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Arrieta-Baez D, Quezada Huerta C, Rojas-Torres GS, Perea-Flores MDJ, Mendoza-León HF, Gómez-Patiño MB. Structural Studies of Mexican Husk Tomato ( Physalis ixocarpa) Fruit Cutin. Molecules 2023; 29:184. [PMID: 38202766 PMCID: PMC10780591 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Green tomato (Physalis ixocarpa) is a specie native to Mexico, and it is known as "tomatillo" or "husk tomato". The fruit contains vitamins, minerals, phenolic compounds, and steroidal lactones, presenting antimicrobial activity and antinarcotic effects. Therefore, it is not only used in traditional Mexican cuisine, but also in traditional medicine to relieve some discomforts such as fever, cough, and amygdalitis. However, it is a perishable fruit whose shelf life is very short. As a part of the peel, cuticle, and epicuticular waxes represent the most important part in plant protection, and the specific composition and structural characterization are significant to know how this protective biopolymer keeps quality characteristics in fresh fruits. P. ixocarpa cutin was obtained by enzymatic treatments (cellulase, hemicellulose, and pectinase) and different concentrations of TFA, and studied through Cross Polarization Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (CPMAS 13C NMR), Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-MS), and was morphologically characterized by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The main constituents identified under the basis of UHPLC-MS analysis were 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-octadecanoic acid with 44.7 and 37.5%, respectively. The C16 absence and low occurrence of phenolic compounds, besides the presence of glandular trichomes, which do not allow a continuous layer on the surface of the fruit, could be related to a lower shelf life compared with other common fruits such as tomato (Solanum lycopersicum).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Arrieta-Baez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional—(Centro de Nanociencias y Micro y Nanotecnologías), Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Col. Zacatenco, Mexico City 07738, Mexico; (D.A.-B.); (M.d.J.P.-F.); (H.F.M.-L.)
| | - Camila Quezada Huerta
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Química e Industrias Extractivas, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Luis Enrique Erro S/N, Colonia Lindavista 07738, Mexico; (C.Q.H.); (G.S.R.-T.)
| | - Giovana Simone Rojas-Torres
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Química e Industrias Extractivas, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Av. Luis Enrique Erro S/N, Colonia Lindavista 07738, Mexico; (C.Q.H.); (G.S.R.-T.)
| | - María de Jesús Perea-Flores
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional—(Centro de Nanociencias y Micro y Nanotecnologías), Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Col. Zacatenco, Mexico City 07738, Mexico; (D.A.-B.); (M.d.J.P.-F.); (H.F.M.-L.)
| | - Héctor Francisco Mendoza-León
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional—(Centro de Nanociencias y Micro y Nanotecnologías), Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Col. Zacatenco, Mexico City 07738, Mexico; (D.A.-B.); (M.d.J.P.-F.); (H.F.M.-L.)
| | - Mayra Beatriz Gómez-Patiño
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional—(Centro de Nanociencias y Micro y Nanotecnologías), Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Col. Zacatenco, Mexico City 07738, Mexico; (D.A.-B.); (M.d.J.P.-F.); (H.F.M.-L.)
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Arrieta-Baez D, Perea Flores MDJ, Méndez-Méndez JV, Mendoza León HF, Gómez-Patiño MB. Structural Studies of the Cutin from Two Apple Varieties: Golden Delicious and Red Delicious ( Malus domestica). MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 25:molecules25245955. [PMID: 33339233 PMCID: PMC7767305 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The cuticle, a protective cuticular barrier present in almost all primary aerial plant organs, has a composition that varies between plant species. As a part of the apple peel, cuticle and epicuticular waxes have an important role in the skin appearance and quality characteristic in fresh fruits destined for human consumption. The specific composition and structural characteristics of cutin from two apple varieties, “golden delicious” and “red delicious”, were obtained by enzymatic protocols and studied by means of cross polarization magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (CP-MAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and mass spectrometry, and were morphologically characterized by specialized microscopy techniques (atomic force microscopy (AFM), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLMS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)). According to CP-MAS 13C NMR and ATR-FTIR analysis, cutins from both varieties are mainly composed of aliphatics and a small difference is shown between them. This was corroborated from the hydrolyzed cutins analysis by mass spectrometry, where 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid; 10,20-Dihydroxy-icosanoic acid; 10,16-dihydroxy hexadecenoic acid (10,16-DHPA); 9,10-epoxy-12-octadecenoic acid; and 9,10-epoxy-18-hydroxy-12-octadecenoic acid were the main monomers isolated. The low presence of polysaccharides and phenolics in the cutins obtained could be related to the low elastic behavior of this biocomposite and the presence of cracks in the apple cutin’s surface. These cracks have an average depth of 1.57 µm ± 0.57 in the golden apple, and 1.77 µm ± 0.64 in those found in the red apple. The results obtained in this work may facilitate a better understanding that mechanical properties of the apple fruit skin are mainly related to the specific aliphatic composition of cutin and help to much better investigate the formation of microcracks, an important symptom of russet formation.
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Gómez-Patiño MB, Estrada-Reyes R, Vargas-Diaz ME, Arrieta-Baez D. Cutin from Solanum Myriacanthum Dunal and Solanum Aculeatissimum Jacq. as a Potential Raw Material for Biopolymers. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12091945. [PMID: 32872115 PMCID: PMC7565047 DOI: 10.3390/polym12091945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cuticles have attracted attention because they can be used to produce hydrophobic films as models for novel biopolymers. Usually, cuticles are obtained from agroresidual waste. To find new renewable natural sources to design green and commercially available bioplastics, fruits of S. aculeatissimum and S. myriacanthum were analyzed. These fruits are not used for human or animal consumption, mainly because the fruit is composed of seeds. Fruit peels were object of enzymatic and chemical methods to get thick cutins in good yields (approximately 77% from dry weight), and they were studied by solid-state resonance techniques (CPMAS 13C NMR), attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and direct injection electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DIESI-MS) analytical methods. The main component of S. aculeatissimum cutin is 10,16-dihydroxypalmitic acid (10,16-DHPA, 69.84%), while S. myriacanthum cutin besides of 10,16-DHPA (44.02%); another two C18 monomers: 9,10,18-trihydroxy-octadecanoic acid (24.03%) and 18-hydroxy-9S,10R-epoxy-octadecanoic acid (9.36%) are present. The hydrolyzed cutins were used to produce films demonstrating that both cutins could be a potential raw material for different biopolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Beatriz Gómez-Patiño
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional-CNMN, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Col. Zacatenco, México City CDMX CP 07738, Mexico;
| | - Rosa Estrada-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Fitofarmacología, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14370, Mexico;
| | - María Elena Vargas-Diaz
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional-Departamento de Química Orgánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Colonia Santo Tomás D.F. 11340, Mexico;
| | - Daniel Arrieta-Baez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional-CNMN, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Col. Zacatenco, México City CDMX CP 07738, Mexico;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-1-55-5729-6000 (ext. 57507)
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Philippe G, Geneix N, Petit J, Guillon F, Sandt C, Rothan C, Lahaye M, Marion D, Bakan B. Assembly of tomato fruit cuticles: a cross-talk between the cutin polyester and cell wall polysaccharides. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:809-822. [PMID: 31883116 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle is an essential and ubiquitous biological polymer composite covering aerial plant organs, whose structural component is the cutin polyester entangled with cell wall polysaccharides. The nature of the cutin-embedded polysaccharides (CEPs) and their association with cutin polyester are still unresolved Using tomato fruit as a model, chemical and enzymatic pretreatments combined with biochemical and biophysical methods were developed to compare the fine structure of CEPs with that of the noncutinized polysaccharides (NCPs). In addition, we used tomato fruits from cutin-deficient transgenic lines cus1 (cutin synthase 1) to study the impact of cutin polymerization on the fine structure of CEPs. Cutin-embedded polysaccharides exhibit specific structural features including a high degree of esterification (i.e. methylation and acetylation), a low ramification of rhamnogalacturonan (RGI), and a high crystallinity of cellulose. In addition to decreasing cutin deposition and polymerization, cus1 silencing induced a specific modification of CEPs, especially on pectin content, while NCPs were not affected. This new evidence of the structural specificities of CEPs and of the cross-talk between cutin polymerization and polysaccharides provides new hypotheses concerning the formation of these complex lipopolysaccharide edifices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Philippe
- Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, INRAE, BP71627, 44316, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Nathalie Geneix
- Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, INRAE, BP71627, 44316, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Johann Petit
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie - INRAE Bordeaux-Aquitaine Bât, IBVM , 71 av. Edouard Bourlaux, CS 20032, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Fabienne Guillon
- Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, INRAE, BP71627, 44316, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Christophe Sandt
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, Ligne SMIS, L'Orme des Merisiers, 91192, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Christophe Rothan
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie - INRAE Bordeaux-Aquitaine Bât, IBVM , 71 av. Edouard Bourlaux, CS 20032, 33882, Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Marc Lahaye
- Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, INRAE, BP71627, 44316, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Didier Marion
- Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, INRAE, BP71627, 44316, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Bénédicte Bakan
- Unité Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, INRAE, BP71627, 44316, Nantes Cedex 3, France
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Aliphatic Diacidic Long-Chain C16 Polyesters from 10,16-Dihydroxyhexadecanoic Acid Obtained from Tomato Residual Wastes. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24081524. [PMID: 30999714 PMCID: PMC6515467 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
10,16-dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid obtained from agroresidual tomato waste, was oxidized to produce 7-oxohexadecanedioic acid in good yield (>70%) and purified without oxidation side products in one step. Polycondensation with 1,8-octanediol, yielded the polyester (poly(ω-carboxyl PA-co-OD)) with Mw = 2155.15 and Mn = 1637.27. The best enzymatic reaction conditions to get the polyester were using lipase CAL-B (%-by-wt relative to monomer) in toluene as a solvent for 1 h at 60 °C. The poly(ω-carboxyl PA-co-OD) was characterized by 1H- and 13C-NMR, mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) and the polyester film formed with a Langmuir-Blodgett Trough was analyzed by means of spectroscopic ellipsometry and atomic force microscopy.
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Benítez JJ, Castillo PM, Del Río JC, León-Camacho M, Domínguez E, Heredia A, Guzmán-Puyol S, Athanassiou A, Heredia-Guerrero JA. Valorization of Tomato Processing by-Products: Fatty Acid Extraction and Production of Bio-Based Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E2211. [PMID: 30405081 PMCID: PMC6266337 DOI: 10.3390/ma11112211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
A method consisting of the alkaline hydrolysis of tomato pomace by-products has been optimized to obtain a mixture of unsaturated and polyhydroxylated fatty acids as well as a non-hydrolysable secondary residue. Reaction rates and the activation energy of the hydrolysis were calculated to reduce costs associated with chemicals and energy consumption. Lipid and non-hydrolysable fractions were chemically (infrared (IR) spectroscopy, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS)) and thermally (differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)) characterized. In addition, the fatty acid mixture was used to produce cutin-based polyesters. Freestanding films were prepared by non-catalyzed melt-polycondensation and characterized by Attenuated Total Reflected-Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), DSC, TGA, Water Contact Angles (WCA), and tensile tests. These bio-based polymers were hydrophobic, insoluble, infusible, and thermally stable, their physical properties being tunable by controlling the presence of unsaturated fatty acids and oxygen in the reaction. The participation of an oxidative crosslinking side reaction is proposed to be responsible for such modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- José J Benítez
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla, Centro Mixto CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, Américo Vespucio 49, E-41092 Seville, Spain.
| | - Paula M Castillo
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla, Centro Mixto CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, Américo Vespucio 49, E-41092 Seville, Spain.
| | - José C Del Río
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla-CSIC, Avenida Reina Mercedes 10, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | | | - Eva Domínguez
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropicaly Mediterránea La Mayora, Universidad de Málaga-CSIC, E-29071 Málaga, Spain.
| | - Antonio Heredia
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropicaly Mediterránea La Mayora, Universidad de Málaga-CSIC, E-29071 Málaga, Spain.
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, E-29071 Málaga, Spain.
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Hernández Velasco BL, Arrieta-Baez D, Cortez Sotelo PI, Méndez-Méndez JV, Berdeja Martínez BM, Gómez-Patiño MB. Comparative studies of cutins from lime (Citrus aurantifolia) and grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) after TFA hydrolysis. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017; 144:78-86. [PMID: 28898741 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Grapefruit and lime cutins were analyzed and compared in order to obtain information about their cutin architecture. This was performed using a sequential hydrolysis, first with trifluoroacetic acid to remove most of the polysaccharides present in the cutins, followed by an alkaline hydrolysis in order to obtain the main aliphatic compounds. Analysis by CPMAS 13C NMR and ATR FT-IR of the cutins after 2.0 M TFA revealed that grapefruit cutin has independent aliphatic and polysaccharide domains while in the lime cutin these components could be homogeneously distributed. These observations were in agreement with an AFM analysis of the cutins obtained in the hydrolysis reactions. The main aliphatic compounds were detected and characterized as 16-hydroxy-10-oxo-hexadecanoic acid and 10,16-dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid. These were present in grapefruit cutin at 35.80% and 21.86% and in lime cutin at 20.44% and 40.36% respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Arrieta-Baez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional - CNMN, Av. Luis Enrique Erro s/n, Nueva Industrial Vallejo, 07738, Ciudad de México, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Pedro Iván Cortez Sotelo
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional - ENCB, Av. Wilfrido Massieu, Unidad Adolfo López Mateos, 07738, Ciudad de México, CDMX, Mexico
| | - Juan Vicente Méndez-Méndez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional - CNMN, Av. Luis Enrique Erro s/n, Nueva Industrial Vallejo, 07738, Ciudad de México, CDMX, Mexico
| | | | - Mayra Beatriz Gómez-Patiño
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional - ENCB, Av. Wilfrido Massieu, Unidad Adolfo López Mateos, 07738, Ciudad de México, CDMX, Mexico.
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Heredia-Guerrero JA, Heredia A, Domínguez E, Cingolani R, Bayer IS, Athanassiou A, Benítez JJ. Cutin from agro-waste as a raw material for the production of bioplastics. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:5401-5410. [PMID: 28992177 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cutin is the main component of plant cuticles constituting the framework that supports the rest of the cuticle components. This biopolymer is composed of esterified bi- and trifunctional fatty acids. Despite its ubiquity in terrestrial plants, it has been underutilized as raw material due to its insolubility and lack of melting point. However, in recent years, a few technologies have been developed to obtain cutin monomers from several agro-wastes at an industrial scale. This review is focused on the description of cutin properties, biodegradability, chemical composition, processability, abundance, and the state of art of the fabrication of cutin-based materials in order to evaluate whether this biopolymer can be considered a source for the production of renewable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Heredia
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM) La Mayora. Universidad de Málaga-CSIC, Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga 29750, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Eva Domínguez
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM) La Mayora. Universidad de Málaga-CSIC, Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga 29750, Spain
| | | | - Ilker S Bayer
- Smart Materials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova 16163, Italy
| | | | - José J Benítez
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla, Centro mixto CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, Americo Vespucio 49, Isla de la Cartuja, Sevilla 41092, Spain
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Kaprakkaden A, Srivastava P, Bisaria VS. In vitro synthesis of 9,10-dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid using recombinant Escherichia coli. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:85. [PMID: 28521794 PMCID: PMC5437634 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0696-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hydroxy fatty acids are widely used in food, chemical and cosmetic industries. A variety of dihydroxy fatty acids have been synthesized so far; however, no studies have been done on the synthesis of 9,10-dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid. In the present study recombinant E. coli has been used for the heterologous expression of fatty acid hydroxylating enzymes and the whole cell lysate of the induced culture was used for in vitro production of 9,10-dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid. Results A first of its kind proof of principle has been successfully demonstrated for the production of 9,10-dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid using three different enzymes viz. fatty acid desaturase (FAD) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, epoxide hydrolase (EH) from Caenorhabditis elegance and epoxygenase (EPOX) from Stokasia laevis. The genes for these proteins were codon-optimised, synthesised and cloned in pET 28a (+) vector. The culture conditions for induction of these three proteins in E. coli were optimised in shake flask. The induced cell lysates were used both singly and in combination along with the trans-supply of hexadecanoic acid and 9-hexadecenoic acid, followed by product profiling by GC–MS. Formation of 9,10-dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid was successfully achieved when combination of induced cell lysates of recombinant E. coli containing FAD, EH, and EPOX were incubated with 9-hexadecenoic acid. Conclusions The in vitro production of 9,10-dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid synthesis using three fatty acid modification genes from different sources has been successfully demonstrated. The strategy adopted can be used for the production of similar compounds. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-017-0696-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anees Kaprakkaden
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India.,Lac Production Division, ICAR-IINRG, Ranchi, India
| | - Preeti Srivastava
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Virendra Swarup Bisaria
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India.
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Aparaschivei D, Todea A, Păuşescu I, Badea V, Medeleanu M, Şişu E, Puiu M, Chiriţă-Emandi A, Peter F. Synthesis, characterization and enzymatic degradation of copolymers of ε-caprolactone and hydroxy-fatty acids. PURE APPL CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2016-0920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractNew copolymers of ε-caprolactone with three hydroxy-fatty acids, 12-hydroxy stearic acid, 16-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid and ricinoleic acid, were synthesized by catalytic polyesterification. The reactions were carried out in solvent-free systems and in organic solvents as well, using tin(II) 2-ethylhexanoate as catalyst, at different temperatures and molar ratios of the comonomers. Cyclic and linear polymeric products with medium molar weight of about 2000 Da have been synthesized and their chemical structures were confirmed by FT-IR, NMR and MALDI-TOF MS analysis. The synthesis parameters were optimized and the ε-caprolactone/hydroxy acid molar ratio was set as 5:1, according to mass spectrometry results. The biodegradability of the newly synthesized polymers was studied in the presence of Candida antarctica B lipase in phosphate buffer solutions (pH=7.4), at 37°C. The weight-loss profile emphasized the degradation of the 16-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid based polymer samples at more than 50% of their initial weight in 18 days of incubation in the presence of the lipase. The composition of the degradation products was assessed using the GC-MS technique and displayed residues of the comonomers moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Aparaschivei
- 1Politehnica University Timisoara, Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, 6 Carol Telbisz str., 300001 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Anamaria Todea
- 1Politehnica University Timisoara, Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, 6 Carol Telbisz str., 300001 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Iulia Păuşescu
- 1Politehnica University Timisoara, Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, 6 Carol Telbisz str., 300001 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Valentin Badea
- 1Politehnica University Timisoara, Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, 6 Carol Telbisz str., 300001 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Mihai Medeleanu
- 1Politehnica University Timisoara, Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, 6 Carol Telbisz str., 300001 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Eugen Şişu
- 2“Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Maria Puiu
- 2“Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Adela Chiriţă-Emandi
- 2“Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, 2 Eftimie Murgu Sq., 300041, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Francisc Peter
- 1Politehnica University Timisoara, Faculty of Industrial Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, 6 Carol Telbisz str., 300001 Timisoara, Romania
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Benítez JJ, Heredia-Guerrero JA, Guzmán-Puyol S, Domínguez E, Heredia A. Polyester films obtained by noncatalyzed melt-condensation polymerization of aleuritic (9,10,16-trihydroxyhexadecanoic) acid in air. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José Jesús Benítez
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla (ICMS); Centro mixto CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla; Avda. Americo Vespuccio 49 Isla de la Cartuja E-41092 Sevilla Spain
| | | | | | - Eva Domínguez
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM) La Mayora. Universidad de Málaga-CSIC; Algarrobo-Costa E-29750 Málaga Spain
| | - Antonio Heredia
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica; IHSM La Mayora. UMA-CSIC. Universidad de Málaga; E-29071 Málaga Spain
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Biomimetic polymers of plant cutin: an approach from molecular modeling. J Mol Model 2014; 20:2329. [PMID: 24997117 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-014-2329-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Biomimetics of materials is based on adopting and reproducing a model in nature with a well-defined functionality optimized through evolution. An example is barrier polymers that protect living tissues from the environment. The protecting layer of fruits, leaves, and non-lignified stems is the plant cuticle. The cuticle is a complex system in which the cutin is the main component. Cutin is a biopolyester made of polyhydroxylated carboxylic acids of 16 and 18 carbon atoms. The biosynthesis of cutin in plants is not well understood yet, but a direct chemical route involving the self-assembly of either molecules or molecular aggregates has been proposed. In this work, we present a combined study using experimental and simulation techniques on self-assembled layers of monomers selectively functionalized with hydroxyl groups. Our results demonstrate that the number and position of the hydroxyl groups are critical for the interaction between single molecules and the further rearrangement. Also, the presence of lateral hydroxyl groups reinforces lateral interactions and favors the bi-dimensional growth (2D), while terminal hydroxyl groups facilitate the formation of a second layer caused by head-tail interactions. The balance of 2D/3D growth is fundamental for the plant to create a protecting layer both large enough in 2D and thick enough in 3D.
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Heredia-Guerrero JA, Benítez JJ, Domínguez E, Bayer IS, Cingolani R, Athanassiou A, Heredia A. Infrared and Raman spectroscopic features of plant cuticles: a review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:305. [PMID: 25009549 PMCID: PMC4069575 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle is one of the most important plant barriers. It is an external and continuous lipid membrane that covers the surface of epidermal cells and whose main function is to prevent the massive loss of water. The spectroscopic characterization of the plant cuticle and its components (cutin, cutan, waxes, polysaccharides and phenolics) by infrared and Raman spectroscopies has provided significant advances in the knowledge of the functional groups present in the cuticular matrix and on their structural role, interaction and macromolecular arrangement. Additionally, these spectroscopies have been used in the study of cuticle interaction with exogenous molecules, degradation, distribution of components within the cuticle matrix, changes during growth and development and characterization of fossil plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A. Heredia-Guerrero
- Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaGenova, Italy
- *Correspondence: José A. Heredia-Guerrero, Smart Materials Group, Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy e-mail:
| | - José J. Benítez
- Instituto de Ciencias de Materiales de Sevilla, CSIC-USSeville, Spain
| | - Eva Domínguez
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, CSIC-UMAMálaga, Spain
| | - Ilker S. Bayer
- Nanophysics, Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaGenova, Italy
| | | | | | - Antonio Heredia
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, CSIC-UMAMálaga, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de MálagaMálaga, Spain
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14
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Gómez-Patiño MB, Cassani J, Jaramillo-Flores ME, Zepeda-Vallejo LG, Sandoval G, Jimenez-Estrada M, Arrieta-Baez D. Oligomerization of 10,16-dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid and methyl 10,16-dihydroxyhexadecanoate catalyzed by lipases. Molecules 2013; 18:9317-33. [PMID: 23921794 PMCID: PMC6270567 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18089317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The main monomer of tomato cuticle, 10,16-dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid (10,16-DHPA) and its methyl ester derivative (methyl-10,16-dihydroxyhexadecanote; methyl-10,16-DHHD), were used to study their oligomerization reactions catalyzed by five lipases: Candida antarctica lipase B (CAL-B), Rhizomucor miehei lipase (RM), Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (TL), Pseudomonas cepacia lipase (PCL) and porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL). For 10,16-DHPA, optimum yields were obtained at 60 °C using toluene and 2-methyl-2-butanol (2M2B) as solvent, while for methyl-10,16-DHHD the bests yields were obtained in toluene and acetonitrile. Both reactions leaded to linear polyesters according to the NMR and FT-IR analysis, and there was no data indicating the presence of branched polymers. Using optimized conditions, poly(10,16-DHPA) and poly(methyl-10,16-DHHD) with Mw = 814 and Mn = 1,206 Da, and Mw = 982 and Mn = 860 Da, respectively, were formed according to their MALDI-TOF MS and ESI-MS data. The self-assembly of the polyesters obtained were analyzed by AFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Beatriz Gómez-Patiño
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional - ENCB, Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, México, D.F., CP 11340, Mexico
| | - Julia Cassani
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Calz. del Hueso No.1100, Col. Villa Quietud, México, D.F., CP 04960, Mexico
| | - María Eugenia Jaramillo-Flores
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional - ENCB, Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, México, D.F., CP 11340, Mexico
| | - L. Gerardo Zepeda-Vallejo
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional - ENCB, Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Casco de Santo Tomas, México, D.F., CP 11340, Mexico
| | | | - Manuel Jimenez-Estrada
- Departamento de Productos Naturales, Instituto de Química, UNAM. México, D.F. CP 04510, Mexico
| | - Daniel Arrieta-Baez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional - CNMN, Calle Luis Enrique Erro s/n, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Col. Zacatenco, México D.F., CP 07738, Mexico
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +52-55-5729-6000 (ext. 57501, 46081); Fax: +52-55-5729-6000 (ext. 46080, 57500)
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