstrated good endothelialization and a reduction in smooth muscle cell adhesion compared to the untreated SS316L and the sample with smaller pores (100-150 nm). This novel surface modification strategy has significant implications for improving biocompatibility and performance of SS316L in biomedical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Metka Benčina
- Department
of Surface Engineering, Joz̆ef Stefan
Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Laboratory
of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Niharika Rawat
- Laboratory
of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Domen Paul
- Department
of Surface Engineering, Joz̆ef Stefan
Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janez Kovač
- Department
of Surface Engineering, Joz̆ef Stefan
Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Katja Lakota
- Department
of Rheumatology, University Medical Centre
Ljubljana, Vodnikova
62, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Polona Žigon
- Department
of Rheumatology, University Medical Centre
Ljubljana, Vodnikova
62, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Veronika Kralj-Iglič
- Laboratory
of Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Aleš Iglič
- Laboratory
of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Laboratory
of Clinical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ita Junkar
- Department
of Surface Engineering, Joz̆ef Stefan
Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
McElfresh C, Wang YM, Marian J. Fast-throughput simulations of laser-based additive manufacturing in metals to study the influence of processing parameters on mechanical properties. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23202. [PMID: 38169844 PMCID: PMC10758852 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Laser-powder bed fusion additive manufacturing (LPBF-AM) of metals is rapidly becoming one of the most important materials processing pathways for next-generation metallic parts and components in a number of important applications. However, the large parametric space that characterizes laser-based LPBF-AM makes it challenging to understand what are the variables controlling the microstructural and mechanical property outcomes. Sensitivity studies based on direct LPBF-AM processing are costly and lengthy to conduct, and are subjected to the specifications and variability of each printer. Here we develop a fast-throughput numerical approach that simulates the LPBF-AM process using a cellular automaton model of dynamic solidification and grain growth. This is accompanied by a polycrystal plasticity model that captures grain boundary strengthening due to complex grain geometry and furnishes the stress-strain curves of the resulting microstructures. Our approach connects the processing stage with the mechanical testing stage, thus capturing the effect of processing variables such as the laser power, laser spot size, scan speed, and hatch width on the yield strength and tangent moduli of the processed materials. When applied to pure Cu and stainless 316L steel, we find that laser power and scan speed have the strongest influence on grain size in each material, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cameron McElfresh
- HRL Laboratories, Malibu, CA, 90265, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Y. Morris Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jaime Marian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kaščák Ľ, Varga J, Bidulská J, Bidulský R. Simulation of 316L Stainless Steel Produced the Laser Powder Bed Fusion Process. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:7653. [PMID: 38138795 PMCID: PMC10744782 DOI: 10.3390/ma16247653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing is increasingly being used in the production of parts of simple as well as complex shapes designed for various areas of industry. Prevention of errors in the production process is currently enabled using simulation tools that have the function of predicting possible errors and, at the same time, providing a set of information about the behaviour of the material in the metal additive manufacturing process. This paper discusses the simulation processes of 316L stainless steel produced using the laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) process. Simulation of the printing process in the Simufact Additive simulation program made it possible to predict possible deformations and errors that could occur in the process of producing test samples. After analysing the final distortion already with compensation, the simulation values of maximum deviation -0.01 mm and minimum -0.13 mm were achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ľuboš Kaščák
- Department of Technology, Materials and Computer-Aided Production, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Košice, Letná 9, 04002 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Ján Varga
- Department of Technology, Materials and Computer-Aided Production, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Košice, Letná 9, 04002 Košice, Slovakia;
| | - Jana Bidulská
- Department of Plastic Deformation and Simulation Processes, Institute of Materials and Quality Engineering, Faculty of Materials, Metallurgy and Recycling, Technical University of Košice, Vysokoškolská 4, 04200 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Róbert Bidulský
- Bodva Industry and Innovation Cluster, Budulov 174, 04501 Moldava and Bodvou, Slovakia;
- Advanced Research and Innovation Hub, Budulov 174, 04501 Moldava and Bodvou, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fedoriková A, Petroušek P, Kvačkaj T, Kočiško R, Zemko M. Development of Mechanical Properties of Stainless Steel 316LN-IG after Cryo-Plastic Deformation. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6473. [PMID: 37834612 PMCID: PMC10573374 DOI: 10.3390/ma16196473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The article deals with increasing the mechanical properties of stainless steel 316 Ln-IG, which is intended for work in cryogenic temperatures (liquid nitrogen and liquid helium), such as conductor conduits for the ITER magnet system. The strength and plastic properties were increased by a combination of cold and cryo-rolling and heat treatment. The mechanical properties of rolled material were investigated at 293 K, 77 K, and 4.2 K. The work-hardening rate of the steel increased continuously with a lowering of the temperature. The maximum yield strength and ultimate tensile strength were achieved by the cryo-rolling process with a total thickness deformation of 50%. The material properties tested at ambient temperature were 0.2YS = 1050 MPa, UTS = 1200 MPa, and at 4.2 K, the values were 0.2YS = 1804 MPa and UTS = 2081 MPa. Two types of long-term heat treatment were applied after experimental rolling (823 K and 1093 K for 10 h). The highest precipitation hardening of steel was achieved at a temperature of 823 K after 50% deformation. The resulting grain size decreased from the initial 216 μm (before the rolling process) to 70 μm after ambient rolling and 72 μm after cryo-rolling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alica Fedoriková
- Department of Material Analysis, Research Centre Řež Ltd., Hlavní 130, 250 68 Husinec, Czech Republic;
| | - Patrik Petroušek
- Department of Plastic Deformation and Simulation Processes, Institute of Materials and Quality Engineering, Faculty of Materials, Metallurgy and Recycling, Technical University of Kosice, Park Komenského 11, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia;
| | - Tibor Kvačkaj
- Bodva Industry and Innovation Cluster, Budulov 174, 045 01 Moldava nad Bodvou, Slovakia;
| | - Róbert Kočiško
- Department of Plastic Deformation and Simulation Processes, Institute of Materials and Quality Engineering, Faculty of Materials, Metallurgy and Recycling, Technical University of Kosice, Park Komenského 11, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia;
| | - Michal Zemko
- COMTES FHT a.s., Průmyslová 995, 334 41 Dobřany, Czech Republic;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Teng F, Shiau CH, Sun C, O’Brien RC, McMurtrey MD. Investigation of Deformation Behavior of Additively Manufactured AISI 316L Stainless Steel with In Situ Micro-Compression Testing. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5980. [PMID: 37687672 PMCID: PMC10488655 DOI: 10.3390/ma16175980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing techniques are being used more and more to perform the precise fabrication of engineering components with complex geometries. The heterogeneity of additively manufactured microstructures deteriorates the mechanical integrity of products. In this paper, we printed AISI 316L stainless steel using the additive manufacturing technique of laser metal deposition. Both single-phase and dual-phase substructures were formed in the grain interiors. Electron backscatter diffraction and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy indicate that Si, Mo, S, Cr were enriched, while Fe was depleted along the substructure boundaries. In situ micro-compression testing was performed at room temperature along the [001] orientation. The dual-phase substructures exhibited lower yield strength and higher Young's modulus compared with single-phase substructures. Our research provides a fundamental understanding of the relationship between the microstructure and mechanical properties of additively manufactured metallic materials. The results suggest that the uneven heat treatment in the printing process could have negative impacts on the mechanical properties due to elemental segregation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Teng
- Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, 1955 N Fremont Ave., Idaho Falls, ID 83415, USA; (C.S.); (M.D.M.)
| | - Ching-Heng Shiau
- Micron School of Materials Science & Engineering, Boise State University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, ID 83725, USA
- Center for Advanced Energy Studies, 995 University Blvd., Idaho Falls, ID 83401, USA
| | - Cheng Sun
- Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, 1955 N Fremont Ave., Idaho Falls, ID 83415, USA; (C.S.); (M.D.M.)
| | - Robert C. O’Brien
- Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, 1955 N Fremont Ave., Idaho Falls, ID 83415, USA; (C.S.); (M.D.M.)
| | - Michael D. McMurtrey
- Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, 1955 N Fremont Ave., Idaho Falls, ID 83415, USA; (C.S.); (M.D.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jiang CP, Maidhah AA, Wang SH, Wang YR, Pasang T, Ramezani M. Laser Powder Bed Fusion of Inconel 718 Tools for Cold Deep Drawing Applications: Optimization of Printing and Post-Processing Parameters. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4707. [PMID: 37445023 DOI: 10.3390/ma16134707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Inconel 718 (IN 718) powder is used for a laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) printer, but the mechanical properties of the as-built object are not suited to cold deep drawing applications. This study uses the Taguchi method to design experimental groups to determine the effect of various factors on the mechanical properties of as-built objects produced using an LPBF printer. The optimal printing parameters are defined using the result for the factor response to produce an as-built object with the greatest ultimate tensile strength (UTS), and this is used to produce a specimen for post-processing, including heat treatment (HT) and surface finishing. The HT parameter value that gives the maximum UTS is the optimal HT parameter. The optimal printing and HT parameter values are used to manufacture a die and a punch to verify the suitability of the manufactured tool for deep drawing applications. The experimental results show that the greatest UTS is 1091.33 MPa. The optimal printing parameters include a laser power of 190 W, a scanning speed of 600 mm/s, a hatch space of 0.105 mm and a layer thickness of 40 μm, which give a UTS of 1122.88 MPa. The UTS for the post-processed specimen increases to 1511.9 MPa. The optimal parameter values for HT are heating to 720 °C and maintaining this temperature for 8 h, decreasing the temperature to 620 °C and maintaining this temperature for 8 h, and cooling to room temperature in the furnace. Surface finishing increases the hardness to HRC 55. Tools, including a punch and a die, are manufactured using these optimized parameter values. The deep drawing experiment demonstrates that the manufactured tools that are produced using these values form a round cup of Aluminum alloy 6061. The parameter values that are defined can be used to manufacture IN 718 tools with a UTS of more than 1500 MPa and a hardness of more than 50 HRC, so these tools are suited to cold deep drawing specifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cho-Pei Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
- High-Value Biomaterials Research and Commercialization Center, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Andi Ard Maidhah
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Hsien Wang
- Graduate Institute of Mechatronics, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Ru Wang
- Department of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Tim Pasang
- Department of Manufacturing and Mechanical Engineering Technology, Oregon Institute of Technology, 3201 Campus Drive, Klamath Falls, OR 97601, USA
| | - Maziar Ramezani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Auckland University of Technology, 55 Wellesley Street East, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|