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Fedoriková A, Petroušek P, Kvačkaj T, Kočiško R, Zemko M. Development of Mechanical Properties of Stainless Steel 316LN-IG after Cryo-Plastic Deformation. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:6473. [PMID: 37834612 PMCID: PMC10573374 DOI: 10.3390/ma16196473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The article deals with increasing the mechanical properties of stainless steel 316 Ln-IG, which is intended for work in cryogenic temperatures (liquid nitrogen and liquid helium), such as conductor conduits for the ITER magnet system. The strength and plastic properties were increased by a combination of cold and cryo-rolling and heat treatment. The mechanical properties of rolled material were investigated at 293 K, 77 K, and 4.2 K. The work-hardening rate of the steel increased continuously with a lowering of the temperature. The maximum yield strength and ultimate tensile strength were achieved by the cryo-rolling process with a total thickness deformation of 50%. The material properties tested at ambient temperature were 0.2YS = 1050 MPa, UTS = 1200 MPa, and at 4.2 K, the values were 0.2YS = 1804 MPa and UTS = 2081 MPa. Two types of long-term heat treatment were applied after experimental rolling (823 K and 1093 K for 10 h). The highest precipitation hardening of steel was achieved at a temperature of 823 K after 50% deformation. The resulting grain size decreased from the initial 216 μm (before the rolling process) to 70 μm after ambient rolling and 72 μm after cryo-rolling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alica Fedoriková
- Department of Material Analysis, Research Centre Řež Ltd., Hlavní 130, 250 68 Husinec, Czech Republic;
| | - Patrik Petroušek
- Department of Plastic Deformation and Simulation Processes, Institute of Materials and Quality Engineering, Faculty of Materials, Metallurgy and Recycling, Technical University of Kosice, Park Komenského 11, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia;
| | - Tibor Kvačkaj
- Bodva Industry and Innovation Cluster, Budulov 174, 045 01 Moldava nad Bodvou, Slovakia;
| | - Róbert Kočiško
- Department of Plastic Deformation and Simulation Processes, Institute of Materials and Quality Engineering, Faculty of Materials, Metallurgy and Recycling, Technical University of Kosice, Park Komenského 11, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia;
| | - Michal Zemko
- COMTES FHT a.s., Průmyslová 995, 334 41 Dobřany, Czech Republic;
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Petroušek P, Kvačkaj T, Bidulská J, Bidulský R, Grande MA, Manfredi D, Weiss KP, Kočiško R, Lupták M, Pokorný I. Investigation of the Properties of 316L Stainless Steel after AM and Heat Treatment. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:ma16113935. [PMID: 37297069 DOI: 10.3390/ma16113935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing, including laser powder bed fusion, offers possibilities for the production of materials with properties comparable to conventional technologies. The main aim of this paper is to describe the specific microstructure of 316L stainless steel prepared using additive manufacturing. The as-built state and the material after heat treatment (solution annealing at 1050 °C and 60 min soaking time, followed by artificial aging at 700 °C and 3000 min soaking time) were analyzed. A static tensile test at ambient temperature, 77 K, and 8 K was performed to evaluate the mechanical properties. The characteristics of the specific microstructure were examined using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The stainless steel 316L prepared using laser powder bed fusion consisted of a hierarchical austenitic microstructure, with a grain size of 25 µm as-built up to 35 µm after heat treatment. The grains predominantly contained fine 300-700 nm subgrains with a cellular structure. It was concluded that after the selected heat treatment there was a significant reduction in dislocations. An increase in precipitates was observed after heat treatment, from the original amount of approximately 20 nm to 150 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Petroušek
- Department of Plastic Deformation and Simulation Processes, Institute of Materials and Quality Engineering, Faculty of Materials, Metallurgy and Recycling, Technical University of Kosice, Park Komenského 11, 04001 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Tibor Kvačkaj
- Bodva Industry and Innovation Cluster, Budulov 174, 04501 Moldava nad Bodvou, Slovakia
| | - Jana Bidulská
- Department of Plastic Deformation and Simulation Processes, Institute of Materials and Quality Engineering, Faculty of Materials, Metallurgy and Recycling, Technical University of Kosice, Park Komenského 11, 04001 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Róbert Bidulský
- Bodva Industry and Innovation Cluster, Budulov 174, 04501 Moldava nad Bodvou, Slovakia
| | - Marco Actis Grande
- Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Viale T. Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Diego Manfredi
- Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Polythecnic of Turin, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - Klaus-Peter Weiss
- Institute for Technical Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Róbert Kočiško
- Department of Plastic Deformation and Simulation Processes, Institute of Materials and Quality Engineering, Faculty of Materials, Metallurgy and Recycling, Technical University of Kosice, Park Komenského 11, 04001 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Miloslav Lupták
- Department of Plastic Deformation and Simulation Processes, Institute of Materials and Quality Engineering, Faculty of Materials, Metallurgy and Recycling, Technical University of Kosice, Park Komenského 11, 04001 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Imrich Pokorný
- Department of Plastic Deformation and Simulation Processes, Institute of Materials and Quality Engineering, Faculty of Materials, Metallurgy and Recycling, Technical University of Kosice, Park Komenského 11, 04001 Kosice, Slovakia
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Kočiško R, Kvačkaj T, Bidulská J, Bidulský R, Petroušek P, Pokorný I, Lupták M, Actis Grande M. Evaluation of Powder Metallurgy Workpiece Prepared by Equal Channel Angular Rolling. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:ma16020601. [PMID: 36676337 PMCID: PMC9860864 DOI: 10.3390/ma16020601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the article is to examine the workability of sintered powder material of aluminum alloy (Alumix 321) through severe plastic deformations under the conditions of the equal channel angular rolling (ECAR) process. Accordingly, the stress-strain analysis of the ECAR was carried out through a computer simulation using the finite element method (FEM) by Deform 3D software. Additionally, the formability of the ALUMIX 321 was investigated using the diametrical compression (DC) test, which was measured and analyzed by digital image correlation and finite element simulation. The relationship between failure mode and stress state in the ECAR process and the DC test was quantified using stress triaxiality and Lode angle parameter. It is concluded that the sintered powder material during the ECAR processing failure by a shearing fracture because in the fracture location the stress conditions were close to the pure shear (η and θ¯ ≈ 0). Moreover, the DC test revealed the potential role as the method of calibration of the fracture locus for stress conditions between the pure shear and the axial symmetry compression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róbert Kočiško
- Department of Plastic Deformation and Simulation Processes, Institute of Materials and Quality Engineering, Faculty of Materials, Metallurgy and Recycling, Technical University of Kosice, Park Komenského 11, 04001 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Tibor Kvačkaj
- Bodva Industry and Innovation Cluster, Budulov 174, 04501 Moldava nad Bodvou, Slovakia
| | - Jana Bidulská
- Department of Plastic Deformation and Simulation Processes, Institute of Materials and Quality Engineering, Faculty of Materials, Metallurgy and Recycling, Technical University of Kosice, Park Komenského 11, 04001 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Róbert Bidulský
- Bodva Industry and Innovation Cluster, Budulov 174, 04501 Moldava nad Bodvou, Slovakia
| | - Patrik Petroušek
- Department of Plastic Deformation and Simulation Processes, Institute of Materials and Quality Engineering, Faculty of Materials, Metallurgy and Recycling, Technical University of Kosice, Park Komenského 11, 04001 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Imrich Pokorný
- Department of Plastic Deformation and Simulation Processes, Institute of Materials and Quality Engineering, Faculty of Materials, Metallurgy and Recycling, Technical University of Kosice, Park Komenského 11, 04001 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Miloslav Lupták
- Department of Plastic Deformation and Simulation Processes, Institute of Materials and Quality Engineering, Faculty of Materials, Metallurgy and Recycling, Technical University of Kosice, Park Komenského 11, 04001 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Marco Actis Grande
- Department of Applied Science and Technology (DISAT), Politecnico di Torino, Viale T. Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
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