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Kong D, Wu J, Kong X, Huang J, Zhao Y, Yang B, Zhao Q, Gu K. Effect of bolus materials on dose deposition in deep tissues during electron beam radiotherapy. J Radiat Res 2024; 65:215-222. [PMID: 38331401 PMCID: PMC10959426 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrae001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Several materials are utilized in the production of bolus, which is essential for superficial tumor radiotherapy. This research aimed to compare the variations in dose deposition in deep tissues during electron beam radiotherapy when employing different bolus materials. Specifically, the study developed general superficial tumor models (S-T models) and postoperative breast cancer models (P-B models). Each model comprised a bolus made of water, polylactic acid (PLA), polystyrene, silica-gel or glycerol. Geant4 was employed to simulate the transportation of electron beams within the studied models, enabling the acquisition of dose distributions along the central axis of the field. A comparison was conducted to assess the dose distributions in deep tissues. In regions where the percentage depth dose (PDD) decreases rapidly, the relative doses (RDs) in the S-T models with silica-gel bolus exhibited the highest values. Subsequently, RDs for PLA, glycerol and polystyrene boluses followed in descending order. Notably, the RDs for glycerol and polystyrene boluses were consistently below 1. Within the P-B models, RDs for all four bolus materials are consistently below 1. Among them, the smallest RDs are observed with the glycerol bolus, followed by silica-gel, PLA and polystyrene bolus in ascending order. As PDDs are ~1-3% or smaller, the differences in RDs diminish rapidly until are only around 10%. For the S-T and P-B models, polystyrene and glycerol are the most suitable bolus materials, respectively. The choice of appropriate bolus materials, tailored to the specific treatment scenario, holds significant importance in safeguarding deep tissues during radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Kong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, No. 1000, Hefeng Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jia Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, No. 1000, Hefeng Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xudong Kong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, No. 1000, Hefeng Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jianfeng Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, No. 1000, Hefeng Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yutian Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, No. 1000, Hefeng Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, No. 1000, Hefeng Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Pharmaceutical Department, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, No. 1000, Hefeng Road, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ke Gu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, No. 1000, Hefeng Road, Wuxi 214122, China
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Je M, Son HB, Han YJ, Jang H, Kim S, Kim D, Kang J, Jeong JH, Hwang C, Song G, Song HK, Ha TS, Park S. Formulating Electron Beam-Induced Covalent Linkages for Stable and High-Energy-Density Silicon Microparticle Anode. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2024; 11:e2305298. [PMID: 38233196 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
High-capacity silicon (Si) materials hold a position at the forefront of advanced lithium-ion batteries. The inherent potential offers considerable advantages for substantially increasing the energy density in batteries, capable of maximizing the benefit by changing the paradigm from nano- to micron-sized Si particles. Nevertheless, intrinsic structural instability remains a significant barrier to its practical application, especially for larger Si particles. Here, a covalently interconnected system is reported employing Si microparticles (5 µm) and a highly elastic gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) through electron beam irradiation. The integrated system mitigates the substantial volumetric expansion of pure Si, enhancing overall stability, while accelerating charge carrier kinetics due to the high ionic conductivity. Through the cost-effective but practical approach of electron beam technology, the resulting 500 mAh-pouch cell showed exceptional stability and high gravimetric/volumetric energy densities of 413 Wh kg-1, 1022 Wh L-1, highlighting the feasibility even in current battery production lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjun Je
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Bin Son
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Han
- Ulsan Advanced Energy Technology R&D Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Ulsan, 44776, Republic of Korea
| | - Hangeol Jang
- Ulsan Advanced Energy Technology R&D Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Ulsan, 44776, Republic of Korea
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongjoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jieun Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Chihyun Hwang
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science & Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Batteries Research Center, Korea Electronics Technology Institute (KETI), Gyeonggi-do, 13509, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyujin Song
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Ulsan Advanced Energy Technology R&D Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Ulsan, 44776, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Kon Song
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science & Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Soojin Park
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
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Zhong T, Zeng L, Yang J, Shu Y, Sun L, Li Z, Chen H, Liu G, Qiao Z, Qu Y, Xu D, Li L, Li L. Fabrication and Characterization of Silicon-Based Antimonene Thin Film via Electron Beam Evaporation. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:1090. [PMID: 38473562 DOI: 10.3390/ma17051090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Antimonene has attracted much attention due to its excellent characteristics of high carrier mobility, thermoelectric properties and high stability. It has great application prospects in Q-switched lasers, laser protection and spintronics. At present, the epitaxy growth of antimonene mainly depends on molecular beam epitaxy. We have successfully prepared antimonene films on silicon, germanium/silicon substrates for the first time using electron beam evaporation coating and studied the effects of the deposition rate and substrate on the preparation of antimonene; film characterization was performed via confocal microprobe Raman spectroscopy, via X-ray diffraction and using a scanning electron microscope. Raman spectroscopy showed that different deposition rates can lead to the formation of different structures of antimonene, such as α phase and β phase. At the same time, it was found that the growth of antimonene is also affected by different substrates and ion beams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhong
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Lina Zeng
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
- Key Laboratory of Laser Technology and Optoelectronic Functional Materials of Hainan Province, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
- Hainan International Joint Research Center for Semiconductor Lasers, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Junfeng Yang
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Yichao Shu
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Li Sun
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
- Key Laboratory of Laser Technology and Optoelectronic Functional Materials of Hainan Province, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
- Hainan International Joint Research Center for Semiconductor Lasers, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Zaijin Li
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
- Key Laboratory of Laser Technology and Optoelectronic Functional Materials of Hainan Province, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
- Hainan International Joint Research Center for Semiconductor Lasers, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Hao Chen
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
- Key Laboratory of Laser Technology and Optoelectronic Functional Materials of Hainan Province, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Guojun Liu
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
- Key Laboratory of Laser Technology and Optoelectronic Functional Materials of Hainan Province, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
- Hainan International Joint Research Center for Semiconductor Lasers, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Zhongliang Qiao
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
- Key Laboratory of Laser Technology and Optoelectronic Functional Materials of Hainan Province, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
- Hainan International Joint Research Center for Semiconductor Lasers, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Yi Qu
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
- Key Laboratory of Laser Technology and Optoelectronic Functional Materials of Hainan Province, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
- Hainan International Joint Research Center for Semiconductor Lasers, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Dongxin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Laser Technology and Optoelectronic Functional Materials of Hainan Province, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Lianhe Li
- Hainan International Joint Research Center for Semiconductor Lasers, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Lin Li
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
- Key Laboratory of Laser Technology and Optoelectronic Functional Materials of Hainan Province, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
- Hainan International Joint Research Center for Semiconductor Lasers, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
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Schütte F, Mayr SG. Electron Beam-Modified Collagen Type I Fibers: Synthesis and Characterization of Mechanical Response. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2024; 10:782-790. [PMID: 38262427 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c01072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Ten MeV electron beam treatment facilitates a biomimetic introduction of cross-links in collagenous biopolymer systems, modifying their viscoelastic properties, mechanical stability, and swelling behavior. For reconstituted collagen type I fibers, electron-induced cross-linking opens up new perspectives regarding future biomedical applications in terms of tissue and ligament engineering. We demonstrate how electron irradiation affects stiffness both in low-strain regimes and in postyield regimes of biocompatible reconstituted rat tail collagen type I fibers. Stress-strain tests show a dose-dependent increase in modulus in the nonlinear elastic response, indicating a central role of induced cross-links in mechanical stability. Environmental scanning electron microscopy after fiber rupture reveals aligned distributed collagen fibril domains under the fiber surface for as-prepared fibers, accompanied by a ductile fracture behavior, whereas, in tensile tests imaged by light microscopy after 10 MeV electron treatment, isotropic network topologies are observed until the occurrence of a brittle type of rupture. Based on the biomimicry of the process, these findings might pave the way for a novel type of synthesis of tailored tendon or ligament substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Schütte
- Biocompatible and Bioactive Surfaces, Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Division of Surface Physics, Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan G Mayr
- Biocompatible and Bioactive Surfaces, Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Division of Surface Physics, Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Leipzig, Linnéstr. 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Sengupta B, DeFillippo G, Sohn JJ, Yadav P, Das IJ. Out of field scatter from electron applicator in modern linear accelerators. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2024:e14265. [PMID: 38335230 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.14265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electron out-of-field scatter is generally not given importance mainly in electron fields. However, this is important when applicator down and boost treatments are given usually at an angle from the central axis. The electron scatter dose is found to be far away from the central axis which could be easily ignored. PURPOSE This study aims to investigate the out-of-field radiation doses from electron applicators and their effects on clinical treatment. By identifying the parameters that contribute to out-of-field doses and to explore potential strategies for reducing these doses in order to improve patient outcomes from modern machines. METHODS Measurements were performed in water phantom using electron diode for modern Elekta and Varian machines. Dose profiles were acquired at surface and dmax with 0° and 90° collimation angle. Various gantry angles were also studied for some data with IC Profiler. The profiles were normalized with respect to the central axis dose. RESULTS The scatter dose peaks were found at a distance between 11 and 28 cm from the central axis on all machines. However, the peak shifts to 15 cm at 90° collimator when beam is tilted. The position and intensity of the dose varies with depth, collimator, and gantry angles for both Elekta and Varian machines. Due to clearance issues more gantry angles were studied for Elekta applicator compared to Varian. In general, Varian TrueBeam has a lower scatter that Elekta Infinity. The 90° collimator angle has a higher scatter compared to zero degree for both machines. CONCLUSIONS There are clinically significant peripheral doses around 3% of the central axis dose from the electron applicator. Elekta has a slightly higher scatter (3%) than Varian (2%) that peaks at 25 cm which is clinically important but often overlooked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishwambhar Sengupta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwest Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Greg DeFillippo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwest Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - James J Sohn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwest Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Poonam Yadav
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwest Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Indra J Das
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwest Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Wahyono T, Ujilestari T, Sholikin MM, Muhlisin M, Cahyadi M, Volkandari SD, Triyannanto E. Quality of pork after electron-beam irradiation: A meta-analysis study. Vet World 2024; 17:59-71. [PMID: 38406359 PMCID: PMC10884575 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.59-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Irradiation has become a preferred method for pork preservation in recent years. Electron-beam irradiation is notably recognized for its feasibility and safety among various irradiation methods. This meta-analysis study aims to elucidate the impact of electron-beam irradiation on oxidation parameters, color, sensory attributes, and microbiological conditions in pork. Materials and Methods A total of 79 data from 22 articles were aggregated into an extensive database. The irradiation dose ranged from 0 to 20 kGy in this current meta-analysis. The observed parameters encompassed oxidation, color, sensory attributes, and microbiological conditions. A mixed-model approach was used to perform the meta-data analysis, in which irradiation dose was treated as fixed effects and distinct studies (articles) as random effects. Results Electron-beam irradiation resulted in an increase in thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances levels and peroxide-oxygen value of pork (p < 0.01). Conversely, total volatile-base-nitrogen values (p < 0.05) were observed. Following irradiation, the pH value, lightness (L*), redness (a*), and yellowness (b*) remained unaffected. Pork color tended to decrease after irradiation treatment (p = 0.095 and p = 0.079, respectively) at 7 and 14 days of storage. The irradiation process resulted in an increase in the values of texture and juiciness parameters (p < 0.05). However, electron-beam irradiation resulted in decreased overall acceptability (p = 0.089). In terms of microbiological status, electron-beam irradiation led to a reduction in the populations of Salmonella (p < 0.01), Escherichia coli (p < 0.01), Listeria monocytogenes (p < 0.05), and coliforms (p < 0.05) at 7 and 14 days of storage. Conclusion Electron-beam irradiation enhances lipid peroxidation in porcine meat. The color of the meat remained unchanged after treatment. However, with regard to sensory properties, electron-beam irradiation showed a tendency to decreased overall acceptability. Most microbiological parameters decreased following electron-beam irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teguh Wahyono
- Research Center for Food Technology and Processing, National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia, Gunungkidul 55861, Indonesia
| | - Tri Ujilestari
- Research Center for Food Technology and Processing, National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia, Gunungkidul 55861, Indonesia
| | - Mohammad Miftakhus Sholikin
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia, Bogor 16911, Indonesia
| | - Muhlisin Muhlisin
- Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sleman 55281, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Cahyadi
- Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta 57126, Indonesia
| | - Slamet Diah Volkandari
- Research Center for Food Technology and Processing, National Research and Innovation Agency of Indonesia, Gunungkidul 55861, Indonesia
| | - Endy Triyannanto
- Faculty of Animal Science, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Sleman 55281, Indonesia
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Mignon A, Zimmer J, Gutierrez Cisneros C, Kühnert M, Derveaux E, Daikos O, Scherzer T, Adriaensens P, Schulze A. Electron-Beam-Initiated Crosslinking of Methacrylated Alginate and Diacrylated Poly(ethylene glycol) Hydrogels. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4685. [PMID: 38139937 PMCID: PMC10747465 DOI: 10.3390/polym15244685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
An ideal wound dressing not only needs to absorb excess exudate but should also allow for a moist wound-healing environment as well as being mechanically strong. Such a dressing can be achieved by combining both a natural (alginate) and synthetic (poly(ethylene glycol) polymer. Interestingly, using an electron beam on (meth)acrylated polymers allows their covalent crosslinking without the use of toxic photo-initiators. The goal of this work was to crosslink alginate at different methacrylation degrees (26.1 and 53.5% of the repeating units) with diacrylated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEGDA) using electron-beam irradiation at different doses to create strong, transparent hydrogels. Infrared spectroscopy showed that both polymers were homogeneously distributed within the irradiated hydrogel. Rheology showed that the addition of PEGDA into alginate with a high degree of methacrylation and a polymer concentration of 6 wt/v% improved the storage modulus up to 15,867 ± 1102 Pa. Gel fractions > 90% and swelling ratios ranging from 10 to 250 times its own weight were obtained. It was observed that the higher the storage modulus, the more limited the swelling ratio due to a more crosslinked network. Finally, all species were highly transparent, with transmittance values > 80%. This may be beneficial for the visual inspection of healing progression. Furthermore, these polymers may eventually be used as carriers of photosensitizers, which is favorable in applications such as photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arn Mignon
- Smart Polymeric Biomaterials, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Campus Group T, KU Leuven, Andreas Vesaliusstraat 13, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Department of Surfaces of Porous Membrane Filters, Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (J.Z.); (M.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Joanne Zimmer
- Department of Surfaces of Porous Membrane Filters, Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (J.Z.); (M.K.); (A.S.)
- Institute for Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Hochschulstraße 8, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Carolina Gutierrez Cisneros
- Smart Polymeric Biomaterials, Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Campus Group T, KU Leuven, Andreas Vesaliusstraat 13, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Mathias Kühnert
- Department of Surfaces of Porous Membrane Filters, Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (J.Z.); (M.K.); (A.S.)
| | - Elien Derveaux
- Analytical and Circular Chemistry (ACC), NMR Group, Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Hasselt University, Agoralaan-Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (E.D.); (P.A.)
| | - Olesya Daikos
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Material Characterization and Analytics, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (O.D.); (T.S.)
| | - Tom Scherzer
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Material Characterization and Analytics, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (O.D.); (T.S.)
| | - Peter Adriaensens
- Analytical and Circular Chemistry (ACC), NMR Group, Institute for Materials Research (IMO-IMOMEC), Hasselt University, Agoralaan-Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (E.D.); (P.A.)
| | - Agnes Schulze
- Department of Surfaces of Porous Membrane Filters, Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (J.Z.); (M.K.); (A.S.)
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Li Q, Sun Y, Zhao H, Gao Z, Zhai D. Structure and properties of the acellular porcine cornea irradiated with electron beam and its in-situ implantation. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2023; 111:2013-2024. [PMID: 37477184 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Different sterilization doses of the electron beam (E-beam) will change the properties of biomaterials and affect their clinical application. Acellular porcine cornea (APC) is a promising corneal substitute to alleviate the shortage of corneal resources. The residual DNA was significantly reduced to 18.50 ± 3.19 ng/mg, and the clearance rate of α-Gal was close to 100% after the treatment with freezing-thawing combined enzyme, indicating that the decellularization was effective. The effects of different E-beam doses at 0, 2, 8, 15, and 25 kGy on the APC were studied. With the increase in irradiation dose, the transmittance, tensile strength, and swelling ratio of APC gradually decreased, but the resistance to enzymatic degradation was stronger than that of non-irradiated APC, especially at 8 kGy. The structure of APC was denser after irradiation, but the dose of 25 kGy could cause partial collagen fiber fracture and increase the pore size. The cell viability of the APC irradiated by 15 and 25 kGy were greater than 80%. After the implantation in rabbit corneas, there was no obvious neovascularization and inflammation, but the dose of 25 kGy had a more destructive effect on the chemical bonds of collagen, which made the APC easier to be degraded. The thickness of APC in the 25 kGy group was thinner than that in the 15 kGy group 1 year after surgery, and the epithelium grew more slowly, so the E-beam dose of 15 kGy might be more suitable for the sterilization of APC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yajun Sun
- Research and Development Center, Qingdao Chunghao Tissue Engineering Co., Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Haibin Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhiyong Gao
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Dongjie Zhai
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Bourgouin A, Paz-Martín J, Gedik YC, Frei F, Peier P, Rossomme S, Schönfeld AA, Schüller A, Rodriguez FG, Kapsch RP. Charge collection efficiency of commercially available parallel-plate ionisation chambers in ultra-high dose-per-pulse electron beams. Phys Med Biol 2023; 68:235002. [PMID: 37934049 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ad0a58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective. This investigation aims to experimentally determine the charge collection efficiency (CCE) of six commercially available parallel-plate ionisation chamber (PPIC) models in ultra-high dose-per-pulse (UHDPP) electron beams.Approach. The CCE of 22 PPICs has been measured in UHDPP electron beams at the National Metrology Institution of Germany (PTB). The CCE was determined for a dose per pulse (DPP) range between 0.1 and 6.4 Gy (pulse duration of 2.5μs). The results obtained with the different PPICs were compared to evaluate the reproducibility, intra- and inter-model variation, and the performance of a CCE empirical model.Main results. The intra-model variation was, on average, 4.0%, which is more than three times the total combined relative standard uncertainty and was found to be greater at higher DPP (up to 20%). The inter-model variation for the PPIC with 2 mm electrode spacing, which was found to be, on average, 10%, was also significant compared to the relative uncertainty and the intra-model variation. The observed CCE variation could not be explained only by the expected deviation of the electrode spacing from the nominal value within the manufacturing tolerance. It should also be noted that a substantial polarity effect, between 0.914(5) and 1.201(3), was observed, and significant intra- and inter-model variation was observed on this effect.Significance. For research and pre-clinical study, the commercially available PPIC with a well-known CCE (directly measured for the specific chamber) and with a small electrode spacing could be used for relative and absolute dosimetry with a lower-limit uncertainty of 1.6% (k= 1) in the best case. However, to use a PPIC as a secondary standard in UHDPP electron beams for clinical purposes would require new model development to reduce the ion recombination, the polarity effect, and the total standard uncertainty on the dose measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Bourgouin
- Dosimetry for Radiation Therapy and Diagnostic Radiology, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jose Paz-Martín
- Departamento de Física de Partículas, Universidad de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Yunus Can Gedik
- Nuclear Energy Research Institute (NÜKEN), Turkish Energy Nuclear and Mineral Research Agency (TENMAK), Ankara, Turkey
| | - Franziska Frei
- Eidgenössisches Institut für Metrologie (METAS), Bern-Wabern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Peier
- Eidgenössisches Institut für Metrologie (METAS), Bern-Wabern, Switzerland
| | | | - Andreas A Schönfeld
- Sun Nuclear, A Mirion Medical Company, Melbourne, FL, United States of America
| | - Andreas Schüller
- Dosimetry for Radiation Therapy and Diagnostic Radiology, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Ralf-Peter Kapsch
- Dosimetry for Radiation Therapy and Diagnostic Radiology, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig, Germany
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Rezzoug M, Zerfaoui M, Oulhouq Y, Rrhioua A. Using PRIMO to determine the initial beam parameters of Elekta Synergy linac for electron beam energies of 6, 9, 12, and 15 MeV. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother 2023; 28:592-600. [PMID: 38179294 PMCID: PMC10764041 DOI: 10.5603/rpor.96865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this research was to establish the primary electron beam characteristics for an Elekta Synergy linear accelerator. In this task, we take advantage of the PRIMO Monte Carlo software, where the model developed contains the majority of the component materials of the Linac. Materials and methods For all energies, the Elekta Linac electron mode and 14 × 14 cm2 applicator were chosen. To obtain percentage depth dose (PDD) curves, a homogeneous water phantom was voxelized in a 1 × 1 × 0.1 cm3 grid along the central axis. At the reference depth, the dose profile was recorded in 0.1 × 1 × 1 cm3 voxels. Iterative changes were made to the initial beams mean energy and full width at half maximum (FWHM) of energy in order to keep the conformity of the simulated and measured dose curves within. To confirm simulation results, the Gamma analysis was performed with acceptance criteria of 2 mm - 2%. From the validated calculation, the parameters of the PDD and profile curve (R100, R50, Rp, and field size) were collected. Results Initial mean energies of 7.3, 9.85, 12.9, and 15.7 MeV were obtained for nominal energies of 6, 9, 12, and 15, respectively. The PRIMO Monte Carlo model for Elekta Synergy was precisely validated. Conclusions PRIMO is an easy-to-use software program that can calculate dose distribution in water phantoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Rezzoug
- LPMR, Mohammed First University, Faculty of Science, Oujda-Angad, Morocco
| | - Mustapha Zerfaoui
- LPMR, Mohammed First University, Faculty of Science, Oujda-Angad, Morocco
| | - Yassine Oulhouq
- LPMR, Mohammed First University, Faculty of Science, Oujda-Angad, Morocco
| | - Abdeslem Rrhioua
- LPMR, Mohammed First University, Faculty of Science, Oujda-Angad, Morocco
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11
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Nishi Y, Tsuyuki N, Uchida HT, Faudree MC, Sagawa K, Kanda M, Matsumura Y, Salvia M, Kimura H. Increasing Bending Strength of Polycarbonate Reinforced by Carbon Fiber Irradiated by Electron Beam. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4350. [PMID: 38006075 PMCID: PMC10674229 DOI: 10.3390/polym15224350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In an interlayered carbon fiber-reinforced polycarbonate polymer (CFRPC) composite composed of three sized of CF plies, alternating between four PC sheets, designated [PC]4[CF]3, and a new process of activating CF cross-weave cloth plies directly on both sides with homogeneous low-energy electron beam irradiation (HLEBI) before lamination assembly and hot pressing at 6.0 MPa and 537 K for 8 min was produced. Experimental results show that a dose of 215 kGy of HLEBI raised the bending strength, σb, at each experimental accumulative probability, Pa, with the σb at a median Pa of 0.50, increasing by 25% over that of the untreated sample. Three-parameter Weibull analysis showed that when quality can be controlled, a dose of 215 kGy of HLEBI can raise the statistically lowest bending strength, σs, at Pa = 0 (94.3 Mpa), with a high correlation coefficient. This is because, although it had a higher bending strength than that in the other experimental conditions, the weakest sample of the 215 kGy data set had a much lower σb value than that of the others. Electron spin resonance (ESR) of the CF showed that naturally occurring dangling bonds in CF were increased at 215 kGy. Charge transfer to the PC occurs, apparently generating stronger bonds, which are possibly covalent, resulting in enhanced adhesion at the CF-PC interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitake Nishi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tokai University, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan; (Y.N.); (N.T.); (H.T.U.); (K.S.); (M.K.); (Y.M.); (H.K.)
- Graduate School of Science & Technology, Tokai University, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan
- Laboratoire de Génie Electrique et Ferroéléctricité (LGEF), INSA Lyon, CEDEX, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
- Ecole Centrale de Lyon, CEDEX, 69134 Ecully, France;
- Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (KISTEC), Ebina 243-0435, Japan
| | - Naruya Tsuyuki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tokai University, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan; (Y.N.); (N.T.); (H.T.U.); (K.S.); (M.K.); (Y.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Helmut Takahiro Uchida
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tokai University, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan; (Y.N.); (N.T.); (H.T.U.); (K.S.); (M.K.); (Y.M.); (H.K.)
- Graduate School of Science & Technology, Tokai University, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan
| | - Michael C. Faudree
- Graduate School of Science & Technology, Tokai University, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan
- Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science, Tokyo City University, Yokohama 224-8551, Japan
| | - Kouhei Sagawa
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tokai University, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan; (Y.N.); (N.T.); (H.T.U.); (K.S.); (M.K.); (Y.M.); (H.K.)
| | - Masae Kanda
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tokai University, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan; (Y.N.); (N.T.); (H.T.U.); (K.S.); (M.K.); (Y.M.); (H.K.)
- Laboratoire de Génie Electrique et Ferroéléctricité (LGEF), INSA Lyon, CEDEX, 69621 Villeurbanne, France
- Center of Applied Superconductivity & Sustainable Energy Research, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Matsumura
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tokai University, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan; (Y.N.); (N.T.); (H.T.U.); (K.S.); (M.K.); (Y.M.); (H.K.)
- Graduate School of Science & Technology, Tokai University, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan
| | | | - Hideki Kimura
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tokai University, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan; (Y.N.); (N.T.); (H.T.U.); (K.S.); (M.K.); (Y.M.); (H.K.)
- Graduate School of Science & Technology, Tokai University, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan
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12
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Baghani HR, Robatjazi M. Evaluating the induced photon contamination by different breast IOERT shields using Monte Carlo simulation. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2023; 24:e14098. [PMID: 37461859 PMCID: PMC10647956 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.14098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Avoiding the underlying healthy tissue over-exposure during breast intraoperative electron radiotherapy (IOERT) is owing to the use of some dedicated radioprotection disks during patient irradiation. The originated contaminant photons from some widely used double-layered shielding disks including PMMA+Cu, PTFE+steel, and Al+Pb configurations during the breast IOERT have been evaluated through a Monte Carlo (MC) simulation approach. METHODS Produced electron beam with energies of 6, 8, 10, and 12 MeV by a validated MC model of Liac12 dedicated IOERT accelerator was used for disk irradiations. Each of above-mentioned radioprotection disks was simulated inside a water phantom, so that the upper disk surface was positioned at R90 depth of each considered electron energy. Simulations were performed by MCNPX (version 2.6.0) MC code. Then, the energy spectra of the contaminant photons at different disk surfaces (upper, middle, and lower one) and relevant contaminant dose beneath the studied disks were determined and compared. RESULTS None of studied shielding disks show significant photon contamination up to 10 MeV electron energy, so that the induced photon dose by the contaminant X-rays was lower than those observed in the disk absence under the same conditions. In return, the induced photon dose at a close distance to the lower disk surface exceeded from calculated values in the disk absence at 12 MeV electron energy. The best performance in contaminant dose reduction at the energy range of 6-10 MeV belonged to the Al+Pb disk, while the PMMA+Cu configuration showed the best performance in this regard at 12 MeV energy. CONCLUSION Finally, it can be concluded that all studied shielding disks not only don't produce considerable photon contamination but also absorb the originated X-rays from electron interactions with water at the electron energy range of 6-10 MeV. The only concern is related to 12 MeV energy where the induced photon dose exceeds the dose values in the disk absence. Nevertheless, the administered dose by contaminant photons to underlying healthy tissues remains beneath the tolerance dose level by these organs at the entire range of studied electron energies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mostafa Robatjazi
- Medical Physics and Radiological Sciences DepartmentSabzevar University of Medical SciencesSabzevarIran
- Non‐communicable Disease Research CenterSabzevar University of Medical SciencesSabzevarIran
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Miao P, Sang Y, Gao J, Han X, Zhao Y, Chen T. Adsorption and Recognition Property of Tyrosine Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Prepared via Electron Beam Irradiation. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4048. [PMID: 37896292 PMCID: PMC10610430 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
To realize the selective separation of L-tyrosine (L-Tyr) and avoid the drawbacks of traditional thermal polymerization, electron beam irradiation polymerization was developed for the fabrication of L-Tyr molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). Firstly, L-Tyr MIPs were prepared with methacrylic acid and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and without an initiator. Then, the influence of absorbed dosage and temperature on the adsorption capacity of L-Tyr, as well as the thermodynamic behavior, were investigated. The maximum adsorption capacity of 10.96 mg/g for MIPs was obtained with an irradiation dosage of 340 kGy under 15 °C, and the ΔH0 and ΔS0 of the adsorption process are -99.79 kJ/mol and -0.31 kJ/mol·K, respectively. In addition, the effect of adsorption time on adsorption performance was evaluated under different initial concentrations, and the kinetic behavior was fitted with four different models. Finally, the recognition property of the obtained MIPs was investigated with L-Tyr and two analogues. The obtained MIPs have an imprinting factor of 5.1 and relatively high selective coefficients of 3.9 and 3.5 against L-tryptophan and L-phenylalanine, respectively. This work not only provided an L-Tyr MIP with high adsorption capacity and selectivity but also provided an effective and clean method for the synthesis of MIPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jie Gao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Radiation Chemistry and Functional Materials, School of Pharmacy, School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China; (P.M.); (Y.S.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.)
| | | | | | - Tao Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Radiation Chemistry and Functional Materials, School of Pharmacy, School of Nuclear Technology and Chemistry & Biology, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning 437100, China; (P.M.); (Y.S.); (X.H.); (Y.Z.)
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Saminathan S, Kannan M, Ganesh KM, Mazarello J, Fernandes R. Characteristics Performance of Newly Developed Parallel Plate Chamber in Electron Beams. J Med Phys 2023; 48:333-337. [PMID: 38223789 PMCID: PMC10783180 DOI: 10.4103/jmp.jmp_76_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate the dosimetric performance of newly developed parallel plate chamber in electron beams. Materials and Methods Rosalina Instruments India Private Limited (Mumbai, Maharashtra, India) has designed and fabricated PRATT2 parallel plate chamber. The various dosimetric characteristics, including pre- and post-irradiation leakage, stability, polarity effect, chamber response with bias voltage, dose linearity, dose rate effect, and chamber absorbed dose calibration, were performed for the developed chamber. The electron beam energies of 4, 6, 8, and 15MeV were used in this study. Results The pre- and post-irradiation leakage of the developed chamber was within the acceptable limit. The chamber shows good stability over the electron beams used in this study. The maximum error in polarity effect was 0.7% for the developed chamber. The chamber shows the good linear response with dose, and its response is independent of the dose rate for all electron beams. The beam quality correction factor (kQ, Q0) was determined for the all electron beam energies, which was used for determination absorbed dose in electron beams. Discussion The developed parallel plate chamber (PRATT2) is suitable for dosimetry of electron beams in radiotherapy. The chamber is cost effective and shows precise and reproducible response. The study carried out confirms that the newly designed and fabricated ion chamber can be used in the measurement of absorbed dose for therapeutic electron beams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathiyan Saminathan
- Department of Radiation Physics, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Mageshraja Kannan
- Department of Radiation Physics, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - K. M. Ganesh
- Department of Radiation Physics, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Zheng L, Dang Z, Ding D, Liu Z, Dai Y, Lu J, Fang Z. Electron-Induced Chirality-Selective Routing of Valley Photons via Metallic Nanostructure. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2204908. [PMID: 36877955 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Valleytronics in 2D transition metal dichalcogenides has raised a great impact in nanophotonic information processing and transport as it provides the pseudospin degree of freedom for carrier control. The imbalance of carrier occupation in inequivalent valleys can be achieved by external stimulations such as helical light and electric field. With metasurfaces, it is feasible to separate the valley exciton in real space and momentum space, which is significant for logical nanophotonic circuits. However, the control of valley-separated far-field emission by a single nanostructure is rarely reported, despite the fact that it is crucial for subwavelength research of valley-dependent directional emission. Here, it is demonstrated that the electron beam permits the chirality-selective routing of valley photons in a monolayer WS2 with Au nanostructures. The electron beam can locally excite valley excitons and regulate the coupling between excitons and nanostructures, hence controlling the interference effect of multipolar electric modes in nanostructures. Therefore, the separation degree can be modified by steering the electron beam, exhibiting the capability of subwavelength control of valley separation. This work provides a novel method to create and resolve the variation of valley emission distribution in momentum space, paving the way for the design of future nanophotonic integrated devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liheng Zheng
- School of Physics, State Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, and Nano-optoelectronics Frontier Center of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Zhibo Dang
- School of Physics, State Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, and Nano-optoelectronics Frontier Center of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Dongdong Ding
- School of Physics, State Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, and Nano-optoelectronics Frontier Center of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Zhixin Liu
- School of Physics, State Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, and Nano-optoelectronics Frontier Center of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yuchen Dai
- School of Physics, State Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, and Nano-optoelectronics Frontier Center of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Jianming Lu
- School of Physics, State Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, and Nano-optoelectronics Frontier Center of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Zheyu Fang
- School of Physics, State Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, and Nano-optoelectronics Frontier Center of Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
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Klimenov V, Kolubaev E, Anatoly K, Chumaevskii A, Ustinov A, Strelkova I, Rubtsov V, Gurianov D, Han Z, Nikonov S, Batranin A, Khimich M. Influence of the Coarse Grain Structure of a Titanium Alloy Ti-4Al-3V Formed by Wire-Feed Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing on Strain Inhomogeneities and Fracture. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:ma16113901. [PMID: 37297034 DOI: 10.3390/ma16113901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this work, based on the multilevel approach, the features of the structure and properties of titanium alloy, formed during high-performance additive manufacturing by wire-feed electron beam technology, were studied. Methods of non-destructive X-ray control and tomography, along with optical and scanning electron microscopy, were used to study the structure at different scale levels of the sample material. The mechanical properties of the material under stress were revealed via the simultaneous observation of the peculiarities of deformation development, using a Vic 3D laser scanning unit. Using microstructural and macrostructural data, as well as fractography, the interrelations of structure and material properties caused by the technological features of the printing process and the composition of used welding wire were revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasily Klimenov
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Division for Materials Science at SAMT TPU, Lenina pr. 30, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - Evgeny Kolubaev
- Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademicheskiy pr. 2/4, Tomsk 634055, Russia
| | - Klopotov Anatoly
- Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building, Department of Applied Mechanics and Materials Science, Solyanaya Sq. 2, Tomsk 634003, Russia
| | - Andrey Chumaevskii
- Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademicheskiy pr. 2/4, Tomsk 634055, Russia
| | - Artem Ustinov
- Tomsk State University of Architecture and Building, Department of Applied Mechanics and Materials Science, Solyanaya Sq. 2, Tomsk 634003, Russia
| | - Irina Strelkova
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Division for Materials Science at SAMT TPU, Lenina pr. 30, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - Valery Rubtsov
- Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademicheskiy pr. 2/4, Tomsk 634055, Russia
| | - Denis Gurianov
- Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademicheskiy pr. 2/4, Tomsk 634055, Russia
| | - Zeli Han
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Division for Materials Science at SAMT TPU, Lenina pr. 30, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - Sergey Nikonov
- Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademicheskiy pr. 2/4, Tomsk 634055, Russia
| | - Andrey Batranin
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Division for Materials Science at SAMT TPU, Lenina pr. 30, Tomsk 634050, Russia
| | - Margarita Khimich
- Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Science Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademicheskiy pr. 2/4, Tomsk 634055, Russia
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Masaki T, Calvo FA. Editorial: Intraoperative radiotherapy for gastrointestinal malignancy: updated evidence. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1217402. [PMID: 37256182 PMCID: PMC10225728 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1217402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Felipe A. Calvo
- Department of Oncology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, School of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
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Yanagi Y, Monzen H, Kubo K, Sugiyama J, Noma K, Ito T, Sakai Y, Nakamura K, Kida T, Doi H, Nishimura Y. Comparison of the Characteristics of Two Types of Parallel-plate Ionization Chamber Under Small-field Electron Irradiation. Anticancer Res 2023; 43:1967-1972. [PMID: 37097686 DOI: 10.21873/anticanres.16356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM This study compared two types of parallel-plate ionization chamber to clarify the pitfalls of dosimetry in electron radiation therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS The ion recombination correction factor and polarity effect correction factor, sensitivity, and percentage depth doses (PDDs) of PPC05 and PPC40 parallel-plate ionization chambers were compared in a small-field electron beam. The output ratios were measured for 4-20 MeV electron beams with field sizes of 10 cm × 10 cm, 6 cm × 6 cm, and 4 cm × 4 cm. Furthermore, the films were placed in water and positioned in the beam with their surface perpendicular to the beam axis, and lateral profiles were obtained for each beam energy and each field. RESULTS Regarding PDDs, at depths greater than the peak dose, the percentage depth dose for PPC40 was smaller than that for PPC05 in small fields and at beam energies greater than 12 MeV, which could be attributed to the lack of lateral electron equilibrium at small depths and multiple scattering events at large depths. The output ratio of PPC40 was approximately 0.025-0.038, which was lower than that of PPC05 in a 4 cm × 4 cm field. For large fields, the lateral profiles were similar, regardless of the beam energy, however, for small fields, the flatness of the lateral profile was beam energy dependent. CONCLUSION The PPC05 chamber, which has a smaller ionization volume, is therefore more suitable than the PPC40 chamber for small-field electron dosimetry, in particular at high beam energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Yanagi
- Department of Medical Physics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kindai University, Osakasayama, Japan;
- Department of Radiology, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Otsu, Japan
| | - Hajime Monzen
- Department of Medical Physics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kindai University, Osakasayama, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kubo
- Department of Medical Physics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kindai University, Osakasayama, Japan
| | - Junko Sugiyama
- Department of Radiology, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Otsu, Japan
| | - Kazuo Noma
- Department of Radiology, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Otsu, Japan
| | - Takaaki Ito
- Department of Medical Physics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kindai University, Osakasayama, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sakai
- Department of Medical Physics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kindai University, Osakasayama, Japan
| | - Kenji Nakamura
- Department of Medical Physics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kindai University, Osakasayama, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kida
- Department of Radiology, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Otsu, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Doi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osakasayama, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Nishimura
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osakasayama, Japan
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Manaila E, Demeter M, Calina IC, Craciun G. NaAlg-g-AA Hydrogels: Candidates in Sustainable Agriculture Applications. Gels 2023; 9:gels9040316. [PMID: 37102928 PMCID: PMC10138036 DOI: 10.3390/gels9040316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the degradation of agricultural soil due to various factors should be a major concern for everyone. In this study, a new sodium alginate-g-acrylic acid-based hydrogel was developed simultaneously by cross-linking and grafting with accelerated electrons to be used as soil remediation. The effect of irradiation dose and NaAlg contents on the gel fraction, network and structural parameters, sol-gel analysis, swelling power, and swelling kinetics of NaAlg-g-AA hydrogels have been investigated. It was demonstrated that NaAlg hydrogels show significative swelling power that is greatly dependent on their composition and irradiation dose; they keep the structure and are not degraded in different pH conditions and different water sources. Diffusion data revealed a non-Fickian transport mechanism (0.61-0.99) also specific to cross-linked hydrogels. The prepared hydrogels were proved as excellent candidates in sustainable agriculture applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Manaila
- Electron Accelerators Laboratory, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor St., 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Maria Demeter
- Electron Accelerators Laboratory, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor St., 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Ion Cosmin Calina
- Electron Accelerators Laboratory, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor St., 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Gabriela Craciun
- Electron Accelerators Laboratory, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor St., 077125 Magurele, Romania
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Takeda K, Kimura H, Faudree MC, Uchida HT, Sagawa K, Miura E, Salvia M, Nishi Y. A New Strengthening Process for Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Thermoplastic Polyphenylene Sulfide (CFRTP-PPS) Interlayered Composite by Electron Beam Irradiation to PPS Prior to Lamination Assembly and Hot Press. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:2823. [PMID: 37049117 PMCID: PMC10095844 DOI: 10.3390/ma16072823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Impact by hailstone, volcanic rock, bird strike, or also dropping tools can cause damage to aircraft materials. For maximum safety, the goal is to increase Charpy impact strength (auc) of a carbon-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic polyphenylene sulfide polymer (CFRTP-PPS) composite for potential application to commercial aircraft parts. The layup was three cross-weave CF plies alternating between four PPS plies, [PPS-CF-PPS-CF-PPS-CF-PPS], designated [PPS]4[CF]3. To strengthen, a new process for CFRP-PPS was employed applying homogeneous low voltage electron beam irradiation (HLEBI) to both sides of PPS plies prior to lamination assembly with untreated CF, followed by hot press under 4.0 MPa at 573 K for 8 min. Experimental results showed a 5 kGy HLEBI dose was at or near optimum, increasing auc at each accumulative probability, Pf. Optical microscopy of 5 kGy sample showed a reduction in main crack width with significantly reduced CF separation and pull-out; while, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron dispersive X-ray (EDS) mapping showed PPS adhering to CF. Electron spin resonance (ESR) of a 5 kGy sample indicated lengthening of PPS chains as evidenced by a reduction in dangling bond peak. It Is assumed that 5 kGy HLEBI creates strong bonds at the interface while strengthening the PPS bulk. A model is proposed to illustrate the possible strengthening mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Takeda
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tokai University, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan
| | - Hideki Kimura
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tokai University, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan
- Graduate School of Science & Technology, Tokai University, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan
| | - Michael C. Faudree
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tokai University, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan
- Graduate School of Science & Technology, Tokai University, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan
- Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science, Tokyo City University, Yokohama 224-8551, Japan
| | | | - Kohei Sagawa
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tokai University, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan
| | - Eiichi Miura
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tokai University, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan
- Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (KISTEC), Ebina 243-0435, Japan
| | - Michelle Salvia
- Laboratory of Tribology and Dynamics of Systems (LTDS), Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 69134 Ecully, CEDEX, France
| | - Yoshitake Nishi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tokai University, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan
- Graduate School of Science & Technology, Tokai University, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan
- Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (KISTEC), Ebina 243-0435, Japan
- Laboratory of Tribology and Dynamics of Systems (LTDS), Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 69134 Ecully, CEDEX, France
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21
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Dyck O, Lupini AR, Jesse S. Atom-by-Atom Direct Writing. Nano Lett 2023; 23:2339-2346. [PMID: 36877825 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Direct-write processes enable the alteration or deposition of materials in a continuous, directable, sequential fashion. In this work, we demonstrate an electron beam direct-write process in an aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope. This process has several fundamental differences from conventional electron-beam-induced deposition techniques, where the electron beam dissociates precursor gases into chemically reactive products that bond to a substrate. Here, we use elemental tin (Sn) as a precursor and employ a different mechanism to facilitate deposition. The atomic-sized electron beam is used to generate chemically reactive point defects at desired locations in a graphene substrate. Temperature control of the sample is used to enable the precursor atoms to migrate across the surface and bond to the defect sites, thereby enabling atom-by-atom direct writing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Dyck
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Andrew R Lupini
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Stephen Jesse
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
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22
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Manaila E, Craciun G, Lungu IB, Dumitru Grivei MD, Maria Daniela S. Degradation by Electron Beam Irradiation of Some Elastomeric Composites Sulphur Vulcanized. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:2152. [PMID: 36984033 PMCID: PMC10058693 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Composites based on natural rubber and plasticized starch obtained by the conventional method of sulfur cross-linking using four types of vulcanization accelerators (Diphenyl guanidine, 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole, N-Cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazole sulfenamide, and Tetramethylthiuram disulfide) were irradiated with an electron beam in the dose range of 150 and 450 kGy for the purpose of degradation. The vulcanization accelerators were used in different percentages and combinations, resulting in four mixtures with different potential during the cross-linking process (synergistic, activator, or additive). The resulting composites were investigated before and after irradiation in order to establish a connection between the type of accelerator mixture, irradiation dose, and composite properties (gel fraction, cross-linking degree, water absorption, mass loss in water and toluene, mechanical properties, and structural and morphological properties). The results showed that the mixtures became sensitive at the irradiation dose of 300 kGy and at the irradiation dose of 450 kGy, and the consequences of the degradation processes were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Manaila
- Electron Accelerators Laboratory, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor St., 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Gabriela Craciun
- Electron Accelerators Laboratory, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor St., 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Ion Bogdan Lungu
- Multipurpose Irradiation Facility Center—IRASM, Horia Hulubei National Institute for R&D in Physics and Nuclear Engineering, 30 Reactorului St., 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Marius Daniel Dumitru Grivei
- Electron Accelerators Laboratory, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor St., 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Stelescu Maria Daniela
- National R&D Institute for Textile and Leather—Leather and Footwear Research Institute, 93 Ion Minulescu St., 031215 Bucharest, Romania
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23
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Kuprava A, Huth M. Fast and Efficient Simulation of the FEBID Process with Thermal Effects. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:858. [PMID: 36903735 PMCID: PMC10005571 DOI: 10.3390/nano13050858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Focused electron-beam-induced deposition (FEBID) is a highly versatile direct-write approach with particular strengths in the 3D nanofabrication of functional materials. Despite its apparent similarity to other 3D printing approaches, non-local effects related to precursor depletion, electron scattering and sample heating during the 3D growth process complicate the shape-true transfer from a target 3D model to the actual deposit. Here, we describe an efficient and fast numerical approach to simulate the growth process, which allows for a systematic study of the influence of the most important growth parameters on the resulting shape of the 3D structures. The precursor parameter set derived in this work for the precursor Me3PtCpMe enables a detailed replication of the experimentally fabricated nanostructure, taking beam-induced heating into account. The modular character of the simulation approach allows for additional future performance increases using parallelization or drawing on the use of graphics cards. Ultimately, beam-control pattern generation for 3D FEBID will profit from being routinely combined with this fast simulation approach for optimized shape transfer.
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24
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Şener Raman T, Kuehnert M, Daikos O, Scherzer T, Krömmelbein C, Mayr SG, Abel B, Schulze A. A study on the material properties of novel PEGDA/gelatin hybrid hydrogels polymerized by electron beam irradiation. Front Chem 2023; 10:1094981. [PMID: 36700077 PMCID: PMC9868307 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1094981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Gelatin-based hydrogels are highly desirable biomaterials for use in wound dressing, drug delivery, and extracellular matrix components due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. However, insufficient and uncontrollable mechanical properties and degradation are the major obstacles to their application in medical materials. Herein, we present a simple but efficient strategy for a novel hydrogel by incorporating the synthetic hydrogel monomer polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA, offering high mechanical stability) into a biological hydrogel compound (gelatin) to provide stable mechanical properties and biocompatibility at the resulting hybrid hydrogel. In the present work, PEGDA/gelatin hybrid hydrogels were prepared by electron irradiation as a reagent-free crosslinking technology and without using chemical crosslinkers, which carry the risk of releasing toxic byproducts into the material. The viscoelasticity, swelling behavior, thermal stability, and molecular structure of synthesized hybrid hydrogels of different compound ratios and irradiation doses were investigated. Compared with the pure gelatin hydrogel, 21/9 wt./wt. % PEGDA/gelatin hydrogels at 6 kGy exhibited approximately up to 1078% higher storage modulus than a pure gelatin hydrogel, and furthermore, it turned out that the mechanical stability increased with increasing irradiation dose. The chemical structure of the hybrid hydrogels was analyzed by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and it was confirmed that both compounds, PEGDA and gelatin, were equally present. Scanning electron microscopy images of the samples showed fracture patterns that confirmed the findings of viscoelasticity increasing with gelatin concentration. Infrared microspectroscopy images showed that gelatin and PEGDA polymer fractions were homogeneously mixed and a uniform hybrid material was obtained after electron beam synthesis. In short, this study demonstrates that both the presence of PEGDA improved the material properties of PEGDA/gelatin hybrid hydrogels and the resulting properties are fine-tuned by varying the irradiation dose and PEGDA/gelatin concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Olesya Daikos
- Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tom Scherzer
- Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Stefan G. Mayr
- Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bernd Abel
- Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology of the University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Agnes Schulze
- Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Leipzig, Germany,*Correspondence: Agnes Schulze,
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25
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Lysenko E, Vlasov V, Nikolaev E, Surzhikov A, Ghyngazov S. Technological Aspects of Lithium-Titanium Ferrite Synthesis by Electron-Beam Heating. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:604. [PMID: 36676339 PMCID: PMC9866523 DOI: 10.3390/ma16020604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Solid-phase synthesis of lithium-titanium ferrite by electron-beam heating of a Fe2O3-Li2CO3-TiO2 initial reagents mixture with different history (powder, compact, mechanically activated mixture) was studied using X-ray diffraction, thermomagnetometric and specific saturation magnetization analyses. Ferrite was synthesized using an ILU-6 pulsed electron accelerator; it generated electrons with electron energy of 2.4 MeV to heat samples to temperatures of 600 and 750 °C. The isothermal holding time upon reaching the synthesis temperature was 0-120 min. The efficiency of ferrite synthesis by electron-beam heating was evaluated via comparison of the characteristics of the obtained samples with those synthesized by conventional ceramic technology under similar temperature-time conditions. It was found that the rate of ferrite formation depends on the heating method, temperature, synthesis time, density, and activity of the initial mixture. It was shown that sample compaction provides the preferential formation of unsubstituted lithium ferrite of Li0.5Fe2.5O4 composition with a Curie temperature of at ca. 630 °C in both synthesis methods. High-energy electron-beam heating of the mechanically activated mixture significantly accelerates synthesis of Li0.6Fe2.2Ti0.2O4 substituted ferrite, for which the Curie temperature and specific saturation magnetization were recorded as 534 °C and 50 emu/g, respectively. Therefore, LiTi ferrites can be obtained at a lower temperature (750 °C) and with a shorter synthesis time (120 min) compared to traditional ceramic technology.
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26
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Rodrigues AP, Santos PMP, Veiga JP, Casimiro MH, Ferreira LM. Electron Beam Irradiation on the Production of a Si- and Zr-Based Hybrid Material: A Study by FTIR and WDXRF. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:489. [PMID: 36676223 PMCID: PMC9862691 DOI: 10.3390/ma16020489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sol-gel production of hybrid materials has, to some extent, revolutionised materials' engineering and the way science and technology perceive the creation of new materials. Despite that, the method presents some limitations that are circumvented by radiation processing. Electron beam irradiation was used to promote synthesis of hybrid structures while using silanol-terminated PDMS, TEOS and TPOZ as precursors. Evaluation of the method's performance was executed by gel fraction determination, WDXRF and FTIR-ATR. Results showed that, although there is some pre-irradiation reactivity between precursors, radiolysis induces scission on multiple sites of precursor's structures, which induces hybrid network formation to a greater extent. Characterisation allowed determining electron beam irradiation to be effective in the creation of Si-O-Zr bonds, resulting in the production of a Class II hybrid material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra P. Rodrigues
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares (C2TN), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, km 139,7, Bobadela, 2695-066 Loures, Portugal
- Departamento de Conservação e Restauro (DCR), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Pedro M. P. Santos
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares (C2TN), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, km 139,7, Bobadela, 2695-066 Loures, Portugal
| | - João Pedro Veiga
- Departamento de Conservação e Restauro (DCR), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- CENIMAT/i3N, Centro de Investigação de Materiais, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Maria Helena Casimiro
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares (C2TN), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, km 139,7, Bobadela, 2695-066 Loures, Portugal
| | - Luís M. Ferreira
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares (C2TN), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, km 139,7, Bobadela, 2695-066 Loures, Portugal
- Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares (DECN), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, km 139,7, Bobadela, 2695-066 Loures, Portugal
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27
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Yoo ST, Park KC. Extreme Ultraviolet Lighting Using Carbon Nanotube-Based Cold Cathode Electron Beam. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:4134. [PMID: 36500759 PMCID: PMC9739857 DOI: 10.3390/nano12234134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Laser-based plasma studies that apply photons to extreme ultraviolet (EUV) generation are actively being conducted, and studies by direct electron irradiation on Sn for EUV lighting have rarely been attempted. Here, we demonstrate a novel method of EUV generation by irradiating Sn with electrons emitted from a carbon nanotube (CNT)-based cold cathode electron beam (C-beam). Unlike a single laser source, electrons emitted from about 12,700 CNT emitters irradiated the Sn surface to generate EUV and control its intensity. EUV light generated by direct irradiation of electrons was verified using a photodiode equipped with a 150 nm thick Zr filter and patterning of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) photoresist. EUV generated with an input power of 6 W is sufficient to react the PMMA with exposure of 30 s. EUV intensity changes according to the anode voltage, current, and electron incident angle. The area reaching the Sn and penetration depth of electrons are easily adjusted. This method could be the cornerstone for advanced lithography for semiconductor fabrication and high-resolution photonics.
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28
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Kimura H, Takeda K, Uchida HT, Faudree MC, Sagawa K, Kaneko S, Salvia M, Nishi Y. Strengthening Process by Electron Beam to Carbon Fiber for Impact Strength Enhancement of Interlayered Thermoplastic-Polypropylene Carbon Fiber Composite. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:7620. [PMID: 36363216 PMCID: PMC9654029 DOI: 10.3390/ma15217620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Strong adhesion between recyclable thermoplastic (TP) polymer and carbon fiber (CF) has always been highly sought after. Therefore, for an interlayered CF reinforced TP polypropylene (CFRTPP) composite composed of 3 sized CF plies, alternating between 4 PP sheets, designated [PP]4[CF]3, a process of activating CF plies directly on both sides with homogeneous low energy electron beam irradiation (EBI) under N2 gas, prior to lamination assembly and hot press of 4.0 MPa at 493 K for 3 min was carried out. Experimental results showed EBI dose of 43.2, 129, or 216 kGy significantly raised Charpy impact values, auc at all fracture probabilities, Pf. The 129 kGy dose appeared to be at or near optimum increasing auc 103%, 83%, and 65% at low-, median-, and high-Pf = 0.07, 0.50, and 0.93; while raising statistically lowest impact value, as at Pf = 0 calculated by 3-dimensional Weibull equation about 110%, indicating increased safety and reliability. It is assumed dangling bonds generated by the EBI rapidly form covalent bonds CF:C:O:C:PP and CF:C:C:PP at the interface, along with cross-linking in the PP near the CF. This is by charge transfer from CF to PP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Kimura
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tokai University, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan
- Graduate School of Science & Technology, Tokai University, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan
| | - Keisuke Takeda
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tokai University, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan
| | | | - Michael C. Faudree
- Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science, Tokyo City University, Yokohama 224-8551, Japan
| | - Kohei Sagawa
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tokai University, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan
| | - Satoru Kaneko
- Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (KISTEC), Ebina 243-0435, Japan
| | - Michelle Salvia
- Laboratory of Tribology and Dynamics of Systems (LTDS) Ecole Centrale de Lyon, CEDEX, 69134 Ecully, France
| | - Yoshitake Nishi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tokai University, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan
- Graduate School of Science & Technology, Tokai University, Hiratsuka 259-1292, Japan
- Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology (KISTEC), Ebina 243-0435, Japan
- Laboratory of Tribology and Dynamics of Systems (LTDS) Ecole Centrale de Lyon, CEDEX, 69134 Ecully, France
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29
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Muacevic A, Adler JR. Radiotherapy for Epstein-Barr Virus-Positive Mucocutaneous Ulcer at the Lower Leg Skin: A Case Report. Cureus 2022; 14:e30936. [PMID: 36465755 PMCID: PMC9711937 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.30936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus-positive mucocutaneous ulcer (EBVMCU) is a rare lymphoproliferation and a relatively benign condition. Although the condition can be cured without treatment, some cases require chemotherapy, resection, or radiotherapy. However, there are no established standards regarding the dose and schedule of radiation therapy. We present the case of a 44-year-old female with a history of living donor kidney transplantation who developed EBVMCU in the right lower leg after 23 years. She did not improve with conservative therapy and was treated with low-dose radiotherapy (4 Gy in two fractions) to the EBVMCU on the lower leg skin. The patient achieved complete control after one year without toxic effects. This case report provides evidence that low-dose radiotherapy is a potentially effective treatment for EBVMCU in patients who do not improve with observation or by decreasing immunosuppressive therapy.
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30
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Sniķeris J, Gerbreders V, Bulanovs A, Sļedevskis Ē. Effects of focused electron beam irradiation parameters on direct nanostructure formation on Ag surfaces. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2022; 13:1004-1010. [PMID: 36225851 PMCID: PMC9520845 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.13.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Metallic nanostructures are applied in many fields, including photonics and plasmonics, due to their ability to absorb or emit light at frequencies which depend on their size and shape. It was recently shown that irradiation by a focused electron beam can promote the growth of nanostructures on metal surfaces and the height of these structures depends on the duration of the irradiation and the material of the surface. However, the effects on growth dynamics of numerous irradiation parameters, such as beam current or angle of incidence, have not yet been studied in detail. We explore the effects of focusing, angle of incidence, and current of the electron beam on the size and shape of the resulting structures on an Ag surface. In addition, we investigate how the nitrogen plasma cleaning procedure of a vacuum chamber can affect the growth of these structures. A beam current of around 40 pA resulted in the fastest structure growth rate. By increasing the beam diameter and angle of incidence the growth rate decreased; however, by raising the beam focus up to 5-6 μm above the surface the growth rate increased. Vacuum chamber cleaning reduced structure growth rate for a few hours. These findings can help to better control and optimise the growth of nanostructures on metal surfaces undergoing irradiation by a focused electron beam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jānis Sniķeris
- Daugavpils University, Institute of Life Sciences and Technologies, Parādes Str. 1, Daugavpils, LV-5401, Latvia
| | - Vjačeslavs Gerbreders
- Daugavpils University, Institute of Life Sciences and Technologies, Parādes Str. 1, Daugavpils, LV-5401, Latvia
| | - Andrejs Bulanovs
- Daugavpils University, Institute of Life Sciences and Technologies, Parādes Str. 1, Daugavpils, LV-5401, Latvia
| | - Ēriks Sļedevskis
- Daugavpils University, Institute of Life Sciences and Technologies, Parādes Str. 1, Daugavpils, LV-5401, Latvia
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31
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Lin CY, Lee MP, Chang YM, Tseng YT, Yang FS, Li M, Chen JY, Chen CF, Tsai MY, Lin YC, Ueno K, Yamamoto M, Lo ST, Lien CH, Chiu PW, Tsukagoshi K, Wu WW, Lin YF. Diffused Beam Energy to Dope van der Waals Electronics and Boost Their Contact Barrier Lowering. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:41156-41164. [PMID: 36037311 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c07679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Contact engineering of two-dimensional semiconductors is a central issue for performance improvement of micro-/nanodevices based on these materials. Unfortunately, the various methods proposed to improve the Schottky barrier height normally require the use of high temperatures, chemical dopants, or complex processes. This work demonstrates that diffused electron beam energy (DEBE) treatment can simultaneously reduce the Schottky barrier height and enable the direct writing of electrical circuitry on van der Waals semiconductors. The electron beam energy projected into the region outside the electrode diffuses into the main channel, producing selective-area n-type doping in a layered MoTe2 (or MoS2) field-effect transistor. As a result, the Schottky barrier height at the interface between the electrode and the DEBE-treated MoTe2 channel is as low as 12 meV. Additionally, because selective-area doping is possible, DEBE can allow the formation of both n- and p-type doped channels within the same atomic plane, which enables the creation of a nonvolatile and homogeneous MoTe2 p-n rectifier with an ideality factor of 1.1 and a rectification ratio of 1.3 × 103. These results indicate that the DEBE method is a simple, efficient, mask-free, and chemical dopant-free approach to selective-area doping for the development of van der Waals electronics with excellent device performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Yi Lin
- Department of Physics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Institute of Nanoscience, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Pai Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Ming Chang
- Department of Physics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Institute of Nanoscience, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Tang Tseng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Shou Yang
- Institute of Electronic Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Mengjiao Li
- Department of Physics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Institute of Nanoscience, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Jiann-Yeu Chen
- Department of Material Science and Engineering and i-Center for Advanced Science and Technology (i-CAST), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Ciao-Fen Chen
- Department of Electrophysics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Yu Tsai
- Institute of Electronic Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Lin
- Instrument Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Keiji Ueno
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Mahito Yamamoto
- Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Kansai University, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Shun-Tsung Lo
- Department of Electrophysics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hsin Lien
- Institute of Electronic Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Po-Wen Chiu
- Institute of Electronic Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Kazuhito Tsukagoshi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba 305-0044, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Wen-Wei Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Fu Lin
- Department of Physics, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Institute of Nanoscience, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
- Department of Material Science and Engineering and i-Center for Advanced Science and Technology (i-CAST), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
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Salvador-Porroche A, Herrer L, Sangiao S, de Teresa JM, Cea P. Low-resistivity Pd nanopatterns created by a direct electron beam irradiation process free of post-treatment steps. Nanotechnology 2022; 33:405302. [PMID: 34983030 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac47cf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The ability to create metallic patterned nanostructures with excellent control of size, shape and spatial orientation is of utmost importance in the construction of next-generation electronic and optical devices as well as in other applications such as (bio)sensors, reactive surfaces for catalysis, etc. Moreover, development of simple, rapid and low-cost fabrication processes of metallic patterned nanostructures is a challenging issue for the incorporation of such devices in real market applications. In this contribution, a direct-write method that results in highly conducting palladium-based nanopatterned structures without the need of applying subsequent curing processes is presented. Spin-coated films of palladium acetate were irradiated with an electron beam to produce palladium nanodeposits (PdNDs) with controlled size, shape and height. The use of different electron doses was investigated and its influence on the PdNDs features determined, namely: (1) thickness of the deposits, (2) atomic percentage of palladium content, (3) oxidation state of palladium in the deposit, (4) morphology of the sample and grain size of the Pd nanocrystals and (5) resistivity. It has been probed that the use of high electron doses, 30000μC cm-2results in the lowest resistivity reported to date for PdNDs, namely 145μΩ cm, which is only one order of magnitude higher than bulk palladium. This result paves the way for development of simplified lithography processes of nanostructured deposits avoiding subsequent post-treatment steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Salvador-Porroche
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Lucía Herrer
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Soraya Sangiao
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José María de Teresa
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pilar Cea
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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Choi JW, Choi JY, Jang H, Joo KK, Kim BC. Pixel Image Analysis and Its Application with an Alcohol-Based Liquid Scintillator for Particle Therapy. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:4876. [PMID: 35808370 PMCID: PMC9269500 DOI: 10.3390/s22134876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We synthesized an alcohol-based liquid scintillator (AbLS), and we implemented an auxiliary monitoring system with short calibration intervals using AbLS for particle therapy. The commercial liquid scintillator used in previous studies did not allow the user to control the chemical ratio and its composition. In our study, the chemical ratio of AbLS was freely controlled by simultaneously mixing water and alcohol. To make an equivalent substance to the human body, 2-ethoxyethanol was used. There was no significant difference between AbLS and water in areal density. As an application of AbLS, the range was measured with AbLS using an electron beam in an image analysis that combined AbLS and a digital phone camera. Given a range-energy relationship for the electron expressed as areal density, the electron beam range (cm) in water can be easily estimated. To date, no literature report for the direct comparison of a pixel image analysis and Monte Carlo (MC) simulation has been published. Furthermore, optical tomography of the inverse problem was performed with AbLS and a mobile phone camera. Analyses of optical tomography images provide deeper insight into Radon transformation. In addition, the human phantom, which is difficult to compose with semiconductor diodes, was easily implemented as an image acquisition and analysis system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Won Choi
- Institute for Universe & Elementary Particles, Department of Physics, Chonnam National University, Yongbong-ro 77, Puk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
| | - Ji-Young Choi
- Department of Fire Safety, Seoyeong University, Seogang-ro 1, Puk-gu, Gwangju 61268, Korea;
| | - Hanil Jang
- Department of Fire Safety, Seoyeong University, Seogang-ro 1, Puk-gu, Gwangju 61268, Korea;
| | - Kyung-Kwang Joo
- Institute for Universe & Elementary Particles, Department of Physics, Chonnam National University, Yongbong-ro 77, Puk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
| | - Byoung-Chan Kim
- Medical Radiation, Wonkwang Health Science University, 514, Iksan-daero, Iksan-si 54538, Korea
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Schmidt M, Prager A, Schönherr N, Gläser R, Schulze A. Reagent-Free Immobilization of Industrial Lipases to Develop Lipolytic Membranes with Self-Cleaning Surfaces. Membranes (Basel) 2022; 12:membranes12060599. [PMID: 35736306 PMCID: PMC9229154 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12060599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalytic membrane reactors combine the highly efficient biotransformation capability of enzymes with the selective filtration performance of membrane filters. Common strategies to immobilize enzymes on polymeric membranes are based on chemical coupling reactions. Still, they are associated with drawbacks such as long reaction times, high costs, and the use of potentially toxic or hazardous reagents. In this study, a reagent-free immobilization method based on electron beam irradiation was investigated, which allows much faster, cleaner, and cheaper fabrication of enzyme membrane reactors. Two industrial lipase enzymes were coupled onto a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) flat sheet membrane to create self-cleaning surfaces. The response surface methodology (RSM) in the design-of-experiments approach was applied to investigate the effects of three numerical factors on enzyme activity, yielding a maximum activity of 823 ± 118 U m−2 (enzyme concentration: 8.4 g L−1, impregnation time: 5 min, irradiation dose: 80 kGy). The lipolytic membranes were used in fouling tests with olive oil (1 g L−1 in 2 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate), resulting in 100% regeneration of filtration performance after 3 h of self-cleaning in an aqueous buffer (pH 8, 37 °C). Reusability with three consecutive cycles demonstrates regeneration of 95%. Comprehensive membrane characterization was performed by determining enzyme kinetic parameters, permeance monitoring, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and zeta potential, as well as water contact angle measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schmidt
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (M.S.); (A.P.); (N.S.)
| | - Andrea Prager
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (M.S.); (A.P.); (N.S.)
| | - Nadja Schönherr
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (M.S.); (A.P.); (N.S.)
| | - Roger Gläser
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Leipzig University, Linnéstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Agnes Schulze
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; (M.S.); (A.P.); (N.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Hidayanto E, Sutanto H, Marhaendrajaya I, Jaya GW, Arifin Z, Anam C, Widyastuti Setjadiningrat Kuntjoro LP, Saraswati GP, Dougherty G. Effect of variation of silicone rubber RTV 52 and bluesil catalyst 60 R composition on bolus material for electron beam radiotherapy application. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2022; 8. [PMID: 35550574 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ac6f24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A bolus is a material equivalent to soft tissue and is directly placed on the skin surface during radiotherapy. It is commonly used to increase the dose on the skin surface in electron beam radiation. A typical material for a bolus is silicone rubber (SR). We made a bolus with dimensions of 17 × 17 × 1 cm3by varying silicone rubber (SR) RTV 52 and hardening material (bluesil catalyst 60 R) using a simple molded method. We characterized it using a CT scan to find the relative electron density (RED) and examined it using the electron beam of a linear accelerator (LINAC) at energies of 5 and 7 MeV to investigate the percentage of surface dose (PSD). The PSD value is relative to the dose at maximum doses (dmax). The RED value of the bolus was from 1.168 ± 0.021 to 1.176 ± 0.019, higher than the soft tissue (muscle) value of 1.043. The percentage of surface dose (PSD) test at 5 and 7 MeV LINAC energy showed that the highest PSD without using a bolus were 84.79±0.06% and 86.03±0.07%, respectively. With a bolus, the PSD values were 112.52±0.16% and 111.14±0.03%, respectively. The results indicate that bolus fabrication using SR RTV 52 and bluesil 60R is very effective for radiotherapy in the treatment of skin cancer due to an increase in surface dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eko Hidayanto
- Department of Physics, Diponegoro University, Tembalang, Semarang-50275, Indonesia
| | - Heri Sutanto
- Department of Physics, Diponegoro University, Tembalang, Semarang-50275, Indonesia
| | | | - Gede Wiratma Jaya
- Department of Physics, Diponegoro University, Tembalang, Semarang-50275, Indonesia
| | - Zaenal Arifin
- Department of Physics, Diponegoro University, Tembalang, Semarang-50275, Indonesia
| | - Choirul Anam
- Department of Physics, Diponegoro University, Tembalang, Semarang-50275, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Geoff Dougherty
- Radiotherapy Department of Applied Physics and Medical Imaging, California State University Channel Islands, Camarillo, CA 93012, United States of America
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Zhang G, Liu W, Zhang P, Xiong H, Gao J, Yu H, Yuan H. Chemical Composition, Microstructure, Tensile and Creep Behavior of Ti60 Alloy Fabricated via Electron Beam Directed Energy Deposition. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:ma15093109. [PMID: 35591444 PMCID: PMC9104961 DOI: 10.3390/ma15093109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Electron beam directed energy deposition (EB-DED) is a promising manufacturing process for the fabrication of large-scale, fully dense and near net shape metallic components. However, limited knowledge is available on the EB-DED process of titanium alloys. In this study, a near-α high-temperature titanium alloy Ti60 (Ti-5.8Al-4Sn-4Zr-0.7Nb-1.5Ta-0.4Si) was fabricated via EB-DED. The chemical composition, microstructure, tensile property (at room temperature and 600 °C), and creep behavior of the fabricated alloy were investigated and compared with those of the conventional wrought lamellar and bimodal counterparts. Results indicated that the average evaporation loss of Al and Sn was 10.28% and 5.01%, respectively. The microstructure of the as-built alloy was characterized by coarse columnar grains, lamellar α, and the precipitated elliptical silicides at the α/β interfaces. In terms of tensile properties, the vertical specimens exhibited lower strength but higher ductility than the horizontal specimens at both room temperature and 600 °C. Furthermore, the tensile creep strain of the EB-DED Ti60 alloy measured at 600 °C and 150 MPa for 100 h under as-built and post-deposition STA conditions was less than 0.15%, which meets the standard requirements for the wrought Ti60 alloy. The creep resistance of the EB-DED Ti60 alloy was superior to that of its wrought bimodal counterpart.
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Hanada K, Fuse H, Fujisaki T, Tomita F, Yasue K. [Determination and Verification of Parameters of Lévy Distribution Incident Energy Spectrum of High-energy Electron Beam]. Nihon Hoshasen Gijutsu Gakkai Zasshi 2022; 78:473-483. [PMID: 35342124 DOI: 10.6009/jjrt.2022-1191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The incident electron energy spectrum was determined by an estimation formula based on the Lévy distribution in order to calculate the PDD and OAR that is consistent with the measurement. METHODS EGSnrc was used to calculate PDD and OAR at nominal energies of 4, 6, 9, 12, and 15 MeV. The parameters for determining the incident electron energy spectrum were adjusted to be a reasonable value in the error between the measured and the calculated values. RESULTS Location and scaling parameters were determined to be 0.5 and 0.001, respectively. The calculated PDD based on the determination formula was in agreement with the measurement within 2 mm/2% at all depths. The OAR also was in agreement with the measurement within 2 mm/2%. CONCLUSION In this study, the incident electron energy spectrum was estimated by determining the location and scaling parameters. This method is simpler and more accurate than previously reported, and can be applied to the calculation of dose distributions in Monte Carlo simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Hanada
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Department of Radiological Sciences, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences (Current address: Department of Radiology, Chiba University Hospital).,Department of Radiological Sciences, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences
| | - Hiraku Fuse
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences
| | - Tatsuya Fujisaki
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences
| | - Fumihiro Tomita
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Department of Radiological Sciences, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences
| | - Kenji Yasue
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Ibaraki Prefectural University of Health Sciences
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Pawiro SA, Mahfirotin DA, Assegab MI, Wibowo WE. Modified electron beam output calibration based on IAEA Technical Report Series 398. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2022; 23:e13573. [PMID: 35226389 PMCID: PMC8992941 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.13573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The recently worldwide standard measurement of electron beam reference dosimetry include the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Technical Report Series (TRS)‐398 and Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) Task Group (TG)‐51 protocols. Muir et al. have modified calibration methods for electron beam calibration based on AAPM TG‐51. They found that the use of cylindrical chambers at low energy gave acceptable results. In this study, we propose and report a modified calibration for electron beam based on IAEA TRS‐398, the standard reference dosimetry protocol worldwide. Methods This work was carried out with energies of 6, 8, 10, 12, and 15 MeV. The electron beam is generated from Elektra Synergy Platform and Versa HD linear accelerator. The charge readings were measured with PTW 30013, IBA CC13, Exradin A1Sl, and Exradin A11 chambers connected to the electrometer. The dose calculation uses an equation of modified calibration for electron beam using the updated kQ factor in previous work. The absorbed dose to water for electron beam is expressed in dose per monitor unit (cGy/MU). Thus, we compared dose per monitor unit (D/MU) calculation using a modified calibration to TRS‐398. Results In this work, we have succeeded in implementing the modified calibration of electron beam based on TRS‐398 by applying a cylindrical chamber in all energy beams and using the updated kQ factor. The ratio of the absorbed dose to water between original and modified calibration protocols of TRS‐398 (Dw) for the cylindrical chamber was 1.002 on the Elekta Synergy Platform and 1.000 on the Versa HD while for the parallel‐plate chamber it was 1.013 on the Elekta Synergy Platform and 1.014 on the Versa HD. Based on these results, both the cylindrical and parallel‐plate chambers are still within the tolerance limit allowed by the TRS‐398 protocol, which is ±2%. Therefore, modified calibration based on TRS‐398 gives acceptable results and is simpler to use clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriyanto Ardjo Pawiro
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Dwi Aprilia Mahfirotin
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Muhamad Iqbal Assegab
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Wahyu Edy Wibowo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Vutova K, Stefanova V, Vassileva V, Kadiyski M. Behaviour of Impurities during Electron Beam Melting of Copper Technogenic Material. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:936. [PMID: 35160882 DOI: 10.3390/ma15030936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The current study presents the electron beam melting (EBM) efficiency of copper technogenic material with high impurity content (Se, Te, Pb, Bi, Sn, As, Sb, Zn, Ni, Ag, etc.) by means of thermodynamic analysis and experimental tests. On the basis of the calculated values of Gibbs free energy and the physical state of the impurity (liquid and gaseous), a thermodynamic assessment of the possible chemical interactions occurring in the Cu-Cu2O-Mex system in vacuum in the temperature range 1460–1800 K was made. The impact of the kinetic parameters (temperature and refining time) on the behaviour and the degree of removal of impurities was evaluated. Chemical and metallographic analysis of the obtained ingots is also discussed.
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Ticoș D, Galaţanu M, Galaţanu A, Dumitru M, Mitu ML, Udrea N, Scurtu A, Ticoș CM. Irradiation of W and K-Doped W Laminates without or with Cu, V, Ti Interlayers under a Pulsed 6 MeV Electron Beam. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:956. [PMID: 35160904 DOI: 10.3390/ma15030956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Small multilayered laminated samples consisting of stacks of W (or K-doped W) foils without an interlayer or with interlayers from Cu, V, and Ti were exposed to a pulsed electron beam with an energy of 6 MeV in several irradiation sessions. All samples maintained their macroscopic integrity, suggesting that the W-metal laminate concept is compatible with high heat flux applications. The surface of the samples was analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) before and after each irradiation session. The experimental results indicate that electron beam irradiation induces obvious modifications on the surface of the samples. Morphological changes such as the appearance of nanodroplets, nanostructures, and melting and cracking, depending on the sample type and the electron beam fluence, are observed. The irradiation is carried out in a vacuum at a pressure of 2 to 4 × 10−2 torr, without active cooling for the samples. The structures observed on the surface of the samples are likely due to electron beam heating and vaporization followed by vapor condensation in the volume adjacent to the surface.
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Ha T, Pham TTM, Kim M, Kim YH, Park JH, Seo JH, Kim KM, Ha E. Antiviral Activities of High Energy E-Beam Induced Copper Nanoparticles against H1N1 Influenza Virus. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:nano12020268. [PMID: 35055284 PMCID: PMC8779327 DOI: 10.3390/nano12020268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The pandemic outbreak of COVID-19 in the year of 2020 that drastically changed everyone's life has raised the urgent and intense need for the development of more efficacious antiviral material. This study was designed to develop copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs) as an antiviral agent and to validate the antiviral activities of developed copper NP. The Cu NPs were synthesized using a high energy electron beam, and the characteristic morphologies and antiviral activities of Cu NPs were evaluated. We found that Cu NPs are of spherical shape and uniformly distributed, with a diameter of around 100 nm, as opposed to the irregular shape of commercially available copper microparticles (Cu MPs). An X-ray diffraction analysis showed the presence of Cu and no copper oxide II and I in the Cu NPs. A virus inactivation assay revealed no visible viral DNA after 10- and 30-min treatment of H1N1 virus with the Cu NPs. The infectivity of the Cu NPs-treated H1N1 virus significantly decreased compared with that of the Cu MPs-treated H1N1 virus. The viability of A549 bronchial and Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells infected with Cu NPs-treated H1N1 was significantly higher than those infected with Cu MPs-treated H1N1 virus. We also found cells infected with Cu NPs-treated H1N1 virus exhibited a markedly decreased presence of virus nucleoprotein (NuP), an influenza virus-specific structural protein, compared with cells infected with Cu MPs-treated H1N1 virus. Taken together, our study shows that Cu NPs are a more effective and efficacious antiviral agent compared with Cu MPs and offer promising opportunities for the prevention of devastatingly infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taesung Ha
- Department of Nano Chemical Materials Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Korea;
- Seoul Radiology Services Co., Seoul 02050, Korea; (Y.-H.K.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Thi Tuyet Mai Pham
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Deagu 42601, Korea; (T.T.M.P.); (M.K.); (J.H.S.)
| | - Mikyung Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Deagu 42601, Korea; (T.T.M.P.); (M.K.); (J.H.S.)
| | - Yeon-Hee Kim
- Seoul Radiology Services Co., Seoul 02050, Korea; (Y.-H.K.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Ji-Hyun Park
- Seoul Radiology Services Co., Seoul 02050, Korea; (Y.-H.K.); (J.-H.P.)
| | - Ji Hae Seo
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Deagu 42601, Korea; (T.T.M.P.); (M.K.); (J.H.S.)
| | - Kyung-Min Kim
- Department of Nano Chemical Materials Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju 27469, Korea;
- Correspondence: (K.-M.K.); (E.H.)
| | - Eunyoung Ha
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Deagu 42601, Korea; (T.T.M.P.); (M.K.); (J.H.S.)
- Correspondence: (K.-M.K.); (E.H.)
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Arnold C, Breuning C, Körner C. Electron-Optical In Situ Imaging for the Assessment of Accuracy in Electron Beam Powder Bed Fusion. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:7240. [PMID: 34885395 PMCID: PMC8658617 DOI: 10.3390/ma14237240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The current study evaluates the capabilities of electron-optical (ELO) in situ imaging with respect to monitoring and prediction of manufacturing precision in electron beam powder bed fusion. Post-process X-ray computed tomography of two different as-built parts is used to quantitatively evaluate the accuracy and limitations of ELO imaging. Additionally, a thermodynamic simulation is performed to improve the understanding of ELO data and to assess the feasibility of predicting dimensional accuracy numerically. It is demonstrated that ELO imaging captures the molten layers accurately (deviations <100 μm) and indicates the creation of surface roughness. However, some geometrical features of the as-built parts exhibit local inaccuracies associated with thermal stress-induced deformation (deviations up to 500 μm) which cannot be captured by ELO imaging. It is shown that the comparison between in situ and post-process data enables a quantification of these effects which might provide the possibility for developing effective countermeasures in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Arnold
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chair of Materials Science and Engineering for Metals, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Martensstr. 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (C.B.); (C.K.)
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Halloran A, Newhauser W, Chu C, Donahue W. Personalized 3D-printed anthropomorphic phantoms for dosimetry in charged particle fields. Phys Med Biol 2021; 66. [PMID: 34654002 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ac3047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Anthropomorphic phantoms used for radiation dose measurements are designed to mimic human tissue in shape, size, and tissue composition. Reference phantoms are widely available and are sufficiently similar to many, but not all, human subjects. 3D printing has the potential to overcome some of these shortcomings by enabling rapid fabrication of personalized phantoms for individual human subjects based on radiographic imaging data.Objective. The objective of this study was to test the efficacy of personalized 3D printed phantoms for charged particle therapy. To accomplish this, we measured dose distributions from 6 to 20 MeV electron beams, incident on printed and molded slices of phantoms.Approach. Specifically, we determined the radiological properties of 3D printed phantoms, including beam penetration range. Additionally, we designed and printed a personalized head phantom to compare results obtained with a commercial, reference head phantom for quality assurance of therapeutic electron beam dose calculations.Main Results. For regions of soft tissue, gamma index analyses revealed a 3D printed slice was able to adequately model the same electron beam penetration ranges as the molded reference slice. The printed, personalized phantom provided superior dosimetric accuracy compared to the molded reference phantom for electron beam dose calculations at all electron beam energies. However, current limitations in the ability to print high-density structures, such as bone, limited pass rates of 60% or better at 16 and 20 MeV electron beam energies.Significance. This study showed that creating personalized phantoms using 3D printing techniques is a feasible way to substantially improve the accuracy of dose measurements of therapeutic electron beams, but further improvements in printing techniques are necessary in order to increase the printable density in phantoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Halloran
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Wayne Newhauser
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America.,Department of Radiation Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Connel Chu
- Department of Radiation Physics, Mary Bird Perkins Cancer Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - William Donahue
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
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Jamil A, Abidin SZ, Razak KA, Zin H, Yunus MA, Rahman WN. Radiosensitization effects by bismuth oxide nanorods of different sizes in megavoltage external beam radiotherapy. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother 2021; 26:773-784. [PMID: 34760312 DOI: 10.5603/rpor.a2021.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nanotechnology application has successfully reached numerous scientific breakthroughs including in radiotherapy. However, the clinical application of nanoparticles requires more diligent research primarily on the crucial parameters such as nanoparticle sizes. This study is aimed to investigate the influence of bismuth oxide nanorod (Bi2O3-NR) sizes on radiosensitization effects on MCF-7 and HeLa cell lines for megavoltage photon and electron beam radiotherapy. Materials and methods MCF-7 and HeLa cells were treated with and without 0.5 μMol/L of Bi2O3-NR of varying sizes (60, 70, 80, and 90 nm). The samples, including the control groups, were exposed to different radiation doses (0-10 Gy), using photon (6 MV and 10 MV), and electron beam (6 MeV and 12 MeV) radiotherapy. Clonogenic assay was performed, and sensitization enhancement ratio (SER) was determined from linear quadratic based cell survival curves. Results The results depicted that 60 nm Bi2O3-NR yields the most excellent SER followed by 70 nm Bi2O3-NR. Meanwhile, the 80 and 90 nm Bi2O3-NR showed an insignificant difference between treated and untreated cell groups. This study also found that MCF-7 was subjected to more cell death compared to HeLa. Conclusion 60 nm Bi2O3-NR was the optimal Bi2O3-NR size to induce radiosensitization effects for megavoltage external beam radiotherapy. The SER in photon beam radiotherapy marked the highest compared to electron beam radiotherapy due to decreased primary radiation energy from multiple radiation interaction and higher Compton scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirah Jamil
- School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Safri Zainal Abidin
- School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.,Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, Kepala Batas, Penang Malaysia
| | - Khairunisak Abdul Razak
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Hafiz Zin
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, Kepala Batas, Penang Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Amir Yunus
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bertam, Kepala Batas, Penang Malaysia
| | - Wan Nordiana Rahman
- School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Ovsik M, Stanek M, Dockal A, Vanek J, Hylova L. Influence of Cross-Linking Agent Concentration/Beta Radiation Surface Modification on the Micro-Mechanical Properties of Polyamide 6. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:6407. [PMID: 34771933 PMCID: PMC8585157 DOI: 10.3390/ma14216407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study focuses on the problematic of polyamide 6 containing various concentrations of cross-linking agent that was exposed to electron radiation. It is important to improve the material properties of polymers as much as possible. This endeavor can be realized by numerous methods, one of which is radiation exposure. This study investigates the effect of electron beam radiation in doses ranging from 66 to 132 kGy on the micro-mechanical properties of polymers, specifically polyamide 6 filled with 1, 3 and 5 wt.% of cross-linking agent triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC). The changes in the material brought by the radiation exposure were quantified by measurements of indentation hardness and modulus, which were the main measured micro-mechanical properties. Furthermore, thermo-mechanical analysis (TMA) was chosen to confirm the results of the material cross-linking, while the effect of degradation was investigated by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). In pursuit of complete evaluation, the topography of the test subject's surface was explored by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The optimal concentration/radiation ratio was found in polyamide 6 enriched by 5 wt.% concentration of TAIC, which was irradiated by 132 kGy. Material treated in such a way had its indentation hardness by 33% and indentation modulus improved by 26% in comparison with the untreated material. These results were subsequently confirmed by the TMA and FTIR methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Ovsik
- Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin, Vavreckova 275, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic; (M.S.); (A.D.); (J.V.); (L.H.)
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Akino Y, Das IJ, Fujiwara M, Kaneko A, Masutani T, Mizuno H, Isohashi F, Suzuki O, Seo Y, Tamari K, Ogawa K. Characteristics of microSilicon diode detector for electron beam dosimetry. J Radiat Res 2021:rrab085. [PMID: 34559877 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrab085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A microSilicon™ (PTW type 60023), a new unshielded diode detector succeeding Diode E (model 60017, PTW), was characterized for electron beam dosimetry and compared with other detectors. Electron beams generated from a TrueBeam linear accelerator were measured using the microSilicon, Diode E, and microDiamond synthetic single-crystal diamond detector. Positional accuracy of microSilicon was measured by data collected in air and water. The percent depth dose (PDD), off-center ratio (OCR), dose-response linearity, dose rate dependence, and cone factors were evaluated. The PDDs were compared with data measured using a PPC40 plane-parallel ionization chamber. The maximum variations of depth of 50% and 90% of the maximum dose, and practical depth among all detectors and energies were 0.9 mm. The maximum variations of the bremsstrahlung dose among all detectors and energies were within 0.3%. OCR showed good agreement within 1% for the flat and tail regions. The microSilicon detector showed a penumbra width similar to microDiamond, whereas Diode E showed the steepest penumbra shape. All detectors showed good dose-response linearity and stability against the dose rate; only Diode E demonstrated logarithmic dose rate dependency. The cone factor measured with microSilicon was within ±1% for all energies and cone sizes. We demonstrated that the characteristics of microSilicon is suitable for electron beam dosimetry. The microSilicon detector can be a good alternative for electron beam dosimetry in terms of providing an appropriate PDD curve without corrections, high spatial resolution for OCR measurements and cone factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Akino
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Suita Tokushukai Hospital, Suita, Osaka, 565-0814, Japan
| | - Indra J Das
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Masateru Fujiwara
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Suita Tokushukai Hospital, Suita, Osaka, 565-0814, Japan
| | - Akari Kaneko
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Suita Tokushukai Hospital, Suita, Osaka, 565-0814, Japan
| | - Takashi Masutani
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Suita Tokushukai Hospital, Suita, Osaka, 565-0814, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Mizuno
- Department of Central Radiology, Osaka Rosai Hospital, Sakai, Osaka, 591-8025, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Isohashi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Osamu Suzuki
- Osaka Heavy Ion Therapy Center, Osaka, 540-0008, Japan
| | - Yuji Seo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tamari
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ogawa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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Wang D, Gao Y, Chen W, Yang S, Zhang J, Wang J, Wang S. The Blow-Off Impulse Equivalence of Typical Missile Homogeneous Al-Alloy under Multienergy Composite Spectrum Electron Beam and Powerful Pulsed X-ray. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14175002. [PMID: 34501092 PMCID: PMC8434222 DOI: 10.3390/ma14175002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The electron beam, one of the most effective approaches to simulate the irradiation effects of powerful pulsed X-ray in the laboratory, plays an important role in simulating the thermodynamic effects of powerful pulsed X-ray. This paper studies the thermodynamics equivalence between multienergy composite spectrum electron beam and blackbody spectrum X-ray, which is helpful to quickly determine the experimental parameters in the simulation experiment. The experimental data of electron beam are extrapolated by numerical calculation, to increase the range of energy flux. Through calculating the blow-off impulse of blackbody spectrum X-ray irradiation, we obtained the curve of X-ray blow-off impulse varying with energy flux, and then found two categories of equivalent relations—equal-energy flux and equal-impulse—by analyzing the calculation results of electron beam and X-ray blow-off impulse. Based on such relations, we could directly or indirectly obtain the results of blackbody spectrum X-ray irradiation blow-off impulse via electron beam experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengwang Wang
- Department of Nuclear Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No.28, Xianning West Road, Xi’an 710049, China; (D.W.); (Y.G.); (S.Y.); (J.Z.); (J.W.)
- Northwest Institutes of Nuclear Technology, No.28, Pingyu Road, Xi’an 710024, China;
| | - Yong Gao
- Department of Nuclear Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No.28, Xianning West Road, Xi’an 710049, China; (D.W.); (Y.G.); (S.Y.); (J.Z.); (J.W.)
| | - Wei Chen
- Northwest Institutes of Nuclear Technology, No.28, Pingyu Road, Xi’an 710024, China;
| | - Shanghui Yang
- Department of Nuclear Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No.28, Xianning West Road, Xi’an 710049, China; (D.W.); (Y.G.); (S.Y.); (J.Z.); (J.W.)
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No.28, Xianning West Road, Xi’an 710049, China; (D.W.); (Y.G.); (S.Y.); (J.Z.); (J.W.)
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Nuclear Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No.28, Xianning West Road, Xi’an 710049, China; (D.W.); (Y.G.); (S.Y.); (J.Z.); (J.W.)
| | - Sheng Wang
- Department of Nuclear Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, No.28, Xianning West Road, Xi’an 710049, China; (D.W.); (Y.G.); (S.Y.); (J.Z.); (J.W.)
- Correspondence:
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Manaila E, Craciun G, Ighigeanu D, Stelescu MD. Water Absorption Kinetics in Composites Degraded by the Radiation Technique. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14164659. [PMID: 34443179 PMCID: PMC8399285 DOI: 10.3390/ma14164659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rubber-based wastes represent challenges facing the global community. Human health protection and preservation of environmental quality are strong reasons to find more efficient methods to induce degradation of latex/rubber products in order to replace devulcanization, incineration, or simply storage, and electron beam irradiation is a promising method that can be can be taken into account. Polymeric composites based on natural rubber and plasticized starch in amounts of 10 to 50 phr, obtained by benzoyl peroxide cross-linking, were subjected to 5.5 MeV electron beam irradiation in order to induce degradation, in the dose range of 150 to 450 kGy. A qualitative study was conducted on the kinetics of water absorption in these composites in order to appreciate their degradation degree. The percentages of equilibrium sorption and mass loss after equilibrium sorption were found to be dependent on irradiation dose and amount of plasticized starch. The mechanism of water transport in composites was studied not only through the specific absorption and diffusion parameters but also by the evaluation of the diffusion, intrinsic diffusion, permeation, and absorption coefficients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Manaila
- Electron Accelerators Laboratory, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor St., 077125 Magurele, Romania; (E.M.); (D.I.)
| | - Gabriela Craciun
- Electron Accelerators Laboratory, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor St., 077125 Magurele, Romania; (E.M.); (D.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-04-021-457-4346
| | - Daniel Ighigeanu
- Electron Accelerators Laboratory, National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor St., 077125 Magurele, Romania; (E.M.); (D.I.)
| | - Maria Daniela Stelescu
- National R&D Institute for Textile and Leather—Leather and Footwear Research Institute, 93 Ion Minulescu St, 031215 Bucharest, Romania;
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Kutsaev S, Agustsson R, Arodzero A, Berry R, Bezhanov A, Boucher S, Chimalpopoca O, Diego A, Faillace L, Gavryushkin D, Harrison M, Hartzell J, McNevin J, Ruelas M, Yu. Smirnov A, Verma A, Woods K. Compact X-Band Electron Linac for Radiotherapy and Security Applications. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2021; 185:109494. [PMID: 33935382 PMCID: PMC8081273 DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2021.109494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
RadiaBeam has developed a 6 MeV accelerator that is compact and light enough to be placed on a robotic arm or light truck. The main drivers of size and weight in conventional accelerators are the power source and the shielding. Small dimensions are enabled by operation at 9.3 GHz frequency (X-band), which allows reducing the size and weight of all accelerator components. Thanks to the robust design of the accelerating structure, the accelerator can be used as a source for novel cargo inspection and radiotherapy techniques. In this paper, we present the linac design and its components, as well the results of the experimental demonstration of beam acceleration.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.V. Kutsaev
- RadiaBeam Technologies LLC, 1717 Stewart St, Santa Monica, CA 90404, U.S.A
| | - R. Agustsson
- RadiaBeam Technologies LLC, 1717 Stewart St, Santa Monica, CA 90404, U.S.A
| | - A. Arodzero
- RadiaBeam Technologies LLC, 1717 Stewart St, Santa Monica, CA 90404, U.S.A
| | - R. Berry
- RadiaBeam Technologies LLC, 1717 Stewart St, Santa Monica, CA 90404, U.S.A
| | - A. Bezhanov
- RadiaBeam Technologies LLC, 1717 Stewart St, Santa Monica, CA 90404, U.S.A
| | - S. Boucher
- RadiaBeam Technologies LLC, 1717 Stewart St, Santa Monica, CA 90404, U.S.A
| | - O. Chimalpopoca
- RadiaBeam Technologies LLC, 1717 Stewart St, Santa Monica, CA 90404, U.S.A
| | - A. Diego
- RadiaBeam Technologies LLC, 1717 Stewart St, Santa Monica, CA 90404, U.S.A
| | - L. Faillace
- RadiaBeam Technologies LLC, 1717 Stewart St, Santa Monica, CA 90404, U.S.A
| | - D. Gavryushkin
- RadiaBeam Technologies LLC, 1717 Stewart St, Santa Monica, CA 90404, U.S.A
| | - M. Harrison
- RadiaBeam Technologies LLC, 1717 Stewart St, Santa Monica, CA 90404, U.S.A
| | - J.J. Hartzell
- RadiaBeam Technologies LLC, 1717 Stewart St, Santa Monica, CA 90404, U.S.A
| | - J. McNevin
- RadiaBeam Technologies LLC, 1717 Stewart St, Santa Monica, CA 90404, U.S.A
| | - M. Ruelas
- RadiaBeam Technologies LLC, 1717 Stewart St, Santa Monica, CA 90404, U.S.A
| | - A. Yu. Smirnov
- RadiaBeam Technologies LLC, 1717 Stewart St, Santa Monica, CA 90404, U.S.A
| | - A. Verma
- RadiaBeam Technologies LLC, 1717 Stewart St, Santa Monica, CA 90404, U.S.A
| | - K. Woods
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, U.S.A
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Lee HR, Kim DW, Rodiansyah A, Cho B, Lim J, Park KC. Investigation of the Effect of Structural Properties of a Vertically Standing CNT Cold Cathode on Electron Beam Brightness and Resolution of Secondary Electron Images. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:1918. [PMID: 34443749 PMCID: PMC8399544 DOI: 10.3390/nano11081918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanotube (CNT)-based cold cathodes are promising sources of field emission electrons for advanced electron devices, particularly for ultra-high-resolution imaging systems, due to their high brightness and low energy spread. While the electron field emission properties of single-tip CNT cathodes have been intensively studied in the last few decades, a systematic study of the influencing factors on the electron beam properties of CNT cold cathodes and the resolution of the secondary electron images has been overlooked in this field. Here, we have systematically investigated the effect of the structural properties of a CNT cold cathode on the electron beam properties and resolution of secondary electron microscope (SEM) images. The aspect ratio (geometric factor) and the diameter of the tip of a vertically standing CNT cold cathode significantly affect the electron beam properties, including the beam size and brightness, and consequently determine the resolution of the secondary electron images obtained by SEM systems equipped with a CNT cold cathode module. Theoretical simulation elucidated the dependence of the structural features of CNT cold cathodes and electron beam properties on the contribution of edge-emitted electrons to the total field emission current. Investigating the correlations between the structural properties of CNT cold cathodes, the properties of the emitted electron beams, and the resolution of the secondary electron images captured by SEM equipped with CNT cold cathode modules is highly important and informative as a basic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Rim Lee
- Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 024471, Korea; (H.R.L.); (D.W.K.); (A.R.)
- Advanced Instrumentation Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), 267 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea;
| | - Da Woon Kim
- Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 024471, Korea; (H.R.L.); (D.W.K.); (A.R.)
| | - Alfi Rodiansyah
- Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 024471, Korea; (H.R.L.); (D.W.K.); (A.R.)
| | - Boklae Cho
- Advanced Instrumentation Institute, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), 267 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea;
| | - Joonwon Lim
- Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 024471, Korea; (H.R.L.); (D.W.K.); (A.R.)
| | - Kyu Chang Park
- Department of Information Display, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 024471, Korea; (H.R.L.); (D.W.K.); (A.R.)
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