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Creisher PS, Klein SL. Pathogenesis of viral infections during pregnancy. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024; 37:e0007323. [PMID: 38421182 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00073-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYViral infections during pregnancy are associated with significant adverse perinatal and fetal outcomes. Pregnancy is a unique immunologic and physiologic state, which can influence control of virus replication, severity of disease, and vertical transmission. The placenta is the organ of the maternal-fetal interface and provides defense against microbial infection while supporting the semi-allogeneic fetus via tolerogenic immune responses. Some viruses, such as cytomegalovirus, Zika virus, and rubella virus, can breach these defenses, directly infecting the fetus and having long-lasting consequences. Even without direct placental infection, other viruses, including respiratory viruses like influenza viruses and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, still cause placental damage and inflammation. Concentrations of progesterone and estrogens rise during pregnancy and contribute to immunological adaptations, placentation, and placental development and play a pivotal role in creating a tolerogenic environment at the maternal-fetal interface. Animal models, including mice, nonhuman primates, rabbits, and guinea pigs, are instrumental for mechanistic insights into the pathogenesis of viral infections during pregnancy and identification of targetable treatments to improve health outcomes of pregnant individuals and offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S Creisher
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sabra L Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Yadav KK, Boley PA, Khatiwada S, Lee CM, Bhandari M, Kenney SP. Development of fatty liver disease model using high cholesterol and low choline diet in white leghorn chickens. Vet Res Commun 2024:10.1007/s11259-024-10420-1. [PMID: 38861204 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10420-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which shows similar symptoms as fatty liver hemorrhage syndrome (FLHS) in chickens, is the most common cause of chronic liver disease and cancer in humans. NAFLD patients and FLHS in chickens have demonstrated severe liver disorders when infected by emerging strains of human hepatitis E virus (HEV) and avian HEV, respectively. We sought to develop a fatty liver disease chicken model by altering the diet of 3-week-old white leghorn chickens. The high cholesterol, and low choline (HCLC) diet included 7.6% fat with additional 2% cholesterol and 800 mg/kg choline in comparison to 5.3% fat, and 1,300 mg/kg choline in the regular diet. Our diet induced fatty liver avian model successfully recapitulates the clinical features seen during NAFLD in humans and FLHS in chickens, including hyperlipidemia and hepatic steatosis, as indicated by significantly higher serum triglycerides, serum cholesterol, liver triglycerides, cholesterol, and fatty acids. By developing this chicken model, we expect to provide a platform to explore the role of lipids in the liver pathology linked with viral infections and contribute to the development of prophylactic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kush Kumar Yadav
- Center for Food Animal Health (CFAH), Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Patricia A Boley
- Center for Food Animal Health (CFAH), Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Saroj Khatiwada
- Center for Food Animal Health (CFAH), Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Carolyn M Lee
- Center for Food Animal Health (CFAH), Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Menuka Bhandari
- Center for Food Animal Health (CFAH), Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Scott P Kenney
- Center for Food Animal Health (CFAH), Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA.
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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Sayed IM, El-Shamy A, Abdelwahab SF. Emerging Pathogens Causing Acute Hepatitis. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2952. [PMID: 38138096 PMCID: PMC10745594 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute hepatitis is defined as an inflammation or injury in the hepatocytes that continues for a short period of time (less than 6 months) [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim M Sayed
- Department of Biomedical & Nutritional Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Ahmed El-Shamy
- Master of Pharmaceutical Sciences Program, College of Graduate Studies, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA 95757, USA
| | - Sayed F Abdelwahab
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
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Orozco-Cordoba J, Mazas C, Du Pont G, Lamoyi E, Cárdenas G, Fierro NA. Viral Biology and Immune Privilege in the Development of Extrahepatic Manifestations During Hepatitis E Virus Infection. Viral Immunol 2023; 36:627-641. [PMID: 38064537 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2023.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) exhibits tropism toward hepatocytes and thus affects the liver; however, HEV may also affect other tissues, including the heart, kidneys, intestines, testicles, and central nervous system. To date, the pathophysiological links between HEV infection and extrahepatic manifestations have not yet been established. Considering that HEV infects multiple types of cells, the direct effects of virus replication in peripheral tissues represent a plausible explanation for extrahepatic manifestations. In addition, since the immune response is crucial in the development of the disease, the immune characteristics of affected tissues should be revisited to identify commonalities explaining the effects of the virus. This review summarizes the most recent advances in understanding the virus biology and immune-privileged status of specific tissues as major elements for HEV replication in diverse organs. These discoveries may open avenues to explain the multiple extrahepatic manifestations associated with HEV infection and ultimately to design effective strategies for infection control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Orozco-Cordoba
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Camila Mazas
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gisela Du Pont
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Edmundo Lamoyi
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Graciela Cárdenas
- Departamento de Neuroinfectología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología Manuel Velasco Suárez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nora A Fierro
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, Mexico
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Khuroo MS. Discovery of Hepatitis E and Its Impact on Global Health: A Journey of 44 Years about an Incredible Human-Interest Story. Viruses 2023; 15:1745. [PMID: 37632090 PMCID: PMC10459142 DOI: 10.3390/v15081745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The story of the discovery of hepatitis E originated in the late 1970s with my extreme belief that there was a hidden saga in the relationship between jaundice and pregnancy in developing countries and the opportunity for a massive epidemic of viral hepatitis, which hit the Gulmarg Kashmir region in November 1978. Based on data collected from a door-to-door survey, the existence of a new disease, epidemic non-A, non-B hepatitis, caused by a hitherto unknown hepatitis virus, was announced. This news was received by the world community with hype and skepticism. In the early 1980s, the world watched in awe as an extreme example of human self-experimentation led to the identification of VLP. In 1990, a cDNA clone from the virus responsible for epidemic non-A, non-B hepatitis was isolated. Over the years, we traversed three eras of ambiguity, hope, and hype of hepatitis E research and conducted several seminal studies to understand the biology of HEV and manifestations of hepatitis E. Many milestones have been reached on the long and winding road of hepatitis E research to understand the structure, biology, and diversity of the agent, changing the behavior of the pathogen in developed countries, and the discovery of a highly effective vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Sultan Khuroo
- Digestive Diseases Centre, Dr. Khuroo's Medical Clinic, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir 190010, India
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