Theoretical Studies on Catalysis Mechanisms of Serum Paraoxonase 1 and Phosphotriesterase Diisopropyl Fluorophosphatase Suggest the Alteration of Substrate Preference from Paraoxonase to DFP

Environmental dynamics of pesticides: sources, impacts on amphibians, nanoparticles, and endophytic microorganism remediation

Pesticides, which are widely used in agriculture, have elicited notable environmental concern because they persist and may be toxic. The environmental dynamics of pesticides were reviewed with a focus on their sources, impacts on amphibians, and imminent remediation options. Pesticides are directly applied in ecosystems, run off into water bodies, are deposited in the atmosphere, and often accumulate in the soil and water bodies. Pesticide exposure is particularly problematic for amphibians, which are sensitive indicators of the environment's health and suffer from physiological, behavioral, and developmental disruption that has "pushed them to the brink of extinction." Finally, this review discusses the nanoparticles that can be used to tackle pesticide pollution. However, nanoparticles with large surface areas and reactivity have the potential to degrade or adsorb pesticide residues during sustainable remediation processes. Symbiotic microbes living inside plants, known as endophytic microorganisms, can detoxify pesticides. Reducing pesticide bioavailability improves plant resilience by increasing the number of metabolizing microorganisms. Synergy between nanoparticle technology and endophytic microorganisms can mitigate pesticide contamination. Results show that Interdisciplinary research is necessary to improve the application of these strategies to minimize the ecological risk of pesticides. Eco-friendly remediation techniques that promote sustainable agricultural practices, while protecting amphibian populations and ecosystem health, have advanced our understanding of pesticide dynamics.

Molecular Structure of Paraoxonase-1 and Its Modifications in Relation to Enzyme Activity and Biological Functions-A Comprehensive Review

PON1 is a Ca2+-dependent enzyme that indicates a hydrolytic activity towards a broad spectrum of substrates. The mechanism of hydrolysis catalyzed by this enzyme is poorly understood. It was shown that the active site of PON1 is highly dynamic. The catalytic center of this enzyme consists of side chains of amino acids binding two calcium ions, from which the first one performs a structural function and the other one is responsible for the catalytic properties of PON1. This review summarizes available information on the structure of PONs, the role of amino acids located in the active site in specificity, and multiple substrate affinity of enzymes for understanding and explaining the basis of the physiological function of PONs. Moreover, in this paper, we described the changes in the structure of PONs induced by environmental and genetic factors and their association with diseases. The detoxification efficiency depends on the polymorphism of the PON1 gene, especially Q192R. However, data on the association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the PON1 gene and cardiovascular or neurodegenerative diseases are insufficient. The reviewed papers may confirm that PON1 is a very promising tool for diagnostics, but further studies are required.

Insights into the functional divergence of the haloacid dehalogenase superfamily from phosphomonoesterase to inorganic pyrophosphatase

The evolution of enzyme catalytic structures and mechanisms has drawn increasing attention. In this study, we investigate the functional divergence from phosphomonoesterase to inorganic pyrophosphatase in the haloacid dehalogenase (HAD) superfamily. In this study, a series of models was constructed, and calculations were performed by using density functional theory with the B3LYP functional. The calculations suggest that in most HAD members, the active-site structure is unstable due to the binding of the substrate inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), and reactions involving PPi cannot be catalyzed. In BT2127, which is a unique member of the HAD superfamily, the Mg2+-coordinating residues Asn172 and Glu47 play a role in stabilizing the active-site structure to adapt to the substrate PPi by providing much stronger coordination interactions with the Mg2+ ion. The calculation results suggest that Asn172 and Glu47 are crucial in the evolution of the inorganic pyrophosphatase activity in the HAD superfamily. Our study provides definitive chemical insight into the functional divergence of the HAD superfamily, and helps in understanding the evolution of enzyme catalytic structures and mechanisms.

Enzymes, Reacting with Organophosphorus Compounds as Detoxifiers: Diversity and Functions

Organophosphorus compounds (OPCs) are able to interact with various biological targets in living organisms, including enzymes. The binding of OPCs to enzymes does not always lead to negative consequences for the body itself, since there are a lot of natural biocatalysts that can catalyze the chemical transformations of the OPCs via hydrolysis or oxidation/reduction and thereby provide their detoxification. Some of these enzymes, their structural differences and identity, mechanisms, and specificity of catalytic action are discussed in this work, including results of computational modeling. Phylogenetic analysis of these diverse enzymes was specially realized for this review to emphasize a great area for future development(s) and applications.

Evolutionary insights into the active-site structures of the metallo-β-lactamase superfamily from a classification study with support vector machine

The metallo-β-lactamase (MβL) superfamily, which is intriguing due to its enzyme promiscuity, is a good model enzyme superfamily for studies of catalytic function evolution. Our previous study traced the evolution of the phosphotriesterase activity of the MβL superfamily and found that MβLs go through three typical active-site structures in the development of phosphotriesterase activity. In the present study, taking the three typical active-site structures as class labels, the classification and prediction models, which were established by support vector machine and amino acid composition, classified the MβL members into three classes. The indispensable amino acid compositions showed a surprising performance that was remarkably better than the performance of the dispensable amino acid compositions and even equal to the performance of the 20 native amino acids. We further traced the origin of the classification error and found that there was one subclass adopting a type of active-site structure that was the evolutionary transition between these classes. After that, our classification and prediction models were successfully used to predict several MβL active-site structures that lost the dinuclear structures during crystallization. In summary, our studies established a classification and prediction system for active-site structures that well compensated for experimental methods that recognize protein structure details and suggest that the indispensable amino acids contain much more protein structure information than the dispensable amino acids.

Enzymatic Bioremediation of Organophosphate Compounds-Progress and Remaining Challenges

Organophosphate compounds are ubiquitously employed as agricultural pesticides and maintained as chemical warfare agents by several nations. These compounds are highly toxic, show environmental persistence and accumulation, and contribute to numerous cases of poisoning and death each year. While their use as weapons of mass destruction is rare, these never fully disappear into obscurity as they continue to be tools of fear and control by governments and terrorist organizations. Beyond weaponization, their wide-scale dissemination as agricultural products has led to environmental accumulation and intoxication of soil and water across the globe. Therefore, there is a dire need for rapid and safe agents for environmental bioremediation, personal decontamination, and as therapeutic detoxicants. Organophosphate hydrolyzing enzymes are emerging as appealing targets to satisfy decontamination needs owing to their ability to hydrolyze both pesticides and nerve agents using biologically-derived materials safe for both the environment and the individual. As the release of genetically modified organisms is not widely accepted practice, researchers are exploring alternative strategies of organophosphate bioremediation that focus on cell-free enzyme systems. In this review, we first discuss several of the more prevalent organophosphorus hydrolyzing enzymes along with research and engineering efforts that have led to an enhancement in their activity, substrate tolerance, and stability. In the later half we focus on advances achieved through research focusing on enhancing the catalytic activity and stability of phosphotriesterase, a model organophosphate hydrolase, using various approaches such as nanoparticle display, DNA scaffolding, and outer membrane vesicle encapsulation.