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Li Y, Li Y, Guo Y, Chen C, Yang L, Jiang Q, Ling P, Wang S, Li L, Fang J. Enzymatic modular synthesis of asymmetrically branched human milk oligosaccharides. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 333:121908. [PMID: 38494200 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are intricate glycans that promote healthy growth of infants and have been incorporated into infant formula as food additives. Despite their importance, the limited availability of asymmetrically branched HMOs hinders the exploration of their structure and function relationships. Herein, we report an enzymatic modular strategy for the efficient synthesis of these HMOs. The key branching enzyme for the assembly of branched HMOs, human β1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2 (GCNT2), was successfully expressed in Pichia pastoris for the first time. Then, it was integrated with six other bacterial glycosyltransferases to establish seven glycosylation modules. Each module comprises a one-pot multi-enzyme (OPME) system for in-situ generation of costly sugar nucleotide donors, combined with a glycosyltransferase for specific glycosylation. This approach enabled the synthesis of 31 branched HMOs and 13 linear HMOs in a stepwise manner with well-programmed synthetic routes. The binding details of these HMOs with related glycan-binding proteins were subsequently elucidated using glycan microarray assays to provide insights into their biological functions. This comprehensive collection of synthetic HMOs not only serves as standards for HMOs structure identification in complex biological samples but also significantly enhances the fields of HMOs glycomics, opening new avenues for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinshuang Li
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of carbohydrate chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Yi Li
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of carbohydrate chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Yuxi Guo
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics & Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States of America
| | - Congcong Chen
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of carbohydrate chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Lin Yang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of carbohydrate chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of carbohydrate chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Peixue Ling
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of carbohydrate chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Shuaishuai Wang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of carbohydrate chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics & Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States of America.
| | - Junqiang Fang
- National Glycoengineering Research Center and Shandong Key Laboratory of carbohydrate chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.
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2
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Moya-Gonzálvez EM, Zeuner B, Thorhallsson AT, Holck J, Palomino-Schätzlein M, Rodríguez-Díaz J, Meyer AS, Yebra MJ. Synthesis of fucosyllactose using α-L-fucosidases GH29 from infant gut microbial metagenome. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:338. [PMID: 38771321 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13178-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Fucosyl-oligosaccharides (FUS) provide many health benefits to breastfed infants, but they are almost completely absent from bovine milk, which is the basis of infant formula. Therefore, there is a growing interest in the development of enzymatic transfucosylation strategies for the production of FUS. In this work, the α-L-fucosidases Fuc2358 and Fuc5372, previously isolated from the intestinal bacterial metagenome of breastfed infants, were used to synthesize fucosyllactose (FL) by transfucosylation reactions using p-nitrophenyl-α-L-fucopyranoside (pNP-Fuc) as donor and lactose as acceptor. Fuc2358 efficiently synthesized the major fucosylated human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) 2'-fucosyllactose (2'FL) with a 35% yield. Fuc2358 also produced the non-HMO FL isomer 3'-fucosyllactose (3'FL) and traces of non-reducing 1-fucosyllactose (1FL). Fuc5372 showed a lower transfucosylation activity compared to Fuc2358, producing several FL isomers, including 2'FL, 3'FL, and 1FL, with a higher proportion of 3'FL. Site-directed mutagenesis using rational design was performed to increase FUS yields in both α-L-fucosidases, based on structural models and sequence identity analysis. Mutants Fuc2358-F184H, Fuc2358-K286R, and Fuc5372-R230K showed a significantly higher ratio between 2'FL yields and hydrolyzed pNP-Fuc than their respective wild-type enzymes after 4 h of transfucosylation. The results with the Fuc2358-F184W and Fuc5372-W151F mutants showed that the residues F184 of Fuc2358 and W151 of Fuc5372 could have an effect on transfucosylation regioselectivity. Interestingly, phenylalanine increases the selectivity for α-1,2 linkages and tryptophan for α-1,3 linkages. These results give insight into the functionality of the active site amino acids in the transfucosylation activity of the GH29 α-L-fucosidases Fuc2358 and Fuc5372. KEY POINTS: Two α-L-fucosidases from infant gut bacterial microbiomes can fucosylate glycans Transfucosylation efficacy improved by tailored point-mutations in the active site F184 of Fuc2358 and W151 of Fuc5372 seem to steer transglycosylation regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Moya-Gonzálvez
- Laboratorio de Bacterias Lácticas y Probióticos, Departamento de Biotecnología de Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Birgitte Zeuner
- Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Albert Th Thorhallsson
- Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jesper Holck
- Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Jesús Rodríguez-Díaz
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Anne S Meyer
- Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - María J Yebra
- Laboratorio de Bacterias Lácticas y Probióticos, Departamento de Biotecnología de Alimentos, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain.
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3
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Yang Y, Thorhallsson AT, Rovira C, Holck J, Meyer AS, Yang H, Zeuner B. Improved Enzymatic Production of the Fucosylated Human Milk Oligosaccharide LNFP II with GH29B α-1,3/4-l-Fucosidases. J Agric Food Chem 2024; 72:11013-11028. [PMID: 38691641 PMCID: PMC11100010 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Five GH29B α-1,3/4-l-fucosidases (EC 3.2.1.111) were investigated for their ability to catalyze the formation of the human milk oligosaccharide lacto-N-fucopentaose II (LNFP II) from lacto-N-tetraose (LNT) and 3-fucosyllactose (3FL) via transglycosylation. We studied the effect of pH on transfucosylation and hydrolysis and explored the impact of specific mutations using molecular dynamics simulations. LNFP II yields of 91 and 65% were obtained for the wild-type SpGH29C and CpAfc2 enzymes, respectively, being the highest LNFP II transglycosylation yields reported to date. BbAfcB and BiAfcB are highly hydrolytic enzymes. The results indicate that the effects of pH and buffer systems are enzyme-dependent yet relevant to consider when designing transglycosylation reactions. Replacing Thr284 in BiAfcB with Val resulted in increased transglycosylation yields, while the opposite replacement of Val258 in SpGH29C and Val289 CpAfc2 with Thr decreased the transfucosylation, confirming a role of Thr and Val in controlling the flexibility of the acid/base loop in the enzymes, which in turn affects transglycosylation. The substitution of an Ala residue with His almost abolished secondary hydrolysis in CpAfc2 and BbAfcB. The results are directly applicable in the enhancement of transglycosylation and may have significant implications for manufacturing of LNFP II as a new infant formula ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaya Yang
- Section
for Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology
and Biomedicine, DTU Bioengineering, Technical
University of Denmark, Building 221, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
- School
of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu
University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Albert Thor Thorhallsson
- Section
for Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology
and Biomedicine, DTU Bioengineering, Technical
University of Denmark, Building 221, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Carme Rovira
- Departament
de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica &
IQTCUB, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Institució
Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona 08020, Spain
| | - Jesper Holck
- Section
for Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology
and Biomedicine, DTU Bioengineering, Technical
University of Denmark, Building 221, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Anne S. Meyer
- Section
for Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology
and Biomedicine, DTU Bioengineering, Technical
University of Denmark, Building 221, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Huan Yang
- School
of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu
University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Birgitte Zeuner
- Section
for Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology
and Biomedicine, DTU Bioengineering, Technical
University of Denmark, Building 221, Kgs. Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
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Li C, Cao Z, Jiang H, Secundo F, Mao X. Characterization of a GH20 β- N-Acetylhexosaminidase from Flavobacterium algicola Suitable to Synthesize Lacto- N-triose II. J Agric Food Chem 2024; 72:4849-4857. [PMID: 38386626 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
β-N-Acetylhexosaminidases have attracted much attention in the enzymatic synthesis of lacto-N-triose II (LNT2) as a backbone precursor of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). In this study, a novel glycoside hydrolase (GH) 20 family β-N-acetylhexosaminidase, FlaNag2353, from Flavobacterium algicola was biochemically characterized and applied to synthesize LNT2. FlaNag2353 displayed optimal activity to p-nitrophenyl N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminide (pNP-GlcNAc) at 40 °C and pH 8.0. In addition to its excellent hydrolysis activity toward pNP-GlcNAc and chitooligosaccharides, FlaNag2353 showed trans-glycosylation activity. Under conditions of pH 9.0 and 55 °C for 2 h and utilizing 200 mM lactose and 10 mM pNP-GlcNAc, FlaNag2353 synthesized LNT2 with a conversion ratio of 4.15% calculated from pNP-GlcNAc. Moreover, when applied to LNT2 synthesis with 10 mM pNP-GlcNAc and 9.7% (w/v) industrial waste whey powder, FlaNag2353 achieved a conversion ratio of 2.39%. This study has significant implications for broadening the applications of GH20 β-N-acetylhexosaminidases and promoting the high-value utilization of whey powder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, PR China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Qingdao 266404, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, Qingdao 266404, PR China
| | - Zhuoning Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, PR China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Qingdao 266404, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, Qingdao 266404, PR China
| | - Hong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, PR China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Qingdao 266404, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, Qingdao 266404, PR China
- Sanya Ocean Institute, Ocean University of China, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Francesco Secundo
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta", CNR, v. Mario Bianco 9, Milan 20131, Italy
| | - Xiangzhao Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Food Processing and Safety Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266404, PR China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, PR China
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Qingdao 266404, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Biological Processing of Aquatic Products, China National Light Industry, Qingdao 266404, PR China
- Sanya Ocean Institute, Ocean University of China, Sanya 572024, China
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Krupinskaitė A, Stanislauskienė R, Serapinas P, Rutkienė R, Gasparavičiūtė R, Meškys R, Stankevičiūtė J. α-L-Fucosidases from an Alpaca Faeces Metagenome: Characterisation of Hydrolytic and Transfucosylation Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:809. [PMID: 38255883 PMCID: PMC10815079 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
In various life forms, fucose-containing glycans play vital roles in immune recognition, developmental processes, plant immunity, and host-microbe interactions. Together with glucose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, and sialic acid, fucose is a significant component of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). Fucosylated HMOs benefit infants by acting as prebiotics, preventing pathogen attachment, and potentially protecting against infections, including HIV. Although the need for fucosylated derivatives is clear, their availability is limited. Therefore, synthesis methods for various fucosylated oligosaccharides are explored, employing enzymatic approaches and α-L-fucosidases. This work aimed to characterise α-L-fucosidases identified in an alpaca faeces metagenome. Based on bioinformatic analyses, they were confirmed as members of the GH29A subfamily. The recombinant α-L-fucosidases were expressed in Escherichia coli and showed hydrolytic activity towards p-nitrophenyl-α-L-fucopyranoside and 2'-fucosyllactose. Furthermore, the enzymes' biochemical properties and kinetic characteristics were also determined. All four α-L-fucosidases could catalyse transfucosylation using a broad diversity of fucosyl acceptor substrates, including lactose, maltotriose, L-serine, and L-threonine. The results contribute insights into the potential use of α-L-fucosidases for synthesising fucosylated amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnė Krupinskaitė
- Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio av. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (R.S.); (P.S.); (R.R.); (R.G.); (R.M.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jonita Stankevičiūtė
- Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio av. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (R.S.); (P.S.); (R.R.); (R.G.); (R.M.)
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Jian X, Li C, Feng X. Strategies for modulating transglycosylation activity, substrate specificity, and product polymerization degree of engineered transglycosylases. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2023; 43:1284-1298. [PMID: 36154438 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2105687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Glycosides are widely used in many fields due to their favorable biological activity. The traditional plant extractions and chemical methods for glycosides production are limited by environmentally unfriendly, laborious protecting group strategies and low yields. Alternatively, enzymatic glycosylation has drawn special attention due to its mild reaction conditions, high catalytic efficiency, and specific stereo-/regioselectivity. Glycosyltransferases (GTs) and retaining glycoside hydrolases (rGHs) are two major enzymes for the formation of glycosidic linkages. Therein GTs generally use nucleotide phosphate activated donors. In contrast, GHs can use broader simple and affordable glycosyl donors, showing great potential in industrial applications. However, most rGHs mainly show hydrolysis activity and only a few rGHs, namely non-Leloir transglycosylases (TGs), innately present strong transglycosylation activities. To address this problem, various strategies have recently been developed to successfully tailor rGHs to alleviate their hydrolysis activity and obtain the engineered TGs. This review summarizes the current modification strategies in TGs engineering, with a special focus on transglycosylation activity enhancement, substrate specificity modulation, and product polymerization degree distribution, which provides a reference for exploiting the transglycosylation potentials of rGHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Jian
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Chun Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
- Key Lab for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Center for Synthetic & Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xudong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
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Schelch S, Eibinger M, Zuson J, Kuballa J, Nidetzky B. Modular bioengineering of whole-cell catalysis for sialo-oligosaccharide production: coordinated co-expression of CMP-sialic acid synthetase and sialyltransferase. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:241. [PMID: 38012629 PMCID: PMC10683312 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02249-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In whole-cell bio-catalysis, the biosystems engineering paradigm shifts from the global reconfiguration of cellular metabolism as in fermentation to a more focused, and more easily modularized, optimization of comparably short cascade reactions. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMO) constitute an important field for the synthetic application of cascade bio-catalysis in resting or non-living cells. Here, we analyzed the central catalytic module for synthesis of HMO-type sialo-oligosaccharides, comprised of CMP-sialic acid synthetase (CSS) and sialyltransferase (SiaT), with the specific aim of coordinated enzyme co-expression in E. coli for reaction flux optimization in whole cell conversions producing 3'-sialyllactose (3SL). RESULTS Difference in enzyme specific activity (CSS from Neisseria meningitidis: 36 U/mg; α2,3-SiaT from Pasteurella dagmatis: 5.7 U/mg) was compensated by differential protein co-expression from tailored plasmid constructs, giving balance between the individual activities at a high level of both (α2,3-SiaT: 9.4 × 102 U/g cell dry mass; CSS: 3.4 × 102 U/g cell dry mass). Finally, plasmid selection was guided by kinetic modeling of the coupled CSS-SiaT reactions in combination with comprehensive analytical tracking of the multistep conversion (lactose, N-acetyl neuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), cytidine 5'-triphosphate; each up to 100 mM). The half-life of SiaT in permeabilized cells (≤ 4 h) determined the efficiency of 3SL production at 37 °C. Reaction at 25 °C gave 3SL (40 ± 4 g/L) in ∼ 70% yield within 3 h, reaching a cell dry mass-specific productivity of ∼ 3 g/(g h) and avoiding intermediary CMP-Neu5Ac accumulation. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, balanced co-expression of CSS and SiaT yields an efficient (high-flux) sialylation module to support flexible development of E. coli whole-cell catalysts for sialo-oligosaccharide production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Schelch
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Manuel Eibinger
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Jasmin Zuson
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37, 8010, Graz, Austria
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Jürgen Kuballa
- GALAB Laboratories GmbH, Am Schleusengraben 7, 21029, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37, 8010, Graz, Austria.
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, 8010, Graz, Austria.
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Zhu L, Li H, Luo T, Deng Z, Li J, Zheng L, Zhang B. Human Milk Oligosaccharides: A Critical Review on Structure, Preparation, Their Potential as a Food Bioactive Component, and Future Perspectives. J Agric Food Chem 2023; 71:15908-15925. [PMID: 37851533 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Human milk is the gold standard for infant feeding. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are a unique group of oligosaccharides in human milk. Great interest in HMOs has grown in recent years due to their positive effects on various aspects of infant health. HMOs provide various physiologic functions, including establishing a balanced infant's gut microbiota, strengthening the gastrointestinal barrier, preventing infections, and potential support to the immune system. However, the clinical application of HMOs is challenging due to their specificity to human milk and the difficulties and high costs associated with their isolation and synthesis. Here, the differences in oligosaccharides in human and other mammalian milk are compared, and the synthetic strategies to access HMOs are summarized. Additionally, the potential use and molecular mechanisms of HMOs as a new food bioactive component in different diseases, such as infection, necrotizing enterocolitis, diabetes, and allergy, are critically reviewed. Finally, the current challenges and prospects of HMOs in basic research and application are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Ting Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Zeyuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Liufeng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
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9
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Ali MY, Liaqat F, Khazi MI, Sethupathy S, Zhu D. Utilization of glycosyltransferases as a seamless tool for synthesis and modification of the oligosaccharides-A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 249:125916. [PMID: 37527764 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases (GTs) catalyze the transfer of active monosaccharide donors to carbohydrates to create a wide range of oligosaccharide structures. GTs display strong regioselectivity and stereoselectivity in producing glycosidic bonds, making them extremely valuable in the in vitro synthesis of oligosaccharides. The synthesis of oligosaccharides by GTs often gives high yields; however, the enzyme activity may experience product inhibition. Additionally, the higher cost of nucleotide sugars limits the usage of GTs for oligosaccharide synthesis. In this review, we comprehensively discussed the structure and mechanism of GTs based on recent literature and the CAZY website data. To provide innovative ideas for the functional studies of GTs, we summarized several remarkable characteristics of GTs, including folding, substrate specificity, regioselectivity, donor sugar nucleotides, catalytic reversibility, and differences between GTs and GHs. In particular, we highlighted the recent advancements in multi-enzyme cascade reactions and co-immobilization of GTs, focusing on overcoming problems with product inhibition and cost issues. Finally, we presented various types of GT that have been successfully used for oligosaccharide synthesis. We concluded that there is still an opportunity for improvement in enzymatically produced oligosaccharide yield, and future research should focus on improving the yield and reducing the production cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Yassin Ali
- Biofuels Institute, School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt
| | - Fakhra Liaqat
- Biofuels Institute, School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Mahammed Ilyas Khazi
- Biofuels Institute, School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Sivasamy Sethupathy
- Biofuels Institute, School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Daochen Zhu
- Biofuels Institute, School of Emergency Management, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
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Selvamani S, Kapoor N, Ajmera A, El Enshasy HA, Dailin DJ, Sukmawati D, Abomoelak M, Nurjayadi M, Abomoelak B. Prebiotics in New-Born and Children's Health. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2453. [PMID: 37894112 PMCID: PMC10608801 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
At present, prebiotics, like probiotics, are receiving more attention as a promising tool for health maintenance. Many studies have recognized the role of prebiotics in preventing and treating various illnesses including metabolic disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, and allergies. Naturally, prebiotics are introduced to the human body in the first few hours of life as the mother breastfeeds the newborn. Prebiotic human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are the third largest constituent of human breastmilk. Studies have proven that HMOs modulate an infant's microbial composition and assist in the development of the immune system. Due to some health conditions of the mother or beyond the recommended age for breastfeeding, infants are fed with formula. Few types of prebiotics have been incorporated into formula to yield similar beneficial impacts similar to breastfeeding. Synthetic HMOs have successfully mimicked the bifidogenic effects of breastmilk. However, studies on the effectiveness and safety of consumption of these synthetic HMOs are highly needed before massive commercial production. With the introduction of solid foods after breastfeeding or formula feeding, children are exposed to a range of prebiotics that contribute to further shaping and maturing their gut microbiomes and gastrointestinal function. Therefore, this review evaluates the functional role of prebiotic interventions in improving microbial compositions, allergies, and functional gastrointestinal disorders in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmugaprakasham Selvamani
- Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Johor Bahru 80000, Malaysia; (S.S.); (H.A.E.E.); (D.J.D.)
- Nutrition Technologies SDN. BHD., No 1 & No 3, Jalan SiLC 2, Kawasan Perindustrian SiLC, Iskandar Puteri, Johor Bahru 80150, Malaysia
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Johor Bahru 80000, Malaysia
| | - Nidhi Kapoor
- Center for Digestive Health and Nutrition, Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, Orlando, FL 32806, USA (A.A.)
| | - Arun Ajmera
- Center for Digestive Health and Nutrition, Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, Orlando, FL 32806, USA (A.A.)
| | - Hesham Ali El Enshasy
- Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Johor Bahru 80000, Malaysia; (S.S.); (H.A.E.E.); (D.J.D.)
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Johor Bahru 80000, Malaysia
- City of Scientific Research and Technology Applications, New Burg Al Arab, Alexandria 21500, Egypt
| | - Daniel Joe Dailin
- Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Johor Bahru 80000, Malaysia; (S.S.); (H.A.E.E.); (D.J.D.)
- Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Johor Bahru 80000, Malaysia
| | - Dalia Sukmawati
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Rawamangun, Jakarta Timur 13530, Indonesia; (D.S.); (M.N.)
| | | | - Muktiningsih Nurjayadi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Rawamangun, Jakarta Timur 13530, Indonesia; (D.S.); (M.N.)
| | - Bassam Abomoelak
- Center for Digestive Health and Nutrition, Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, Orlando, FL 32806, USA (A.A.)
- Specialty Diagnostic Laboratory, Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children, Orlando, FL 32806, USA
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11
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Pedersen K, Christensen LG, Jensen HH. Formation of β-Configured Thioglycosides of d-Glucosamine and d-Galactosamine and Synthesis of Protected Human Milk Oligosaccharides. J Org Chem 2023; 88:12531-12541. [PMID: 37560896 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
We report on the stereoselective multigram scale preparation of cyclohexyl- and phenyl thioglycosides of 2-azido-2-deoxy-β-d-gluco- and galactopyranosides from d-N-acetylglucosamine using a catalytic and solvent-free method. Two of the prepared building blocks were used as key intermediates for the synthesis of human milk oligosaccharides LNT and LNnT in their protected form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamilla Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Louise G Christensen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Henrik H Jensen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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12
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Muñoz-Provencio D, Yebra MJ. Gut Microbial Sialidases and Their Role in the Metabolism of Human Milk Sialylated Glycans. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9994. [PMID: 37373145 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sialic acids (SAs) are α-keto-acid sugars with a nine-carbon backbone present at the non-reducing end of human milk oligosaccharides and the glycan moiety of glycoconjugates. SAs displayed on cell surfaces participate in the regulation of many physiologically important cellular and molecular processes, including signaling and adhesion. Additionally, sialyl-oligosaccharides from human milk act as prebiotics in the colon by promoting the settling and proliferation of specific bacteria with SA metabolism capabilities. Sialidases are glycosyl hydrolases that release α-2,3-, α-2,6- and α-2,8-glycosidic linkages of terminal SA residues from oligosaccharides, glycoproteins and glycolipids. The research on sialidases has been traditionally focused on pathogenic microorganisms, where these enzymes are considered virulence factors. There is now a growing interest in sialidases from commensal and probiotic bacteria and their potential transglycosylation activity for the production of functional mimics of human milk oligosaccharides to complement infant formulas. This review provides an overview of exo-alpha-sialidases of bacteria present in the human gastrointestinal tract and some insights into their biological role and biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Muñoz-Provencio
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - María J Yebra
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Spain
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13
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Chen X, de Vos P. Structure-function relationship and impact on the gut-immune barrier function of non-digestible carbohydrates and human milk oligosaccharides applicable for infant formula. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-21. [PMID: 37035930 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2199072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (hMOs) in mothers' milk play a crucial role in guiding the colonization of microbiota and gut-immune barrier development in infants. Non-digestible carbohydrates (NDCs) such as synthetic single hMOs, galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), inulin-type fructans and pectin oligomers have been added to infant formula to substitute some hMOs' functions. HMOs and NDCs can modulate the gut-immune barrier, which is a multiple-layered functional unit consisting of microbiota, a mucus layer, gut epithelium, and the immune system. There is increasing evidence that the structures of the complex polysaccharides may influence their efficacy in modulating the gut-immune barrier. This review focuses on the role of different structures of individual hMOs and commonly applied NDCs in infant formulas in (i) direct regulation of the gut-immune barrier in a microbiota-independent manner and in (ii) modulation of microbiota composition and microbial metabolites of these polysaccharides in a microbiota-dependent manner. Both have been shown to be essential for guiding the development of an adequate immune barrier, but the effects are very dependent on the structural features of hMO or NDC. This knowledge might lead to tailored infant formulas for specific target groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Chen
- Immunoendocrinology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- Immunoendocrinology, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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14
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Perna VN, Meier S, Meyer AS. Enzymatic production of a suite of human milk oligosaccharides directly in milk. Enzyme Microb Technol 2023; 165:110196. [PMID: 36657310 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2023.110196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) denote specific glycans in human breast milk. They function as prebiotics, immune modulating, and antimicrobial agents in the gut of breastfed infants, and certain HMOs even promote the cognitive development of the baby. HMOs are virtually absent in cow's milk and hence in infant formula, which provides a huge incentive for identifying ways in which HMOs can be produced to improve infant formulas. Here, we show that different sialylated and fucosylated HMOs can be generated in cow's milk via different simultaneous enzymatic transglycosylation reactions catalyzed by an engineered sialidase (EC 3.2.1.18, from Trypanosoma rangeli) and an 1,2-α-L-fucosidase (EC 3.2.1.63, from Tannerella forsinthia) acting on the lactose in the milk and on casein glycomacropeptide, two types of commercially available HMOs, i.e. 2'-fucosyllactose and lacto-N-neotetraose, added to the milk. We also outline the details of the individual reactions in aqueous systems, demonstrate that the enzymatic reactions can be accomplished at 5 °C, and validate the products formed by LC-MS and NMR analysis. Enzymatic production of HMOs directly in milk provides opportunities for enriching milk and infant formulas and extends the use of enzymatic transglycosylation reactions to synthesis of HMOs in milk and eventually in other beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina N Perna
- Mille International Aps, Tuborg Boulevard 12, 3, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark; Section for Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sebastian Meier
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anne S Meyer
- Section for Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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15
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Jiménez-Pérez C, Guzmán-Rodríguez F, Cruz-Guerrero AE, Alatorre-Santamaría S. The dual role of fucosidases: tool or target. Biologia (Bratisl) 2023; 78:1-16. [PMID: 37363646 PMCID: PMC9972328 DOI: 10.1007/s11756-023-01351-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Regular intake of fucosylated oligosaccharides has been associated with several benefits for human health, particularly for new-borns. Since these biologically active molecules can be found naturally in human milk, research efforts have been focused on the alternative synthetic routes leading to their production. In particular, utilization of fucosidases to perform stereoselective transglycosylation reactions has been widely investigated. Other reasons that bring these enzymes to the spotlight are their role in viral infections and cancer proliferation. Since their involvement in the pathogenesis of these diseases have been widely described, fucosidases have become a target in newly developed therapies. Finally, activity disorders of biologically important fucosidases can lead to health problems such as fucosidosis. What is common for both mechanisms is the interaction between the enzyme and substrates in and around the active site. Therefore, this review will analyse different substrate structures that have been tested in terms of their interaction with fucosidases active sites, either in synthesis or inhibition reactions. The published results will be compared from this perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Jiménez-Pérez
- Dpto. de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa, C.P. 09340 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Francisco Guzmán-Rodríguez
- Dpto. de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa, C.P. 09340 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alma E. Cruz-Guerrero
- Dpto. de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa, C.P. 09340 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sergio Alatorre-Santamaría
- Dpto. de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Iztapalapa, C.P. 09340 Mexico City, Mexico
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16
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Palur DSK, Pressley SR, Atsumi S. Microbial Production of Human Milk Oligosaccharides. Molecules 2023; 28. [PMID: 36771155 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are complex nonnutritive sugars present in human milk. These sugars possess prebiotic, immunomodulatory, and antagonistic properties towards pathogens and therefore are important for the health and well-being of newborn babies. Lower prevalence of breastfeeding around the globe, rising popularity of nutraceuticals, and low availability of HMOs have inspired efforts to develop economically feasible and efficient industrial-scale production platforms for HMOs. Recent progress in synthetic biology and metabolic engineering tools has enabled microbial systems to be a production system of HMOs. In this regard, the model organism Escherichia coli has emerged as the preferred production platform. Herein, we summarize the remarkable progress in the microbial production of HMOs and discuss the challenges and future opportunities in unraveling the scope of production of complex HMOs. We focus on the microbial production of five HMOs that have been approved for their commercialization.
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17
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Shinde VK, Vamkudoth KR. Maltooligosaccharide forming amylases and their applications in food and pharma industry. J Food Sci Technol 2022; 59:3733-3744. [PMID: 36193376 PMCID: PMC9525542 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-021-05262-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Oligosaccharides are low molecular weight carbohydrates with a wide range of health benefits due to their excellent bio-preservative and prebiotic properties. The popularity of functional oligosaccharides among modern consumers has resulted in impressive market demand. Organoleptic and prebiotic properties of starch-derived oligosaccharides are advantageous to food quality and health. The extensive health benefits of oligosaccharides offered their applications in the food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetic industry. Maltooligosaccharides and isomaltooligosaccharides comprise 2-10 glucose units linked by α-1-4 and α-1-6 glycoside bonds, respectively. Conventional biocatalyst-based oligosaccharides processes are often multi-steps, consisting of starch gelatinization, hydrolysis and transglycosylation. With higher production costs and processing times, the current demand cannot meet on a large-scale production. As a result, innovative and efficient production technology for oligosaccharides synthesis holds paramount importance. Malto-oligosaccharide forming amylase (EC 3.2.1.133) is one of the key enzymes with a dual catalytic function used to produce oligosaccharides. Interestingly, Malto-oligosaccharide forming amylase catalyzes glycosidic bond for its transglycosylation to its inheritance hydrolysis and alternative biocatalyst to the multistep technology. Genetic engineering and reaction optimization enhances the production of oligosaccharides. The development of innovative and cost-effective technologies at competitive prices becomes a national priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidhya K. Shinde
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research AcSIR), Anusandhanbhavan, New Delhi, India
| | - Koteswara Rao Vamkudoth
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research AcSIR), Anusandhanbhavan, New Delhi, India
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18
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Zheng J, Xu H, Fang J, Zhang X. Enzymatic and chemoenzymatic synthesis of human milk oligosaccharides and derivatives. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 291:119564. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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19
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McDonald AG, Mariethoz J, Davey GP, Lisacek F. In silico analysis of the human milk oligosaccharide glycome reveals key enzymes of their biosynthesis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10846. [PMID: 35760821 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14260-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) form the third most abundant component of human milk and are known to convey several benefits to the neonate, including protection from viral and bacterial pathogens, training of the immune system, and influencing the gut microbiome. As HMO production during lactation is driven by enzymes that are common to other glycosylation processes, we adapted a model of mucin-type GalNAc-linked glycosylation enzymes to act on free lactose. We identified a subset of 11 enzyme activities that can account for 206 of 226 distinct HMOs isolated from human milk and constructed a biosynthetic reaction network that identifies 5 new core HMO structures. A comparison of monosaccharide compositions demonstrated that the model was able to discriminate between two possible groups of intermediates between major subnetworks, and to assign possible structures to several previously uncharacterised HMOs. The effect of enzyme knockouts is presented, identifying β-1,4-galactosyltransferase and β-1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase as key enzyme activities involved in the generation of the observed HMO glycosylation patterns. The model also provides a synthesis chassis for the most common HMOs found in lactating mothers.
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20
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Lyu J, Zhang J, Zhu J, Chen S, Han T, Zhang Y, Gao R, Xie G, Guo Z. Molecular dynamics simulation guided distal mutation of Thermotoga naphthophila β-glucosidase for significantly enhanced synthesis of galactooligosaccharides and expanded product scope. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 210:21-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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21
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Wiemann M, Axell E, Stålbrand H. A Comparison of the Transglycosylation Capacity between the Guar GH27 Aga27A and Bacteroides GH36 BoGal36A α-Galactosidases. Applied Sciences 2022; 12:5123. [DOI: 10.3390/app12105123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The transglycosylation behavior and capacity of two clan GH-D α-galactosidases, BoGal36A from the gut bacterium Bacteroides ovatus and Aga27A from the guar plant, was investigated and compared. The enzymes were screened for the ability to use para-nitrophenyl-α-galactoside (pNP-Gal), raffinose and locust bean gum (LBG) galactomannan as glycosyl donors with the glycosyl acceptors methanol, propanol, allyl alcohol, propargyl alcohol and glycerol using mass spectrometry. Aga27A was, in general, more stable in the presence of the acceptors. HPLC analysis was developed and used as a second screening method for reactions using raffinose or LBG as a donor substrate with methanol, propanol and glycerol as acceptors. Time-resolved reactions were set up with raffinose and methanol as the donor and acceptor, respectively, in order to develop an insight into the basic transglycosylation properties, including the ratio between the rate of transglycosylation (methyl galactoside synthesis) and rate of hydrolysis. BoGal36A had a somewhat higher ratio (0.99 compared to 0.71 for Aga27A) at early time points but was indicated to be more prone to secondary (product) hydrolysis in prolonged incubations. The methyl galactoside yield was higher when using raffinose (48% for BoGal36A and 38% for Aga27A) compared to LBG (27% for BoGal36A and 30% for Aga27A).
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22
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Nekvasilová P, Hovorková M, Mészáros Z, Petrásková L, Pelantová H, Křen V, Slámová K, Bojarová P. Engineered Glycosidases for the Synthesis of Analogs of Human Milk Oligosaccharides. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4106. [PMID: 35456924 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic synthesis is an elegant biocompatible approach to complex compounds such as human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). These compounds are vital for healthy neonatal development with a positive impact on the immune system. Although HMOs may be prepared by glycosyltransferases, this pathway is often complicated by the high price of sugar nucleotides, stringent substrate specificity, and low enzyme stability. Engineered glycosidases (EC 3.2.1) represent a good synthetic alternative, especially if variations in the substrate structure are desired. Site-directed mutagenesis can improve the synthetic process with higher yields and/or increased reaction selectivity. So far, the synthesis of human milk oligosaccharides by glycosidases has mostly been limited to analytical reactions with mass spectrometry detection. The present work reveals the potential of a library of engineered glycosidases in the preparative synthesis of three tetrasaccharides derived from lacto-N-tetraose (Galβ4GlcNAcβ3Galβ4Glc), employing sequential cascade reactions catalyzed by β3-N-acetylhexosaminidase BbhI from Bifidobacterium bifidum, β4-galactosidase BgaD-B from Bacillus circulans, β4-N-acetylgalactosaminidase from Talaromyces flavus, and β3-galactosynthase BgaC from B. circulans. The reaction products were isolated and structurally characterized. This work expands the insight into the multi-step catalysis by glycosidases and shows the path to modified derivatives of complex carbohydrates that cannot be prepared by standard glycosyltransferase methods.
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23
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Li A, Benkoulouche M, Ladeveze S, Durand J, Cioci G, Laville E, Potocki-Veronese G. Discovery and Biotechnological Exploitation of Glycoside-Phosphorylases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3043. [PMID: 35328479 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Among carbohydrate active enzymes, glycoside phosphorylases (GPs) are valuable catalysts for white biotechnologies, due to their exquisite capacity to efficiently re-modulate oligo- and poly-saccharides, without the need for costly activated sugars as substrates. The reversibility of the phosphorolysis reaction, indeed, makes them attractive tools for glycodiversification. However, discovery of new GP functions is hindered by the difficulty in identifying them in sequence databases, and, rather, relies on extensive and tedious biochemical characterization studies. Nevertheless, recent advances in automated tools have led to major improvements in GP mining, activity predictions, and functional screening. Implementation of GPs into innovative in vitro and in cellulo bioproduction strategies has also made substantial advances. Herein, we propose to discuss the latest developments in the strategies employed to efficiently discover GPs and make the best use of their exceptional catalytic properties for glycoside bioproduction.
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Awasthi MK, Tarafdar A, Gaur VK, Amulya K, Narisetty V, Yadav DK, Sindhu R, Binod P, Negi T, Pandey A, Zhang Z, Sirohi R. Emerging trends of microbial technology for the production of oligosaccharides from biowaste and their potential application as prebiotic. Int J Food Microbiol 2022. [PMID: 35278799 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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25
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de Lederkremer RM, Giorgi ME, Agusti R. trans-Sialylation: a strategy used to incorporate sialic acid into oligosaccharides. RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:121-139. [PMID: 35360885 PMCID: PMC8827155 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00176k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sialic acid, as a component of cell surface glycoconjugates, plays a crucial role in recognition events. Efficient synthetic methods are necessary for the supply of sialosides in enough quantities for biochemical and immunological studies. Enzymatic glycosylations obviate the steps of protection and deprotection of the constituent monosaccharides required in a chemical synthesis. Sialyl transferases with CMP-Neu5Ac as an activated donor were used for the construction of α2-3 or α2-6 linkages to terminal galactose or N-acetylgalactosamine units. trans-Sialidases may transfer sialic acid from a sialyl glycoside to a suitable acceptor and specifically construct a Siaα2-3Galp linkage. The trans-sialidase of Trypanosoma cruzi (TcTS), which fulfills an important role in the pathogenicity of the parasite, is the most studied one. The recombinant enzyme was used for the sialylation of β-galactosyl oligosaccharides. One of the main advantages of trans-sialylation is that it circumvents the use of the high energy nucleotide. Easily available glycoproteins with a high content of sialic acid such as fetuin and bovine κ-casein-derived glycomacropeptide (GMP) have been used as donor substrates. Here we review the trans-sialidase from various microorganisms and describe their application for the synthesis of sialooligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa M de Lederkremer
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - María Eugenia Giorgi
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Rosalía Agusti
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina
- CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Centro de Investigaciones en Hidratos de Carbono (CIHIDECAR) Buenos Aires Argentina
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26
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Lee H, Shin DJ, Han K, Chin Y, Park JP, Park K, Choi C, Park B, Kim S, Kim S. Simultaneous production of 2′‐fucosyllactose and difucosyllactose by engineered
Escherichia coli
with high secretion efficiency. Biotechnol J 2022; 17:e2100629. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun‐Jae Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology Chung‐Ang University Anseong, Gyeonggi Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Joo Shin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Kanghee Han
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology Chung‐Ang University Anseong, Gyeonggi Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Young‐Wook Chin
- Research Group of Traditional Food Korea Food Research Institute Wanju Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Pil Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology Chung‐Ang University Anseong, Gyeonggi Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeongsoon Park
- Department of Systems Biotechnology Chung‐Ang University Anseong‐si Seoul Gyeonggi‐do Republic of Korea
| | - Chang‐Hyung Choi
- Division of Cosmetic Science and Technology Daegu Haany University 1 Haanydaero, Gyeongsan‐si Gyeongsangbuk‐do Republic of Korea
| | - Bo‐Ram Park
- Department of Agro‐food Resources National Institute of Agricultural Sciences Rural Development Administration Wanju Republic of Korea
| | - Soo‐Jung Kim
- Department of Integrative Food Bioscience and Biotechnology Chonnam National University Gwangju Republic of Korea
| | - Sun‐Ki Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology Chung‐Ang University Anseong, Gyeonggi Seoul Republic of Korea
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27
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Abstract
The developing gut microbiome in infancy plays a key role in shaping the host immune system and metabolic state, and human milk is the main factor influencing its composition. Human milk does not only serve to feed the baby, but also to help the new-born adapt to its new environment and microbial exposures. Human milk protects the infant by providing multiple bioactive molecules, including human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which are the third most abundant solid component after lipids and lactose. The infant is unable to digest HMOs, so they reach the small and large intestines intact where they have many roles, including acting as prebiotics. Bifidobacterium spp. are the main, but not the only, commensals equipped with genes for HMO degradation. In this review we will outline the HMOs structures and functions, list the genes needed for their digestion, and describe the main strategies adopted by bacteria for their utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Masi
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, 3rd Floor Leech Building, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Christopher J Stewart
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, 3rd Floor Leech Building, Newcastle NE2 4HH, UK
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28
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Pandey LM. Physicochemical factors of bioprocessing impact the stability of therapeutic proteins. Biotechnol Adv 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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30
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Vuillemin M, Holck J, Matwiejuk M, Moreno Prieto ES, Muschiol J, Molnar-gabor D, Meyer AS, Zeuner B. Improvement of the Transglycosylation Efficiency of a Lacto-N-Biosidase from Bifidobacterium bifidum by Protein Engineering. Applied Sciences 2021; 11:11493. [DOI: 10.3390/app112311493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The lacto-N-biosidase LnbB from Bifidobacterium bifidum JCM 1254 was engineered to improve its negligible transglycosylation efficiency with the purpose of enzymatically synthesizing lacto-N-tetraose (LNT; Gal-β1,3-GlcNAc-β1,3-Gal-β1,4-Glc) in one enzymatic step. LNT is a prebiotic human milk oligosaccharide in itself and constitutes the structural core of a range of more complex human milk oligosaccharides as well. Thirteen different LnbB variants were expressed and screened for transglycosylation activity by monitoring transglycosylation product formation using lacto-N-biose 1,2-oxazoline as donor substrate and lactose as acceptor substrate. LNT was the major reaction product, yet careful reaction analysis revealed the formation of three additional LNT isomers, which we identified to have a β1,2-linkage, a β1,6-linkage, and a 1,1-linkage, respectively, between lacto-N-biose (Gal-β1,3-GlcNAc) and lactose. Considering both maximal transglycosylation yield and regioselectivity as well as minimal product hydrolysis, the best variant was LnbB W394H, closely followed by W465H and Y419N. A high transglycosylation yield was also obtained with W394F, yet the substitution of W394 and W465 of the subsite −1 hydrophobic platform in the enzyme with His dramatically impaired the undesirable product hydrolysis as compared to substitution with Phe; the effect was most pronounced for W465. Using p-nitrophenyl-β-lacto-N-bioside as donor substrate manifested W394 as an important target position. The optimization of the substrate concentrations confirmed that high initial substrate concentration and high acceptor-to-donor ratio both favor transglycosylation.
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31
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Kotik M, Javůrková H, Brodsky K, Pelantová H. Two fungal flavonoid-specific glucosidases/rutinosidases for rutin hydrolysis and rutinoside synthesis under homogeneous and heterogeneous reaction conditions. AMB Express 2021; 11:136. [PMID: 34661772 PMCID: PMC8523606 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-021-01298-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycosidases within GH5-23 cleave the glycosidic bond of β-glucosylated or rutinosylated flavonoids. Moreover, by virtue of their transglycosylation activity, glycoconjugates with glucosyl and rutinosyl moieties are accessible. Here we report the biochemical characterization and biotechnological assessment of two heterologously expressed members of GH5-23—McGlc from Mucor circinelloides and PcGlc from Penicillium chrysogenum. Both enzymes exhibited the highest hydrolytic activities with quercetin-3-β-O-glucopyranoside, whereas lower specificity constants were determined with the rutinosides narcissin, rutin and hesperidin. High stabilities against thermal, ethanol and dimethyl sulfoxide-induced inactivation, a very limited secondary hydrolysis of the formed transglycosylation products, and no detectable product inhibition were additional features appropriate for biotechnological applications. The enzymes were compared in their efficiencies to hydrolyze rutin and to synthesize 2-phenylethyl rutinoside under homogeneous and heterogeneous reaction conditions using high rutin concentrations of 100 and 300 mM. Highest transglycosylation efficiencies were achieved with fully dissolved rutin in reaction mixtures containing 25% dimethyl sulfoxide. Molecular docking and multiple sequence alignments suggest that the hydrophobic environment of aromatic residues within the + 1 subsite of GH5-23 glycosidases is very important for the binding of flavonoid glucosides and rutinosides.
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32
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Zhao G, Williams J, Washington MK, Yang Y, Long J, Townsend SD, Yan F. 2'-Fucosyllactose Ameliorates Chemotherapy-Induced Intestinal Mucositis by Protecting Intestinal Epithelial Cells Against Apoptosis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 13:441-457. [PMID: 34607083 PMCID: PMC8688723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Intestinal mucositis, a severe complication of antineoplastic therapeutics, is characterized by mucosal injury and inflammation in the small intestine. Therapies for the prevention and treatment of this disease are needed. We investigated whether 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL), an abundant oligosaccharide in human milk, protects intestinal integrity and ameliorates intestinal mucositis. METHODS A mouse small intestinal epithelial (MSIE) cell line, mouse enteroid cultures, and human gastrointestinal tumor cell lines (AGS and HT29) were co-treated with the chemotherapy agent 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and 2'-FL. Mice were injected intraperitoneally with 5-FU to induce intestinal mucositis. 2'-FL was administered in the drinking water to mice before (pretreatment) or concurrently with 5-FU injection. Body weight and pathologic changes were analyzed. RESULTS 2'-FL alleviated 5-FU inhibition of cell growth in MSIE cells, but not in AGS and HT29 cells. The 5-FU-induced apoptosis in MSIE cells and enteroids was suppressed by 2'-FL. Compared with 5-FU treatment alone, 2'-FL pretreatment protected against body weight loss, and ameliorated inflammation scores, proinflammatory cytokine production, shortening of villi, epithelial cell apoptosis, goblet cell loss, and tight junctional complex disruption in the small intestine. 2'-FL concurrent treatment had less of an effect on intestinal mucositis than 2'-FL pretreatment. Interestingly, no effect of 2'-FL was observed on 5-FU-induced S-phase arrest in MSIE, AGS, and HT29 cells. Neither pretreatment nor concurrent treatment with 2'-FL affected 5-FU-induced inhibition of proliferation in MSIE cells. CONCLUSIONS This study shows a novel direct effect of 2'-FL in protecting small intestinal epithelial cells against apoptosis stimulated by 5-FU, which may contribute to prevention of 5-FU-induced intestinal mucositis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhao
- Department of Pediatrics, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - M. Kay Washington
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Yaohua Yang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jirong Long
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Fang Yan
- Department of Pediatrics, Nashville, Tennessee,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Fang Yan, MD, PhD, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2215 Garland Avenue, MRB IV, Room 1035, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0696. fax: (615) 343-5323.
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33
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Abstract
Glycans have been hot topics in recent years due to their exhibition of numerous biological activities. However, the heterogeneity of their natural source and the complexity of their chemical synthesis impede the progress in their biological research. Thus, the development of glycan assembly strategies to acquire plenty of structurally well-defined glycans is an important issue in carbohydrate chemistry. In this review, the latest advances in glycan assembly strategies from concepts to their applications in carbohydrate synthesis, including chemical and enzymatic/chemo-enzymatic approaches, as well as solution-phase and solid-phase/tag-assisted synthesis, are summarized. Furthermore, the automated glycan assembly techniques are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingli Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xianjin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xin-Shan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Xue Yuan Road No. 38, Beijing, 100191, China
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34
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Ferro LE, Sugino KY, Klepac-Ceraj V, Comstock SS. The Abundance of Human Milk Oligosaccharide (HMO)-Metabolizing Genes in Fecal Samples from Six-Month-Old Human Infants. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1352. [PMID: 34206664 PMCID: PMC8307860 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report the abundance and prevalence of HMO-metabolizing genes, specifically those of Bifidobacterium infantis, in fecal samples from human infants. Forty dyads were enrolled, and each mother collected a fecal sample from her infant at six months of age. Genomic DNA was extracted, and quantitative real-time PCR was used to determine gene abundance. The mode of delivery was not associated with gene abundance. Several gene regions, Sia (a sialidase), B. inf (16S), and GH750 (a glycoside hydrolase), were more abundant in the feces of human milk-fed infants (p < 0.05). Others, Sia and HC bin (16S), tended to be less abundant when a larger percentage of an infant's diet consisted of solids (p < 0.10). When accounting for solid food intake, human milk exposure was positively associated with Sia and B. inf (p < 0.05) and tended to be related to the abundance of the GH750 and HC bin (p < 0.10) gene regions. With further development and validation in additional populations of infants, these assays could be used to group samples by dietary exposure even where no record of dietary intake exists. Thus, these assays would provide a method by which infant human milk intake can be assessed quickly in any well-equipped molecular biology laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn E. Ferro
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (L.E.F.); (K.Y.S.)
| | - Kameron Y. Sugino
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (L.E.F.); (K.Y.S.)
| | - Vanja Klepac-Ceraj
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA;
| | - Sarah S. Comstock
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (L.E.F.); (K.Y.S.)
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35
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Verkhnyatskaya SA, Kong C, Klostermann CE, Schols HA, de Vos P, Walvoort MTC. Digestion, fermentation, and pathogen anti-adhesive properties of the hMO-mimic di-fucosyl-β-cyclodextrin. Food Funct 2021; 12:5018-5026. [PMID: 33954318 PMCID: PMC8185958 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00830g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Human milk is widely acknowledged as the best food for infants, and that is not just because of nutritional features. Human milk also contains a plethora of bioactive molecules, including a large set of human milk oligosaccharides (hMOs). Especially fucosylated hMOs have received attention for their anti-adhesive effects on pathogens, preventing attachment to the intestine and infection. Because hMOs are generally challenging to produce in sufficient quantities to study and ultimately apply in (medical) infant formula, novel compounds that are inspired by hMO structures (so-called "mimics") are interesting compounds to produce and evaluate for their biological effects. Here we present our thorough study into the digestion, fermentation and anti-adhesive capacity of the novel compound di-fucosyl-β-cyclodextrin (DFβCD), which was inspired by the molecular structures of hMOs. We establish that DFβCD is not digested by α-amylase and also resistant to fermentation by microbial enzymes from a 9 month-old infant inoculum. In addition, we reveal that DFβCD blocks adhesion of enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) to Caco-2 cells, especially when DFβCD is pre-incubated with ETEC prior to addition to the Caco-2 cells. This suggests that DFβCD functions through a decoy effect. We expect that our results inspire the generation and biological evaluation of other fucosylated hMOs and mimics, to obtain a comprehensive overview of the anti-adhesive power of fucosylated glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chunli Kong
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Cynthia E Klostermann
- Biobased Chemistry and Technology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Henk A Schols
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marthe T C Walvoort
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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36
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Teze D, Zhao J, Wiemann M, Kazi ZGA, Lupo R, Zeuner B, Vuillemin M, Rønne ME, Carlström G, Duus JØ, Sanejouand YH, O'Donohue MJ, Nordberg Karlsson E, Fauré R, Stålbrand H, Svensson B. Rational Enzyme Design without Structural Knowledge: A Sequence-Based Approach for Efficient Generation of Transglycosylases. Chemistry 2021; 27:10323-10334. [PMID: 33914359 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glycobiology is dogged by the relative scarcity of synthetic, defined oligosaccharides. Enzyme-catalysed glycosylation using glycoside hydrolases is feasible but is hampered by the innate hydrolytic activity of these enzymes. Protein engineering is useful to remedy this, but it usually requires prior structural knowledge of the target enzyme, and/or relies on extensive, time-consuming screening and analysis. Here, a straightforward strategy that involves rational rapid in silico analysis of protein sequences is described. The method pinpoints 6-12 single-mutant candidates to improve transglycosylation yields. Requiring very little prior knowledge of the target enzyme other than its sequence, the method is generic and procures catalysts for the formation of glycosidic bonds involving various d/l-, α/β-pyranosides or furanosides, and exo or endo action. Moreover, mutations validated in one enzyme can be transposed to others, even distantly related enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Teze
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, building 224, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jiao Zhao
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135 avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse CEDEX 04, France
| | - Mathias Wiemann
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Zubaida G A Kazi
- Department of Chemistry, Lund University, PO Box 124, 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rossana Lupo
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, building 224, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Birgitte Zeuner
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, building 224, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Marlène Vuillemin
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, building 224, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mette E Rønne
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, building 224, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Göran Carlström
- Department of Chemistry, Lund University, PO Box 124, 22100, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jens Ø Duus
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, bulding 207, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Yves-Henri Sanejouand
- UFIP, UMR 6286, Université de Nantes, CNRS, 2, chemin de la Houssiniere, Nantes, France
| | - Michael J O'Donohue
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135 avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse CEDEX 04, France
| | | | - Régis Fauré
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135 avenue de Rangueil, 31077, Toulouse CEDEX 04, France
| | - Henrik Stålbrand
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Birte Svensson
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, building 224, DK-2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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37
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Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are one of the important ingredients in human milk, which have attracted great interest due to their beneficial effect on the health of newborns. The large-scale production of HMOs has been researched using engineered microbial routes due to the availability, safety, and low cost of host strains. In addition, the development of molecular biology technology and metabolic engineering has promoted the effectiveness of HMOs production. According to current reports, 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL), 3-fucosyllactose (3-FL), lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), 3'-sialyllactose (3'-SL), 6'-sialyllactose (6'-SL), and some fucosylated HMOs with complex structures have been produced via the engineered microbial route, with 2'-FL having been produced the most. However, due to the uncertainty of metabolic patterns, the selection of host strains has certain limitations. Aside from that, the expression of appropriate glycosyltransferase in microbes is key to the synthesis of different HMOs. Therefore, finding a safe and efficient glycosyltransferase has to be addressed when using engineered microbial pathways. In this review, the latest research on the production of HMOs using engineered microbial routes is reported. The selection of host strains and adapting different metabolic pathways helped researchers designing engineered microbial routes that are more conducive to HMOs production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Lu
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, 411 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Imann Mosleh
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, 411 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Alireza Abbaspourrad
- Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell University, 411 Tower Road, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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38
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Perna VN, Dehlholm C, Meyer AS. Enzymatic production of 3'-sialyllactose in milk. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 148:109829. [PMID: 34116750 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are lactose-based glycan molecules present in human breast milk. HMOs are essentially not present in cow's milk and hence not naturally available in infant formulas. HMOs possess several health and developmentally beneficial properties, and the sialylated HMOs are thought to play a particularly important role for infant brain development. Enzymatic transsialylation directly in cow's milk, involving enzyme catalyzed transfer of sialic acid from a sialic acid donor to an acceptor, is a novel route for producing sialylated HMOs for e.g. infant formulas. The transsialidase (EC 2.4.1.-) of Trypanosoma cruzi is linked to trypanosomatid pathogenicity, but certain hydrolytic sialidases (neuraminidases), EC 3.2.1.18, from non-pathogenic organisms, can actually catalyze transsialylation. Here, we report enzymatic production of the HMO compound 3'-sialyllactose directly in cow's milk using engineeredsialidases, Tr15 and Tr16, originating from the nonpathogenic Trypanosoma rangeli. Both Tr15 and Tr16 readily catalyzed transsialylation in milk at 5 °C-40 °C using κ(kappa)-casein glycomacropeptide (cGMP) as sialyl donor substrate. Tr15 was the most efficient as this enzyme produced 1160 mg/L (1.8 mM) 3'-sialyllactose in whole milk during 10 min of reaction at 5 °C. The activation energy values, Ea, of the enzymatic transsialylation reactions were similar in milk and in buffer solutions containing cGMP and lactose. The Ea of the Tr15 catalyzed transialylation reaction in milk was 16.5 kJ/mol, which was three times lower than the Ea of Tr16 (66 kJ/mol) and of T. cruzi transsialidase (50 kJ/mol), corroborating that Tr15 was the fastest of the three enzymes and a promising candidate for potential industrial production of 3'-sialyllactose in milk. 3'sialyllactose was stable during pasteurization (30 min. at 62.5 °C) and freeze-drying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina N Perna
- Mille International ApS, Langebjerg 3, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark; Section for Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Building 221, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | | | - Anne S Meyer
- Section for Protein Chemistry and Enzyme Technology, Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Building 221, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark.
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39
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Moubareck CA. Human Milk Microbiota and Oligosaccharides: A Glimpse into Benefits, Diversity, and Correlations. Nutrients 2021; 13:1123. [PMID: 33805503 PMCID: PMC8067037 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk represents a cornerstone for growth and development of infants, with extensive array of benefits. In addition to exceptionally nutritive and bioactive components, human milk encompasses a complex community of signature bacteria that helps establish infant gut microbiota, contributes to maturation of infant immune system, and competitively interferes with pathogens. Among bioactive constituents of milk, human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are particularly significant. These are non-digestible carbohydrates forming the third largest solid component in human milk. Valuable effects of HMOs include shaping intestinal microbiota, imparting antimicrobial effects, developing intestinal barrier, and modulating immune response. Moreover, recent investigations suggest correlations between HMOs and milk microbiota, with complex links possibly existing with environmental factors, genetics, geographical location, and other factors. In this review, and from a physiological and health implications perspective, milk benefits for newborns and mothers are highlighted. From a microbiological perspective, a focused insight into milk microbiota, including origins, diversity, benefits, and effect of maternal diet is presented. From a metabolic perspective, biochemical, physiological, and genetic significance of HMOs, and their probable relations to milk microbiota, are addressed. Ongoing research into mechanistic processes through which the rich biological assets of milk promote development, shaping of microbiota, and immunity is tackled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Ayoub Moubareck
- College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, Dubai 19282, United Arab Emirates
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40
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Cardoso BB, Amorim C, Silvério SC, Rodrigues LR. Novel and emerging prebiotics: Advances and opportunities. Adv Food Nutr Res 2021; 95:41-95. [PMID: 33745516 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Consumers are conscientiously changing their eating preferences toward healthier options, such as functional foods enriched with pre- and probiotics. Prebiotics are attractive bioactive compounds with multidimensional beneficial action on both human and animal health, namely on the gastrointestinal tract, cardiometabolism, bones or mental health. Conventionally, prebiotics are non-digestible carbohydrates which generally present favorable organoleptic properties, temperature and acidic stability, and are considered interesting food ingredients. However, according to the current definition of prebiotics, application categories other than food are accepted, as well as non-carbohydrate substrates and bioactivity at extra-intestinal sites. Regulatory issues are considered a major concern for prebiotics since a clear understanding and application of these compounds among the consumers, regulators, scientists, suppliers or manufacturers, health-care providers and standards or recommendation-setting organizations are of utmost importance. Prebiotics can be divided in several categories according to their development and regulatory status. Inulin, galactooligosaccharides, fructooligosaccharides and lactulose are generally classified as well established prebiotics. Xylooligosaccharides, isomaltooligosaccharides, chitooligosaccharides and lactosucrose are classified as "emerging" prebiotics, while raffinose, neoagaro-oligosaccharides and epilactose are "under development." Other substances, such as human milk oligosaccharides, polyphenols, polyunsaturated fatty acids, proteins, protein hydrolysates and peptides are considered "new candidates." This chapter will encompass actual information about the non-established prebiotics, mainly their physicochemical properties, market, legislation, biological activity and possible applications. Generally, there is a lack of clear demonstrations about the effective health benefits associated with all the non-established prebiotics. Overcoming this limitation will undoubtedly increase the demand for these compounds and their market size will follow the consumer's trend.
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Castejón-Vilatersana M, Faijes M, Planas A. Transglycosylation Activity of Engineered Bifidobacterium Lacto- N-Biosidase Mutants at Donor Subsites for Lacto- N-Tetraose Synthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3230. [PMID: 33810098 PMCID: PMC8004761 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The health benefits of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) make them attractive targets as supplements for infant formula milks. However, HMO synthesis is still challenging and only two HMOs have been marketed. Engineering glycoside hydrolases into transglycosylases may provide biocatalytic routes to the synthesis of complex oligosaccharides. Lacto-N-biosidase from Bifidobacterium bifidum (LnbB) is a GH20 enzyme present in the gut microbiota of breast-fed infants that hydrolyzes lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), the core structure of the most abundant type I HMOs. Here we report a mutational study in the donor subsites of the substrate binding cleft with the aim of reducing hydrolytic activity and conferring transglycosylation activity for the synthesis of LNT from p-nitrophenyl β-lacto-N-bioside and lactose. As compared with the wt enzyme with negligible transglycosylation activity, mutants with residual hydrolase activity within 0.05% to 1.6% of the wild-type enzyme result in transglycosylating enzymes with LNT yields in the range of 10-30%. Mutations of Trp394, located in subsite -1 next to the catalytic residues, have a large impact on the transglycosylation/hydrolysis ratio, with W394F being the best mutant as a biocatalyst producing LNT at 32% yield. It is the first reported transglycosylating LnbB enzyme variant, amenable to further engineering for practical enzymatic synthesis of LNT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magda Faijes
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Institut Químic de Sarrià, University Ramon Llull, 08017 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Antoni Planas
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Institut Químic de Sarrià, University Ramon Llull, 08017 Barcelona, Spain;
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Kaur AP, Bhardwaj S, Dhanjal DS, Nepovimova E, Cruz-Martins N, Kuča K, Chopra C, Singh R, Kumar H, Șen F, Kumar V, Verma R, Kumar D. Plant Prebiotics and Their Role in the Amelioration of Diseases. Biomolecules 2021; 11:440. [PMID: 33809763 PMCID: PMC8002343 DOI: 10.3390/biom11030440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prebiotics are either natural or synthetic non-digestible (non-)carbohydrate substances that boost the proliferation of gut microbes. Undigested fructooligosaccharides in the large intestine are utilised by the beneficial microorganisms for the synthesis of short-chain fatty acids for their own growth. Although various food products are now recognized as having prebiotic properties, several others, such as almonds, artichoke, barley, chia seeds, chicory, dandelion greens, flaxseeds, garlic, and oats, are being explored and used as functional foods. Considering the benefits of these prebiotics in mineral absorption, metabolite production, gut microbiota modulation, and in various diseases such as diabetes, allergy, metabolic disorders, and necrotising enterocolitis, increasing attention has been focused on their applications in both food and pharmaceutical industries, although some of these food products are actually used as food supplements. This review aims to highlight the potential and need of these prebiotics in the diet and also discusses data related to the distinct types, sources, modes of action, and health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrit Pal Kaur
- School of Bioengineering and Food Technology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, Himachal Pradesh, India; (A.P.K.); (H.K.)
| | - Sonali Bhardwaj
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India; (S.B.); (D.S.D.); (C.C.); (R.S.)
| | - Daljeet Singh Dhanjal
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India; (S.B.); (D.S.D.); (C.C.); (R.S.)
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
| | - Natália Cruz-Martins
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal
- Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Kamil Kuča
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
| | - Chirag Chopra
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India; (S.B.); (D.S.D.); (C.C.); (R.S.)
| | - Reena Singh
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India; (S.B.); (D.S.D.); (C.C.); (R.S.)
| | - Harsh Kumar
- School of Bioengineering and Food Technology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, Himachal Pradesh, India; (A.P.K.); (H.K.)
| | - Fatih Șen
- Sen Research Group, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Arts and Science, EvliyaÇelebi Campus, Dumlupınar University, Kütahya 43100, Turkey;
| | - Vinod Kumar
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK430AL, UK;
| | - Rachna Verma
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, Himachal Pradesh, India;
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- School of Bioengineering and Food Technology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan 173229, Himachal Pradesh, India; (A.P.K.); (H.K.)
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Catenza KF, Donkor KK. Recent approaches for the quantitative analysis of functional oligosaccharides used in the food industry: A review. Food Chem 2021; 355:129416. [PMID: 33774226 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Functional oligosaccharides (OS) are diverse groups of carbohydrates that confer several health benefits stemming from their prebiotic activity. Commonly used oligosaccharides, fructooligosaccharides and galactooligosaccharides, are used in a wide range of applications from food ingredients to mimic the prebiotic activity of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) in infant formula to sugar and fat replacers in dairy and bakery products. However, while consumption of these compounds is associated with several positive health effects, increased consumption can cause intestinal discomfort and aggravation of intestinal bowel syndrome symptoms. Hence, it is essential to develop rapid and reliable techniques to quantify OS for quality control and proper assessment of their functionality in food and food products. The present review will focus on recent analytical techniques used to quantify OS in different matrices such as food and beverage products.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Catenza
- Department of Physical Sciences (Chemistry), Thompson Rivers University, 805 TRU Way, Kamloops, BC V2C 0C8, Canada
| | - K K Donkor
- Department of Physical Sciences (Chemistry), Thompson Rivers University, 805 TRU Way, Kamloops, BC V2C 0C8, Canada.
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Liu Y, Ma J, Shi R, Li T, Yan Q, Jiang Z, Yang S. Biochemical characterization of a β-N-acetylhexosaminidase from Catenibacterium mitsuokai suitable for the synthesis of lacto-N-triose II. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Neto CACG, Silva NCGE, de Oliveira Costa T, de Albuquerque TL, Gonçalves LRB, Fernandez-Lafuente R, Rocha MVP. The β-galactosidase immobilization protocol determines its performance as catalysts in the kinetically controlled synthesis of lactulose. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 176:468-478. [PMID: 33592268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, 3 different biocatalysts of β-galactosidase from Kluyveromyces lactis have been prepared by immobilization in chitosan activated with glutaraldehyde (Chi_Glu_Gal), glyoxyl agarose (Aga_Gly_Gal) and agarose coated with polyethylenimine (Aga_PEI_Gal). These biocatalysts have been used to catalyze the synthesis of lactulose from lactose and fructose. Aga-PEI-Gal only produces lactulose at 50 °C, and not at 25 or 37 °C, Aga_Gly_Gal was unable to produce lactulose at any of the assayed temperatures while Chi_Glu_Gal produced lactulose at all assayed temperatures, although a lower yield was obtained at 25 or 37 °C. The pre-incubation of this biocatalyst at 50 °C permitted to obtain similar yields at 25 or 37 °C than at 50 °C. The use of milk whey instead of pure lactose and fructose produced an improvement in the yields using Aga_PEI_Gal and a decrease using Chi_Glu_Gal. The operational stability also depends on the reaction medium and of biocatalyst. This study reveals how enzyme immobilization may greatly alter the performance of β-galactosidase in a kinetically controlled manner, and how medium composition influences this performance due to the kinetic properties of β-galactosidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alberto Chaves Girão Neto
- Federal University of Ceará, Technology Center, Chemical Engineering Department, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, 60 455 - 760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Natan Câmara Gomes E Silva
- Federal University of Ceará, Technology Center, Chemical Engineering Department, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, 60 455 - 760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Thaís de Oliveira Costa
- Federal University of Ceará, Technology Center, Chemical Engineering Department, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, 60 455 - 760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Tiago Lima de Albuquerque
- Federal University of Ceará, Technology Center, Chemical Engineering Department, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, 60 455 - 760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Luciana Rocha Barros Gonçalves
- Federal University of Ceará, Technology Center, Chemical Engineering Department, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, 60 455 - 760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Roberto Fernandez-Lafuente
- Instituto de Catálisis y Petroleoquímica - CSIC, Campus of excellence UAM-CSIC, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid. Spain; Center of Excellence in Bionanoscience Research, Member of the external scientific advisory board, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Maria Valderez Ponte Rocha
- Federal University of Ceará, Technology Center, Chemical Engineering Department, Campus do Pici, Bloco 709, 60 455 - 760 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
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Abstract
Biocatalysis has found numerous applications in various fields as an alternative to chemical catalysis. The use of enzymes in organic synthesis, especially to make chiral compounds for pharmaceuticals as well for the flavors and fragrance industry, are the most prominent examples. In addition, biocatalysts are used on a large scale to make specialty and even bulk chemicals. This review intends to give illustrative examples in this field with a special focus on scalable chemical production using enzymes. It also discusses the opportunities and limitations of enzymatic syntheses using distinct examples and provides an outlook on emerging enzyme classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuke Wu
- Institute of BiochemistryDept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme CatalysisGreifswald UniversityFelix-Hausdorff-Strasse 417487GreifswaldGermany
| | - Radka Snajdrova
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical ResearchGlobal Discovery Chemistry4056BaselSwitzerland
| | - Jeffrey C. Moore
- Process Research and DevelopmentMerck & Co., Inc.126 E. Lincoln AveRahwayNJ07065USA
| | - Kai Baldenius
- Baldenius Biotech ConsultingHafenstr. 3168159MannheimGermany
| | - Uwe T. Bornscheuer
- Institute of BiochemistryDept. of Biotechnology & Enzyme CatalysisGreifswald UniversityFelix-Hausdorff-Strasse 417487GreifswaldGermany
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Quinn EM, O’callaghan TF, Tobin JT, Murphy JP, Sugrue K, Slattery H, O’donovan M, Hickey RM. Changes to the Oligosaccharide Profile of Bovine Milk at the Onset of Lactation. Dairy 2020; 1:284-96. [DOI: 10.3390/dairy1030019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous bioactive components exist in human milk including free oligosaccharides, which represent some of the most important, and provide numerous health benefits to the neonate. Considering the demonstrated value of these compounds, much interest lies in characterising structurally similar oligosaccharides in the dairy industry. In this study, the impacts of days post-parturition and parity of the cows on the oligosaccharide and lactose profiles of their milk were evaluated. Colostrum and milk samples were obtained from 18 cows 1–5 days after parturition. Three distinct phases were identified using multivariate analysis: colostrum (day 0), transitional milk (days 1–2) and mature milk (days 3–5). LS-tetrasaccharide c, lacto-N-neotetraose, disialyllacto-N-tetraose, 3’-sial-N-acetyllactosamine, 3’-sialyllactose, lacto-N-neohexaose and disialyllactose were found to be highly affiliated with colostrum. Notably, levels of lactose were at their lowest concentration in the colostrum and substantially increased 1-day post-parturition. The cow’s parity was also shown to have a significant effect on the oligosaccharide profile, with first lactation cows containing more disialyllacto-N-tetraose, 6’-sialyllactose and LS-tetrasaccharide compared to cows in their second or third parity. Overall, this study identifies key changes in oligosaccharide and lactose content that clearly distinguish colostrum from transitional and mature milk and may facilitate the collection of specific streams with divergent biological functions.
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Zeuner B, Vuillemin M, Holck J, Muschiol J, Meyer AS. Improved Transglycosylation by a Xyloglucan-Active α-l-Fucosidase from Fusarium graminearum. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E295. [PMID: 33217923 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum produces an α-l-fucosidase, FgFCO1, which so far appears to be the only known fungal GH29 α-l-fucosidase that catalyzes the release of fucose from fucosylated xyloglucan. In our quest to synthesize bioactive glycans by enzymatic catalysis, we observed that FgFCO1 is able to catalyze a transglycosylation reaction involving transfer of fucose from citrus peel xyloglucan to lactose to produce 2′-fucosyllactose, an important human milk oligosaccharide. In addition to achieving maximal yields, control of the regioselectivity is an important issue in exploiting such a transglycosylation ability successfully for glycan synthesis. In the present study, we aimed to improve the transglycosylation efficiency of FgFCO1 through protein engineering by transferring successful mutations from other GH29 α-l-fucosidases. We investigated several such mutation transfers by structural alignment, and report that transfer of the mutation F34I from BiAfcB originating from Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis to Y32I in FgFCO1 and mutation of D286, near the catalytic acid/base residue in FgFCO1, especially a D286M mutation, have a positive effect on FgFCO1 transfucosylation regioselectivity. We also found that enzymatic depolymerization of the xyloglucan substrate increases substrate accessibility and in turn transglycosylation (i.e., transfucosylation) efficiency. The data include analysis of the active site amino acids and the active site topology of FgFCO1 and show that transfer of point mutations across GH29 subfamilies is a rational strategy for targeted protein engineering of a xyloglucan-active fungal α-l-fucosidase.
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Kruschitz A, Nidetzky B. Downstream processing technologies in the biocatalytic production of oligosaccharides. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 43:107568. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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