1
|
Li X, Lei C, Wan J, Xu W, Zhou J, Shi B. A novel complex coupling agent for enhancing the compatibility between collagen fiber and natural rubber: A utilization strategy for leather wastes. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:130942. [PMID: 38493813 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Leather shavings are generated as solid waste in the leather industry and may cause environmental pollution if not disposed judiciously. These solid wastes, primarily composed of collagen fibers (CFs), can be recycled as biomass composites. However, CFs are incompatible with natural rubber (NR) due to its hydrophilicity. Conventionally, the compatibility has been improved by utilizing silane coupling agents (SCAs) along with a large number of organic solvents, which further contribute to environmental pollution. In this study, we developed a novel complex coupling agent (CCA) to enhance the compatibility between CF and NR. The CCA was synthesized through a coordination reaction between Cr(III) and α-methacrylic acid (MAA). Cr(III) in the coupling agent coordinates with the active groups in CFs, while the unsaturated double bonds in MAA facilitate covalent crosslinking between the CCA and NR, improving compatibility. The coordination bonding between CF and NR exhibits strong interfacial interaction, endowing the composites with desirable mechanical properties. Moreover, the proposed method is an economical and green approach that can be used to synthesize CF-based composites without requiring organic solvents. Herein, a strategy promoted sustainable development in the leather industry has been established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Chao Lei
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Junyu Wan
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering (Sichuan University), Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Weixing Xu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Jianfei Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Bi Shi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Clean Technology of Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cai P, Liu S, Tu Y, Shan T. Toxicity, biodegradation, and nutritional intervention mechanism of zearalenone. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 911:168648. [PMID: 37992844 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA), a global mycotoxin commonly found in a variety of grain products and animal feed, causes damage to the gastrointestinal tract, immune organs, liver and reproductive system. Many treatments, including physical, chemical and biological methods, have been reported for the degradation of ZEA. Each degradation method has different degradation efficacies and distinct mechanisms. In this article, the global pollution status, hazard and toxicity of ZEA are summarized. We also review the biological detoxification methods and nutritional regulation strategies for alleviating the toxicity of ZEA. Moreover, we discuss the molecular detoxification mechanism of ZEA to help explore more efficient detoxification methods to better reduce the global pollution and hazard of ZEA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peiran Cai
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shiqi Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuang Tu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tizhong Shan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gad YH, Ahmed NA, El-Nemr KF. Utilization of electron beam irradiated carboxymethyl cellulose/polyvinyl alcohol/banana peels composite film for remediation of dyes from wastewater. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2023; 111:641-653. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2023-0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In this work, polymeric composite films were fabricated utilizing stable, non-toxic, soluble, low-cost, good mechanical, and biocompatible polymers such as CMC and PVA with the waste of one of the most current fruits consumed worldwide banana peel waste (BP) as a filler. Sequences of carboxymethyl cellulose/polyvinyl alcohol/banana peel (CMC/PVA/BP) composite films with various amounts of BP utilizing eco-friendly technique (electron beam) (EB) irradiation were prepared to eliminate common hazardous organic pollutants such as methylene blue (MB) dye from its solutions. Physical characteristics like; swelling and gel % were examined. The chemical structure, thermal stability, and surface morphology were examined utilizing FT-IR, TGA, DSC, XRD, EDX, and SEM. Additionally, the UV/Vis spectroscopy study was investigated to study the impact of the various parameters such as irradiation, contact time, pH, temperature, adsorbent dosage, and initial concentration on removal efficiency % of MB dye onto the prepared composite films. The adsorption process fitted with the Langmuir model, pseudo-second-order kinetic model, endothermic, favorable, and spontaneous. The adsorption capacity of MB dye onto the CMC/PVA/BP composite film was 19.6 mg/g at the optimum conditions: irradiation dose = 20 kGy, contact time = 120 min, pH = 10, temperature = 25 °C, adsorbent dosage = 0.1 g and initial conc. = 10 mg/L.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasser H. Gad
- Polymer Chemistry Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology , Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Nehad A. Ahmed
- Polymer Chemistry Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology , Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Khaled F. El-Nemr
- Radiation Chemistry Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology , Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority , Cairo , Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Halim SA, Razali N. Pelletisation of peat moss using binder from palm oil refinery waste (spent bleaching earth) and binder from grey oyster mushroom plantation waste (spent mushroom substrate). FUEL 2023; 342:127765. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2023.127765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
|
5
|
Neves de Alencar L, Guedes Paiva FF, Okimoto FS, Bacarin GB, Dognani G, Salmazo LO, dos Santos RJ, Cabrera FC, Job AE. Natural rubber/wood composite foam: Thermal insulation and acoustic isolation materials for construction. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/02624893231151364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
With the advances in the field of civil construction and the world population growth, the development of policies is necessary for the management and reuse of generated residue. Thus, the present work proposes the use of expanded natural rubber as a polymeric matrix incorporated with eucalyptus filler as a reinforcing filler for the production of composites. Thermal insulation capacity was determined by the transient plane source and acoustic method by impedance tube. NR/W40 foam showed enhanced the acoustic insulation capacity. The maximum absorption of NR/W40 was 0.83, at 3257 Hz, which is three times higher than natural rubber foam. Highly inhomogeneous cell structures were observed with large, interconnected pores, improving the acoustic performance. Sound absorption coefficient for natural rubber foam with 40% wood (0.83 ± 0.046) was similar to PU foam (0.97 ± 0.009) with 20 mm in thickness, a density of 47 kg/m3 and 98% open cell content it is a well-known acoustic absorbent in the building sector. The NR/W40 sample recorded the best acoustic performance among the NR foams analyzed in this work, maintaining good sound absorption above 1500 Hz, demonstrating a possibility of wood reuse as a filler in based-rubber foam for acustic insulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Neves de Alencar
- School of Technology and Sciences, São Paulo State University (FCT-UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Sérgio Okimoto
- School of Technology and Sciences, São Paulo State University (FCT-UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | | | - Guilherme Dognani
- School of Technology and Sciences, São Paulo State University (FCT-UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Aldo Eloizo Job
- School of Technology and Sciences, São Paulo State University (FCT-UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Manaila E, Craciun G, Ighigeanu D, Lungu IB, Dumitru Grivei MD, Stelescu MD. Degradation by Electron Beam Irradiation of Some Composites Based on Natural Rubber Reinforced with Mineral and Organic Fillers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136925. [PMID: 35805934 PMCID: PMC9266345 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Composites based on natural rubber reinforced with mineral (precipitated silica and chalk) and organic (sawdust and hemp) fillers in amount of 50 phr were obtained by peroxide cross-linking in the presence of trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate and irradiated by electron beam in the dose range of 150 and 450 kGy with the purpose of degradation. The composites mechanical characteristics, gel fraction, cross-linking degree, water uptake and weight loss in water and toluene were evaluated by specific analysis. The changes in structure and morphology were also studied by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Based on the results obtained in the structural analysis, possible mechanisms specific to degradation are proposed. The increasing of irradiation dose to 450 kGy produced larger agglomerated structures, cracks and micro voids on the surface, as a result of the degradation process. This is consistent with that the increasing of irradiation dose to 450 kGy leads to a decrease in crosslinking and gel fraction but also drastic changes in mechanical properties specific to the composites’ degradation processes. The irradiation of composites reinforced with organic fillers lead to the formation of specific degradation compounds of both natural rubber and cellulose (aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, compounds with small macromolecules). In the case of the composites reinforced with mineral fillers the degradation can occur by the cleavage of hydrogen bonds formed between precipitated silica or chalk particles and polymeric matrix also.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Manaila
- Electron Accelerators Laboratory, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Street, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (E.M.); (D.I.); (M.D.D.G.)
| | - Gabriela Craciun
- Electron Accelerators Laboratory, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Street, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (E.M.); (D.I.); (M.D.D.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-21-457-4346
| | - Daniel Ighigeanu
- Electron Accelerators Laboratory, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Street, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (E.M.); (D.I.); (M.D.D.G.)
| | - Ion Bogdan Lungu
- Multipurpose Irradiation Facility Center—IRASM, Horia Hulubei National Institute for R&D in Physics and Nuclear Engineering, 30 Reactorului Street, 077125 Magurele, Romania;
| | - Marius Daniel Dumitru Grivei
- Electron Accelerators Laboratory, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Street, 077125 Magurele, Romania; (E.M.); (D.I.); (M.D.D.G.)
| | - Maria Daniela Stelescu
- Leather and Footwear Research Institute, National R&D Institute for Textile and Leather, 93 Ion Minulescu Street, 031215 Bucharest, Romania;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
El-Nemr KF, Gad YH, Ali MA. Newsprint microcrystalline fibers activated by different coupling agents and electron beam irradiation as filler for styrene-butadiene rubber-based composites. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1023666x.2022.2055263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khaled F. El-Nemr
- Radiation Chemistry Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yasser H. Gad
- Polymer Chemistry Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Magdy A. Ali
- Radiation Chemistry Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Manaila E, Craciun G, Ighigeanu D, Stelescu MD. Water Absorption Kinetics in Composites Degraded by the Radiation Technique. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14164659. [PMID: 34443179 PMCID: PMC8399285 DOI: 10.3390/ma14164659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rubber-based wastes represent challenges facing the global community. Human health protection and preservation of environmental quality are strong reasons to find more efficient methods to induce degradation of latex/rubber products in order to replace devulcanization, incineration, or simply storage, and electron beam irradiation is a promising method that can be can be taken into account. Polymeric composites based on natural rubber and plasticized starch in amounts of 10 to 50 phr, obtained by benzoyl peroxide cross-linking, were subjected to 5.5 MeV electron beam irradiation in order to induce degradation, in the dose range of 150 to 450 kGy. A qualitative study was conducted on the kinetics of water absorption in these composites in order to appreciate their degradation degree. The percentages of equilibrium sorption and mass loss after equilibrium sorption were found to be dependent on irradiation dose and amount of plasticized starch. The mechanism of water transport in composites was studied not only through the specific absorption and diffusion parameters but also by the evaluation of the diffusion, intrinsic diffusion, permeation, and absorption coefficients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Manaila
- Electron Accelerators Laboratory, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor St., 077125 Magurele, Romania; (E.M.); (D.I.)
| | - Gabriela Craciun
- Electron Accelerators Laboratory, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor St., 077125 Magurele, Romania; (E.M.); (D.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-04-021-457-4346
| | - Daniel Ighigeanu
- Electron Accelerators Laboratory, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor St., 077125 Magurele, Romania; (E.M.); (D.I.)
| | - Maria Daniela Stelescu
- National R&D Institute for Textile and Leather—Leather and Footwear Research Institute, 93 Ion Minulescu St, 031215 Bucharest, Romania;
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Electron Beam Irradiation: A Method for Degradation of Composites Based on Natural Rubber and Plasticized Starch. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13121950. [PMID: 34208234 PMCID: PMC8230875 DOI: 10.3390/polym13121950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymeric composites based on natural rubber (NR) and plasticized starch (PS) obtained by peroxide cross-linking have been subjected to electron beam irradiation in order to investigate their degradation. The amount of PS ranged from 10 to 50 phr and the irradiation dose from 150 to 450 kGy. Irradiation was performed in atmospheric conditions using a linear electron accelerator of 5.5 MeV. Changes in chemical, physical, structural, and morphological properties of composites were correlated with variables, such as PS loading and irradiation dose. Thus, mechanical properties, gel fraction, cross-linking degree, water uptake, weight loss in toluene/water were compared with those obtained before irradiation. The changes in structure and morphology were studied by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Both PS loading and irradiation dose were found to be responsible for the degradation installing. Moreover, it has been shown that at the dose of 450 kGy, chain scission is dominant over cross-linking.
Collapse
|
10
|
Chalid M, Husnil YA, Puspitasari S, Cifriadi A. Experimental and Modelling Study of the Effect of Adding Starch-Modified Natural Rubber Hybrid to the Vulcanization of Sorghum Fibers-Filled Natural Rubber. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12123017. [PMID: 33348531 PMCID: PMC7765874 DOI: 10.3390/polym12123017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural rubber-starch copolymer hybrid obtained from our laboratory was used as an additive for rubber compound. In this work, the effect of adding this hybrid material to vulcanization kinetics of sorghum fibers-filled natural rubber was studied. The rubber compounds were added with hybrid material at various loadings, i.e., zero to two phr and thus cured at three different temperatures, i.e., 130, 140, and 150 °C. The molecular behaviors due to the hybrid addition were investigated by Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The rheological phenomena of the rubber compounds were studied by performing torque analysis in moving die rheometer. The obtained data were utilized to develop the thermodynamic modeling. The compatibility of sorghum fibers-natural rubber blends in the presence of starch-modified natural rubber were characterized using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM). FTIR results show noticeable changes in the peak intensity of particular functional groups from rubber and natural fiber as evidence of molecular interaction enhancements between rubber and natural fibers caused by incorporating the starch-modified natural rubber coupling agent to rubber-natural fiber blends. The curing time for these blends was reduced with lower required activation energy. SEM images show no visible gaps in morphology between natural rubber and the filler indicating that the addition of hybrid material to the blends also improves the compatibility between the fibers and the rubber matrix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mochamad Chalid
- Metallurgical and Material Engineering Department, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
- Correspondence: or
| | - Yuli Amalia Husnil
- Chemical Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi Indonesia, Banten 15320, Indonesia;
| | - Santi Puspitasari
- Research Center for Rubber Technology, Indonesian Rubber Research Institute, Bogor 16128, Indonesia; (S.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Adi Cifriadi
- Research Center for Rubber Technology, Indonesian Rubber Research Institute, Bogor 16128, Indonesia; (S.P.); (A.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Electron beam irradiation crosslinked chitosan/natural rubber -latex film: Preparation and characterization. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2020.109159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
12
|
Ogunsona E, Hojabr S, Berry R, Mekonnen TH. Nanocellulose-triggered structural and property changes of acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber films. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:2038-2050. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
13
|
Water Absorption Kinetics in Natural Rubber Composites Reinforced with Natural Fibers Processed by Electron Beam Irradiation. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112437. [PMID: 33105756 PMCID: PMC7690617 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural rubber composites reinforced with hemp, flax, and wood sawdust were obtained by irradiation at room temperature with an electron beam of 5.5 MeV in order to meet the actual need for new materials that are environmentally friendly and safe for human health. The natural fibers loading was between 5 and 20 phr and the processing doses were between 75 and 600 kGy. The kinetics of water absorption in these materials were studied. The water diffusion was analyzed through Fick’s law. The water absorption parameters (Qt and Qeq), diffusion parameters (k and n), diffusion coefficient (D), intrinsic diffusion coefficient (D*), sorption coefficient (S), and permeation coefficient (P) have depended on the fiber nature, amount used in blends, and irradiation dose. The obtained results showed that not in the case of each type of fiber used, the water absorption could be correlated with the specific cellulose and hemicellulose content, due to the changes induced by the electron beam.
Collapse
|
14
|
Ogunsona EO, Mekonnen TH. Multilayer assemblies of cellulose nanocrystal - polyvinyl alcohol films featuring excellent physical integrity and multi-functional properties. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 580:56-67. [PMID: 32682116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A simplistic approach to cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) percolation at low concentrations with multifold increases in properties, through the development of multilayered film assemblies was employed. CNC networks combined with polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) thin films were fabricated leading to multilayer assembly of randomly aligned CNC nanorod bundles, similar to those found in biological structures. Oxygen impermeable barrier property of the films was achieved. The optical clarity remained mostly pristine while exhibiting improved UV absorbance. These films can be applied towards shielding UV sensitive materials that require optical transparency. A 415 and 2300% increase in strength and modulus, respectively, were observed for multilayered film with 10 wt% CNC loading as compared to the baseline neat PVOH film. The multilayers and networks formed through strong hydrogen bonds and structural alignment of the CNCs make this strategy effective in achieving enhanced properties at low CNCs loadings, which can be applied to other polymer films with property limitations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel O Ogunsona
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Tizazu H Mekonnen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yang K, Li K, Pan L, Luo X, Xing J, Wang J, Wang L, Wang R, Zhai Y, Chen Z. Effect of Ozone and Electron Beam Irradiation on Degradation of Zearalenone and Ochratoxin A. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12020138. [PMID: 32102304 PMCID: PMC7076874 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) and ochratoxin A (OTA) are key concerns of the food industry because of their toxicity and pollution scope. This study investigated the effects of ozone and electron beam irradiation (EBI) on the degradation of ZEN and OTA. Results demonstrated that 2 mL of 50 μg/mL ZEN was completely degraded after 10 s of treatment by 2.0 mg/L ozone. The degradation rate of 1 μg/mL ZEN by 16 kGy EBI was 92.76%. Methanol was superior to acetonitrile in terms of degrading ZEN when the irradiation dose was higher than 6 kGy. The degradation rate of 2 mL of 5 μg/mL OTA by 50 mg/L ozone at 180 s was 34%, and that of 1 μg/mL OTA by 16 kGy EBI exceeded 90%. Moreover, OTA degraded more rapidly in acetonitrile. Ozone performed better in the degradation of ZEN, whereas EBI was better for OTA. The conclusions provide theoretical and practical bases for the degradation of different fungal toxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (K.Y.); (K.L.); (L.P.); (L.W.); (R.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Ke Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (K.Y.); (K.L.); (L.P.); (L.W.); (R.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Lihong Pan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (K.Y.); (K.L.); (L.P.); (L.W.); (R.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Xiaohu Luo
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (K.Y.); (K.L.); (L.P.); (L.W.); (R.W.); (Y.Z.)
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China;
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, China
- Research Institute of Gang Yagou Healthy Food and Biotechnology, Ningbo 315205, China
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (Z.C.)
| | - Jiali Xing
- Ningbo Institute for Food Control, Ningbo 315048, China;
| | - Jing Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China;
| | - Li Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (K.Y.); (K.L.); (L.P.); (L.W.); (R.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Ren Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (K.Y.); (K.L.); (L.P.); (L.W.); (R.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yuheng Zhai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (K.Y.); (K.L.); (L.P.); (L.W.); (R.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Zhengxing Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (K.Y.); (K.L.); (L.P.); (L.W.); (R.W.); (Y.Z.)
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (Z.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Structure Evolution of Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR) in the Melt State by Time-Resolved Mechanical Spectroscopy. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13040946. [PMID: 32093236 PMCID: PMC7079657 DOI: 10.3390/ma13040946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In this work, time-resolved mechanical spectroscopy (TRMS) was used to accurately characterize the rheological behavior of an epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) containing 25 mol% of epoxy groups. Conventional rheological tests are not suitable to characterize with accuracy the frequency-dependent linear viscoelastic behavior of materials, such as ENR, in a transient configurational state. For this reason, TRMS was used to determine the true rheological behavior of ENR, as well as to gain some insights into the changes of its macromolecular architecture under the dynamic conditions experienced during the measurements. The constructed master curves for the moduli revealed a gradual transition of the ENR rheological state from liquid-like to solid-like through the formation of an “elastic gel” throughout the bulk of the polymer. Furthermore, the evolution of the stress relaxation modulus revealed a slow relaxation mechanism, resulting from thermally activated reactions in the molten state attributed to the formation of crosslinks. Finally, the crosslink density evolution was estimated from the TRMS data and compared with results derived from equilibrium solvent-swelling measurements. These demonstrated the accuracy of the TRMS data in the prediction of the structural changes that can take place in polymers during processing.
Collapse
|
17
|
Craciun G, Manaila E, Ighigeanu D, Stelescu MD. A Method to Improve the Characteristics of EPDM Rubber Based Eco-Composites with Electron Beam. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12010215. [PMID: 31952265 PMCID: PMC7023520 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A natural fiber reinforced composite, belonging to the class of eco composites, based on ethylene-propylene-terpolymer rubber (EPDM) and wood wastes were obtained by electron beam irradiation at 75, 150, 300, and 600 kGy in atmospheric conditions and at room temperature using a linear accelerator of 5.5 MeV. The sawdust (S), in amounts of 5 and 15 phr, respectively, was used to act as a natural filler for the improvement of physical and chemical characteristics. The cross-linking effects were evaluated through sol-gel analysis, mechanical tests, and Fourier Transform Infrared FTIR spectroscopy comparatively with the classic method with dibenzoyl peroxide (P) applied on the same types of samples at high temperature. Gel fraction exhibits values over 98% but, in the case of P cross-linking, is necessary to add more sawdust (15 phr) to obtain the same results as in the case of electron beam (EB) cross-linking (5 phr/300 kGy). Even if the EB cross-linking and sawdust addition have a reinforcement effect on EPDM rubber, the medium irradiation dose of 300 kGy looks to be a limit to which or from which the properties of the composite are improved or deteriorated. The absorption behavior of the eco-composites was studied through water uptake tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Craciun
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, # 409 Atomistilor St., 077125 Magurele, Romania; (G.C.); (D.I.)
| | - Elena Manaila
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, # 409 Atomistilor St., 077125 Magurele, Romania; (G.C.); (D.I.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Daniel Ighigeanu
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, # 409 Atomistilor St., 077125 Magurele, Romania; (G.C.); (D.I.)
| | - Maria Daniela Stelescu
- National R&D Institute for Textile and Leather—Leather and Footwear Research Institute, # 93 Ion Minulescu St., 031215 Bucharest, Romania;
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Comparative evaluation of Clusia multiflora wood flour, against mineral fillers, as reinforcement in SBR rubber composites. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-019-00768-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
19
|
Manaila E, Stelescu MD, Craciun G. Degradation Studies Realized on Natural Rubber and Plasticized Potato Starch Based Eco-Composites Obtained by Peroxide Cross-Linking. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19102862. [PMID: 30241399 PMCID: PMC6212896 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The obtaining and characterization of some environmental-friendly composites that are based on natural rubber and plasticized starch, as filler, are presented. These were obtained by peroxide cross-linking in the presence of a polyfunctional monomer used here as cross-linking co-agent, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate. The influence of plasticized starch amount on the composites physical and mechanical characteristics, gel fraction and cross-link density, water uptake, structure and morphology before and after accelerated (thermal) degradation, and natural (for one year in temperate climate) ageing, was studied. Differences of two orders of magnitude between the degradation/aging methods were registered in the case of some mechanical characteristics, by increasing the plasticized starch amount. The cross-link density, water uptake and mass loss were also significant affected by the plasticized starch amount increasing and exposing for one year to natural ageing in temperate climate. Based on the results of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and cross-link density measurements, reaction mechanisms attributed to degradation induced by accelerated and natural ageing were done. SEM micrographs have confirmed in addition that by incorporating a quantity of hydrophilic starch amount over 20 phr and by exposing the composites to natural ageing, and then degradability can be enhanced by comparing with thermal degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Manaila
- Electron Accelerators Laboratory, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Street, 077125 Magurele, Romania.
| | - Maria Daniela Stelescu
- National R&D Institute for Textile and Leather-Leather and Footwear Research Institute, 93 Ion Minulescu Street, 031215 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Gabriela Craciun
- Electron Accelerators Laboratory, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Street, 077125 Magurele, Romania.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Stelescu MD, Manaila E, Craciun G, Chirila C. Development and Characterization of Polymer Eco-Composites Based on Natural Rubber Reinforced with Natural Fibers. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10070787. [PMID: 28773145 PMCID: PMC5551830 DOI: 10.3390/ma10070787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Natural rubber composites filled with short natural fibers (flax and sawdust) were prepared by blending procedure and the elastomer cross-linking was carried out using benzoyl peroxide. The microbial degradation of composites was carried out by incubating with Aspergillus niger recognized for the ability to grow and degrade a broad range of substrates. The extent of biodegradation was evaluated by weight loss and cross-linking degree study of composites after 2 months incubation in pure shake culture conditions. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) have proved to be precious and valuable instruments for morphological as well as structural characterization of the composites before and after incubation with Aspergillus niger.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Daniela Stelescu
- National R&D Institute for Textile and Leather-Leather and Footwear Research Institute, 93 Ion Minulescu St., 31215 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Elena Manaila
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Electron Accelerators Laboratory, 409 Atomistilor St., 077125 Magurele, Romania.
| | - Gabriela Craciun
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Electron Accelerators Laboratory, 409 Atomistilor St., 077125 Magurele, Romania.
| | - Corina Chirila
- National R&D Institute for Textile and Leather-Leather and Footwear Research Institute, 93 Ion Minulescu St., 31215 Bucharest, Romania.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Craciun G, Manaila E, Stelescu MD. New Elastomeric Materials Based on Natural Rubber Obtained by Electron Beam Irradiation for Food and Pharmaceutical Use. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 9:E999. [PMID: 28774150 PMCID: PMC5457009 DOI: 10.3390/ma9120999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The efficiency of polyfunctional monomers as cross-linking co-agents on the chemical properties of natural rubber vulcanized by electron beam irradiation was studied. The following polyfunctional monomers were used: trimethylolpropane-trimethacrylate, zinc-diacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, triallylcyanurate and triallylisocyanurate. The electron beam treatment was done using irradiation doses in the range of 75 kGy-300 kGy. The gel fraction, crosslink density and effects of different aqueous solutions, by absorption tests, have been investigated as a function of polyfunctional monomers type and absorbed dose. The samples gel fraction and crosslink density were determined on the basis of equilibrium solvent-swelling measurements by applying the modified Flory-Rehner equation for tetra functional networks. The absorption tests were done in accordance with the SR ISI 1817:2015 using distilled water, acetic acid (10%), sodium hydroxide (1%), ethylic alcohol (96%), physiological serum (sodium chloride 0.9%) and glucose (glucose monohydrate 10%). The samples structure and morphology were investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Craciun
- Electron Accelerators Laboratory, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor St., 077125 Magurele, Romania.
| | - Elena Manaila
- Electron Accelerators Laboratory, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor St., 077125 Magurele, Romania.
| | - Maria Daniela Stelescu
- National R&D Institute for Textile and Leather-Leather and Footwear Research Institute, 93 Ion Minulescu St., 031215 Bucharest, Romania.
| |
Collapse
|