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Ma X, Neek-Amal M, Sun C. Advances in Two-Dimensional Ion-Selective Membranes: Bridging Nanoscale Insights to Industrial-Scale Salinity Gradient Energy Harvesting. ACS NANO 2024; 18:12610-12638. [PMID: 38733357 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c11646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Salinity gradient energy, often referred to as the Gibbs free energy difference between saltwater and freshwater, is recognized as "blue energy" due to its inherent cleanliness, renewability, and continuous availability. Reverse electrodialysis (RED), relying on ion-selective membranes, stands as one of the most prevalent and promising methods for harnessing salinity gradient energy to generate electricity. Nevertheless, conventional RED membranes face challenges such as insufficient ion selectivity and transport rates and the difficulty of achieving the minimum commercial energy density threshold of 5 W/m2. In contrast, two-dimensional nanostructured materials, featuring nanoscale channels and abundant functional groups, offer a breakthrough by facilitating rapid ion transport and heightened selectivity. This comprehensive review delves into the mechanisms of osmotic power generation within a single nanopore and nanochannel, exploring optimal nanopore dimensions and nanochannel lengths. We subsequently examine the current landscape of power generation using two-dimensional nanostructured materials in laboratory-scale settings across various test areas. Furthermore, we address the notable decline in power density observed as test areas expand and propose essential criteria for the industrialization of two-dimensional ion-selective membranes. The review concludes with a forward-looking perspective, outlining future research directions, including scalable membrane fabrication, enhanced environmental adaptability, and integration into multiple industries. This review aims to bridge the gap between previous laboratory-scale investigations of two-dimensional ion-selective membranes in salinity gradient energy conversion and their potential large-scale industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Mehdi Neek-Amal
- Department of Physics, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran 1678815811, Iran
- Departement Fysica, Universiteit Antwerpen, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Chengzhen Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
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2
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Jung J, Choi S, Kang I, Choi K. Ultra-Thin Ion Exchange Membranes by Low Ionomer Blending for Energy Harvesting. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:478. [PMID: 38470806 DOI: 10.3390/nano14050478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Exploring the utilization of ion exchange membranes (IEMs) in salinity gradient energy harvesting, a technique that capitalizes on the salinity difference between seawater and freshwater to generate electricity, this study focuses on optimizing PVDF to Nafion ratios to create ultra-thin membranes. Specifically, our investigation aligns with applications such as reverse electrodialysis (RED), where IEMs facilitate selective ion transport across salinity gradients. We demonstrate that membranes with reduced Nafion content, particularly the 50:50 PVDF:Nafion blend, retain high permselectivity comparable to those with higher Nafion content. This challenges traditional understandings of membrane design, highlighting a balance between thinness and durability for energy efficiency. Voltage-current analyses reveal that, despite lower conductivity, the 50:50 blend shows superior short-circuit current density under salinity gradient conditions. This is attributed to effective ion diffusion facilitated by the blend's unique microstructure. These findings suggest that blended membranes are not only cost-effective but also exhibit enhanced performance for energy harvesting, making them promising candidates for sustainable energy solutions. Furthermore, these findings will pave the way for advances in membrane technology, offering new insights into the design and application of ion exchange membranes in renewable energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehoon Jung
- NextE&M Research Institute, Environmental Industry Research Complex, 410 Jeongseojin-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyeong Choi
- NextE&M Research Institute, Environmental Industry Research Complex, 410 Jeongseojin-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilsuk Kang
- National Nanofab Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiwoon Choi
- NextE&M Research Institute, Environmental Industry Research Complex, 410 Jeongseojin-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
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3
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Sha’rani SS, Nasef MM, Jusoh NWC, Isa EDM, Ali RR. A highly-selective layer-by-layer membrane modified with polyethylenimine and graphene oxide for vanadium redox flow battery. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2024; 25:2300697. [PMID: 38249722 PMCID: PMC10798294 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2023.2300697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
A selective composite membrane for vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) was successfully prepared by layer-by-layer (LbL) technique using a perfluorosulfonic sulfonic acid or Nafion 117 (N117). The composite membrane referred as N117-(PEI/GO)n, was obtained by depositing alternating layers of positively charged polyethylenimine (PEI) and negatively charged graphene oxide (GO) as polyelectrolytes. The physicochemical properties and performance of the pristine and composite membranes were investigated. The membrane showed an enhancement in proton conductivity and simultaneously exhibited a notable 90% reduction in vanadium permeability. This, in turn, results in a well-balanced ratio of proton conductivity to vanadium permeability, leading to high selectivity. The highest selectivity of the LbL membranes was found to be 19.2 × 104 S.min/cm3, which is 13 times higher than the N117 membrane (n = 0). This was translated into an improvement in the battery performance, with the n = 1 membrane showing a 4-6% improvement in coulombic efficiency and a 7-15% improvement in voltage efficiency at current densities ranging from 40 to 80 mA/cm2. Furthermore, the membrane displays stable operation over a long-term stability at around 88% at a current density of 40 mA/cm2, making it an attractive option for VRFB applications using the LbL technique. The use of PEI/GO bilayers maintains high proton conductivity and VE of the battery, opening up possibilities for further optimization and improvement of VRFBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saidatul Sophia Sha’rani
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE), Malaysia–Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Center of Hydrogen Energy, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Mahmoud Nasef
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE), Malaysia–Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Center of Hydrogen Energy, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nurfatehah Wahyuny Che Jusoh
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE), Malaysia–Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Center of Hydrogen Energy, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Eleen Dayana Mohamed Isa
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE), Malaysia–Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Roshafima Rasit Ali
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE), Malaysia–Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Center of Hydrogen Energy, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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4
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Wu N, Brahmi Y, Colin A. Fluidics for energy harvesting: from nano to milli scales. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:1034-1065. [PMID: 36625144 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00946c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A large amount of untapped energy sources surrounds us. In this review, we summarize recent works of water-based energy harvesting systems with operation scales ranging from miniature systems to large scale attempts. We focus particularly on the triboelectric energy, which is produced when a liquid and a solid come into contact, and on the osmotic energy, which is released when salt water and fresh water are mixed. For both techniques we display the state of the art understanding (including electrical charge separation, electro-osmotic currents and induced currents) and the developed devices. A critical discussion of present works confirms the significant progress of these water-based energy harvesting systems in all scales. However, further efforts in efficiency and performance amelioration are expected for these technologies to accelerate the industrialization and commercialization procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wu
- ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, MIE-CBI, CNRS UMR 8231, 10, Rue Vauquelin, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Youcef Brahmi
- ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, MIE-CBI, CNRS UMR 8231, 10, Rue Vauquelin, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.
| | - Annie Colin
- ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, MIE-CBI, CNRS UMR 8231, 10, Rue Vauquelin, F-75231 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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5
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Shen K, He Q, Ru Q, Tang D, Oo TZ, Zaw M, Lwin NW, Aung SH, Tan SC, Chen F. Flexible LATP composite membrane for lithium extraction from seawater via an electrochemical route. J Memb Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2023.121358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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6
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Santoro S, Avci AH, Politano A, Curcio E. The advent of thermoplasmonic membrane distillation. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:6087-6125. [PMID: 35789347 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00097c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Freshwater scarcity is a vital societal challenge related to climate change, population pressure, and agricultural and industrial demands. Therefore, sustainable desalination/purification of salty/contaminated water for human uses is particularly relevant. Membrane distillation is an emerging hybrid thermal-membrane technology with the potential to overcome the drawbacks of conventional desalination by a synergic exploitation of the water-energy nexus. Although membrane distillation is considered a green technology, efficient heat management remains a critical concern affecting the cost of the process and hindering its viability at large scale. A multidisciplinary approach that involves materials chemistry, physical chemistry, chemical engineering, and materials and polymer science is required to solve this problem. The combination of solar energy with membrane distillation is considered a potentially feasible low-cost approach for providing high-quality freshwater with a low carbon footprint. In particular, recent discoveries about efficient light-to-heat conversion in nanomaterials have opened unprecedented perspectives for the implementation of sunlight-based renewable energy in membrane distillation. The integration of nanofillers enabling photothermal effects into membranes has been demonstrated to be able to significantly enhance the energy efficiency without impacting on economic costs. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview on the state of the art, the opportunities, open challenges and pitfalls of the emerging field of solar-driven membrane distillation. We also assess the peculiar physicochemical properties and synthesis scalability of photothermal materials, as well as the strategies for their integration into polymeric nanocomposite membranes enabling efficient light-to-heat conversion and freshwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Santoro
- University of Calabria - Department of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Cubo 44 A, Via Pietro Bucci, 87036 Rende CS, Italy.
| | - Ahmet H Avci
- University of Calabria - Department of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Cubo 44 A, Via Pietro Bucci, 87036 Rende CS, Italy.
| | - Antonio Politano
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, via Vetoio, 67100 L'Aquila (AQ), Italy.
| | - Efrem Curcio
- University of Calabria - Department of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Cubo 44 A, Via Pietro Bucci, 87036 Rende CS, Italy.
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7
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Abd-Elaty I, Shahawy AEL, Santoro S, Curcio E, Straface S. Effects of groundwater abstraction and desalination brine deep injection on a coastal aquifer. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 795:148928. [PMID: 34328916 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As a result of climate change, population increase and improvement of living standards, the water demand is annually growing drawing worldwide attention on seawater desalination to face water crisis. The total global desalination capacity is dominated by Reverse Osmosis (RO) and, often, this desalination process is fed with the brackish water extracted from coastal aquifers. After this process the desalted freshwater is obtained at a recovery factor of ca. 50%, while concentrate byproduct, named brine, is disposed back to coastal aquifers, seas, oceans or evaporative ponds, determining detrimental effects on the surrounding environment. A common approach to clean out the brine is the deep-well injection into coastal aquifers, exacerbating the seawater intrusion. The ultimate result is a reduction of the available water both in terms quantity and quality hampering the benefits of the desalination. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of brine water injection in the Nile coastal aquifer, one of the largest underground freshwater reservoirs in the world, and to find a way to minimize and manage the environmental impact of the RO process. In order to simulate the effects of the brackish water extraction and the brine deep-injection on the Nile coastal aquifer, a combined seawater intrusion, numerical models for flow and salt transport model in aquifers and the solution-diffusion in RO practices were implemented. Different management scenarios were considered and their consequences on salt mass storage in the Nile coastal aquifer evaluated. According to the numerical results, the salinization of the coastal aquifer can be mitigated by reducing the concentration of the water feeding the reverse osmosis plant, i.e., mixing the extracted brackish water with a lower salinity water. Besides, low feed salinity leads to significant gains by decreasing the specific energy consumption of the desalination process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Abd-Elaty
- Department of Water and Water Structures Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, 44519 Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Abeer E L Shahawy
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Suez Canal University, PO Box 41522, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Sergio Santoro
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Calabria, Ponte P. Bucci, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Efrem Curcio
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Calabria, Ponte P. Bucci, 87036 Rende, Italy
| | - Salvatore Straface
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Calabria, Ponte P. Bucci, 87036 Rende, Italy.
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8
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Jiang S, Sun H, Wang H, Ladewig BP, Yao Z. A comprehensive review on the synthesis and applications of ion exchange membranes. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 282:130817. [PMID: 34091294 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ion exchange membranes (IEMs) are undergoing prosperous development in recent years. More than 30,000 papers which are indexed by Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE) have been published on IEMs during the past twenty years (2001-2020). Especially, more than 3000 papers are published in the year of 2020, revealing researchers' great interest in this area. This paper firstly reviews the different types (e.g., cation exchange membrane, anion exchange membrane, proton exchange membrane, bipolar membrane) and electrochemical properties (e.g., permselectivity, electrical resistance/ionic conductivity) of IEMs and the corresponding working principles, followed by membrane synthesis methods, including the common solution casting method. Especially, as a promising future direction, green synthesis is critically discussed. IEMs are extensively applied in various applications, which can be generalized into two big categories, where the water-based category mainly includes electrodialysis, diffusion dialysis and membrane capacitive deionization, while the energy-based category mainly includes reverse electrodialysis, fuel cells, redox flow battery and electrolysis for hydrogen production. These applications are comprehensively discussed in this paper. This review may open new possibilities for the future development of IEMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanxue Jiang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China; Barrer Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Haishu Sun
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Huijiao Wang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Bradley P Ladewig
- Barrer Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; Institute for Micro Process Engineering (IMVT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Zhiliang Yao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Food Chain Pollution Control, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China; Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China.
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9
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Zhang G, Yang G, Li S, Shen Q, Wang H, Li Z, Zhou Y, Ye W. Effects of Hydration and Temperature on the Microstructure and Transport Properties of Nafion Polyelectrolyte Membrane: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:695. [PMID: 34564512 PMCID: PMC8467011 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11090695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effects of temperature and hydration on the microstructure of polymer electrolyte membrane and the transport of water molecules and hydronium ions, molecular dynamics simulations are performed on Nafion 117 for a series of water contents at different temperatures. The interactions among the sulfonate groups, hydronium ions, and water molecules are studied according to the analysis of radial distribution functions and coordination numbers. The sizes and connectivity of water clusters are also discussed, and it is found that the hydration level plays a key role in the phase separation of the membrane. However, the effect of the temperature is slight. When the water content increases from 3.5 to 16, the size of water clusters in the membrane increases, and the clusters connect to each other to form continuous channels for diffusion of water molecules and hydronium ions. The diffusion coefficients are estimated by studying the mean square displacements. The results show that the diffusion of water molecules and hydronium ions are both enhanced by the increase of the temperature and hydration level. Furthermore, the diffusion coefficient of water molecules is always much larger than that of hydronium ions. However, the ratio of the diffusion coefficient of water molecules to that of hydronium ions decreases with the increase of water content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoling Zhang
- Marine Engineering College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; (G.Z.); (Q.S.); (H.W.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Guogang Yang
- Marine Engineering College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; (G.Z.); (Q.S.); (H.W.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Shian Li
- Marine Engineering College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; (G.Z.); (Q.S.); (H.W.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Qiuwan Shen
- Marine Engineering College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; (G.Z.); (Q.S.); (H.W.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Hao Wang
- Marine Engineering College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; (G.Z.); (Q.S.); (H.W.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Zheng Li
- Marine Engineering College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; (G.Z.); (Q.S.); (H.W.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yang Zhou
- Marine Engineering College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China; (G.Z.); (Q.S.); (H.W.); (Z.L.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Weiqiang Ye
- School of Marine Engineering, Guangzhou Maritime University, Guangzhou 510725, China;
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10
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Principles of reverse electrodialysis and development of integrated-based system for power generation and water treatment: a review. REV CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/revce-2020-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is among the evolving membrane-based processes available for energy harvesting by mixing water with different salinities. The chemical potential difference causes the movement of cations and anions in opposite directions that can then be transformed into the electrical current at the electrodes by redox reactions. Although several works have shown the possibilities of achieving high power densities through the RED system, the transformation to the industrial-scale stacks remains a challenge particularly in understanding the correlation between ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) and the operating conditions. This work provides an overview of the RED system including its development and modifications of IEM utilized in the RED system. The effects of modified membranes particularly on the psychochemical properties of the membranes and the effects of numerous operating variables are discussed. The prospects of combining the RED system with other technologies such as reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, membrane distillation, heat engine, microbial fuel cell), and flow battery have been summarized based on open-loop and closed-loop configurations. This review attempts to explain the development and prospect of RED technology for salinity gradient power production and further elucidate the integrated RED system as a promising way to harvest energy while reducing the impact of liquid waste disposal on the environment.
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11
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Current progress in membranes for fuel cells and reverse electrodialysis. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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12
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Yang K, Qin M. The Application of Cation Exchange Membranes in Electrochemical Systems for Ammonia Recovery from Wastewater. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11070494. [PMID: 34208972 PMCID: PMC8305737 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11070494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical processes are considered promising technologies for ammonia recovery from wastewater. In electrochemical processes, cation exchange membrane (CEM), which is applied to separate compartments, plays a crucial role in the separation of ammonium nitrogen from wastewater. Here we provide a comprehensive review on the application of CEM in electrochemical systems for ammonia recovery from wastewater. Four kinds of electrochemical systems, including bioelectrochemical systems, electrochemical stripping, membrane electrosorption, and electrodialysis, are introduced. Then we discuss the role CEM plays in these processes for ammonia recovery from wastewater. In addition, we highlight the key performance metrics related to ammonia recovery and properties of CEM membrane. The limitations and key challenges of using CEM for ammonia recovery are also identified and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohan Qin
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(608)-265-9733
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Kakihana Y, Jullok N, Shibuya M, Ikebe Y, Higa M. Comparison of Pressure-Retarded Osmosis Performance between Pilot-Scale Cellulose Triacetate Hollow-fiber and Polyamide Spiral-Wound Membrane Modules. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11030177. [PMID: 33671075 PMCID: PMC7998957 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11030177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pressure-retarded osmosis (PRO) has recently received attention because of its ability to generate power via an osmotic pressure gradient between two solutions with different salinities: high- and low-salinity water sources. In this study, PRO performance, using the two pilot-scale PRO membrane modules with different configurations—five-inch cellulose triacetate hollow-fiber membrane module (CTA-HF) and eight-inch polyamide spiral-wound membrane modules (PA-SW)—was evaluated by changing the draw solution (DS) concentration, applied hydrostatic pressure difference, and the flow rates of DS and feed solution (FS), to obtain the optimum operating conditions in PRO configuration. The maximum power density per unit membrane area of PA-SW at 0.6 M NaCl was 1.40 W/m2 and 2.03-fold higher than that of CTA-HF, due to the higher water permeability coefficient of PA-SW. In contrast, the maximum power density per unit volume of CTA-SW at 0.6 M NaCl was 4.67 kW/m3 and 6.87-fold higher than that of PA-SW. The value of CTA-HF increased to 13.61 kW/m3 at 1.2 M NaCl and was 12.0-fold higher than that of PA-SW because of the higher packing density of CTA-HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriko Kakihana
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.S.); (Y.I.)
- Blue Energy Center for SGE Technology (BEST), 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan
| | - Nora Jullok
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 3, Jejawi 02600, Perlis, Malaysia;
- Centre of Excellence for Biomass Utilization, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Pusat Pengajian Jejawi 3, Jejawi 02600, Perlis, Malaysia
| | - Masafumi Shibuya
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.S.); (Y.I.)
| | - Yuki Ikebe
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.S.); (Y.I.)
| | - Mitsuru Higa
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8511, Japan; (Y.K.); (M.S.); (Y.I.)
- Blue Energy Center for SGE Technology (BEST), 2-16-1 Tokiwadai, Ube, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-836-85-9203
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14
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Ionic Conductive Membranes for Fuel Cells. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11030159. [PMID: 33669138 PMCID: PMC7996502 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11030159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Tuning the Electrochemical Properties of Novel Asymmetric Integral Sulfonated Polysulfone Cation Exchange Membranes. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020265. [PMID: 33430426 PMCID: PMC7827739 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, novel asymmetric integral cation exchange membranes were prepared by the wet phase inversion of sulfonated polysulfone (SPSf) solutions. SPSf with different degrees of sulfonation (DS) was synthesized by variation in the amount of chlorosulfonic acid utilized as a sulfonating agent. The characterization of SPSf samples was performed using FTIR and 1H-NMR techniques. SPSf with a DS of 0.31 (0.67 meq/g corresponding ion exchange capacity) was chosen to prepare the membranes, as polymers with a higher DS resulted in poor mechanical properties and excessive swelling in water. By a systematic study, the opportunity to tune the properties of SPSf membranes by acting on the composition of the polymeric solution was demonstrated. The effect of two different phase inversion parameters, solvent type and co-solvent ratio, were investigated by morphological and electrochemical characterization. The best properties (permselectivity of 0.86 and electrical resistance of 6.3 Ω∙cm2) were obtained for the membrane prepared with 2-propanol (IPA):1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP) in a 20:80 ratio. This membrane was further characterized in different solution concentrations to estimate its performance in a Reverse Electrodialysis (RED) operation. Although the estimated generated power was less than that of the commercial CMX (Neosepta) membrane, used as a benchmark, the tailor-made membrane can be considered as a cost-effective alternative, as one of the main limitations to the commercialization of RED is the high membrane price.
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