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Sulaimani N, Houghton MJ, Bonham MP, Williamson G. Effects of (Poly)phenols on Circadian Clock Gene-Mediated Metabolic Homeostasis in Cultured Mammalian Cells: A Scoping Review. Adv Nutr 2024; 15:100232. [PMID: 38648895 PMCID: PMC11107464 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2024.100232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks regulate metabolic homeostasis. Disruption to our circadian clocks, by lifestyle behaviors such as timing of eating and sleeping, has been linked to increased rates of metabolic disorders. There is now considerable evidence that selected dietary (poly)phenols, including flavonoids, phenolic acids and tannins, may modulate metabolic and circadian processes. This review evaluates the effects of (poly)phenols on circadian clock genes and linked metabolic homeostasis in vitro, and potential mechanisms of action, by critically evaluating the literature on mammalian cells. A systematic search was conducted to ensure full coverage of the literature and identified 43 relevant studies addressing the effects of (poly)phenols on cellular circadian processes. Nobiletin and tangeretin, found in citrus, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate from green tea, urolithin A, a gut microbial metabolite from ellagitannins in fruit, curcumin, bavachalcone, cinnamic acid, and resveratrol at low micromolar concentrations all affect circadian molecular processes in multiple types of synchronized cells. Nobiletin emerges as a putative retinoic acid-related orphan receptor (RORα/γ) agonist, leading to induction of the circadian regulator brain and muscle ARNT-like 1 (BMAL1), and increased period circadian regulator 2 (PER2) amplitude and period. These effects are clear despite substantial variations in the protocols employed, and this review suggests a methodological framework to help future study design in this emerging area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Sulaimani
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, Australia; Victorian Heart Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia; Department of Food and Nutrition, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michael J Houghton
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, Australia; Victorian Heart Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Maxine P Bonham
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, Australia
| | - Gary Williamson
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, Australia; Victorian Heart Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
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Peng J, Lu C, Luo Y, Su X, Li S, Ho CT. Hypoglycemic effects and associated mechanisms of resveratrol and related stilbenes in diet. Food Funct 2024; 15:2381-2405. [PMID: 38376230 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo04761j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia has become a global health problem due to changes in diet and lifestyle. Most importantly, persistent hyperglycemia can eventually develop into type II diabetes. While the usage of current drugs is limited by their side effects, stilbenes derived from fruits and herbal/dietary plants are considered as important phytochemicals with potential hypoglycemic properties. Herein, the most common stilbenoids in consumed foods, i.e. resveratrol, pterostilbene, piceatannol, oxyresveratrol, and 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-glucopyranoside (THSG), are reviewed in this paper. These stilbenes are found to regulate glucose homeostasis via (a) modulation of feeding behaviour and nutrition absorption; (b) restoration of insulin signalling by enhancing insulin production/insulin sensitivity; (c) improvement of gut permeability, gut microbial profile and resulting metabolomes; and (d) amelioration of circadian rhythm disruption. In this review, we have summarized the underlying mechanisms for the hypoglycemic effects of the five most common dietary stilbenoids listed above, providing a comprehensive framework for future study and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Peng
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick 08901, USA
| | - Chenyang Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products and School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Yue Luo
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick 08901, USA
| | - Xiurong Su
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products and School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China.
| | - Shiming Li
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick 08901, USA
- College of Life Sciences, Huanggang Normal University, Hubei 438000, China
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick 08901, USA
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Sun J, Tang B, Ho CT, Lu M. Piperine Attenuates Bmal1-Mediated Glucose Metabolism Disorder in a Trpv1-Dependent Manner in HepG2 Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:19581-19591. [PMID: 38038344 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Piperine (PIP), a pungent alkaloid found in black pepper, has various pharmacological effects by activating the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) receptor. In this study, the regulating effect of PIP on glucose metabolism and the underlying mechanism were examined using an insulin-resistant cell model. Results showed that PIP alleviated glucosamine (GlcN)-induced glucose metabolism disorder (from 59.19 ± 1.90 to 88.36 ± 6.57%), restored cellular redox balance (from 148.43 ± 3.52 to 110.47 ± 3.52%), improved mitochondrial function (from 63.76 ± 4.87 to 85.98 ± 5.12%), and mitigated circadian disruption in HepG2 cells via the mediation of circadian clock gene Bmal1. After the knockdown of the Trpv1 gene, the modulating effect of PIP on Bmal1-mediated glucose metabolism was weakened, indicating that PIP alleviated Bmal1-involved insulin resistance and circadian misalignment in a Trpv1-dependent manner in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Biqi Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Muwen Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Lokes K, Lychman V, Izmailova O, Shlykova O, Avetikov D, Kaidashev I. Expression of periferal core molecular clock genes in oral mucosa depends on the chronotype in patients with maxillofacial cellulitis. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2023; 13:517-521. [PMID: 37361670 PMCID: PMC10285524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2023.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Accurate determination of the patient's chronotype is one of the problems of personalized medicine. Recent studies have shown that determining of the expression of timing genes is a valuable method that can help gain molecular insight into a patient's intrinsic circadian timing. Odontogenic cellulitis is very common pathology. Since acute inflammatory diseases are an urgent pathology, the time of surgical intervention can correspond depend on the time of the patient's hospitalization. Materials and methods The level of mRNA expression of peripheral circadian clock genes clock and bmal1, per1, cry1 in buccal epithelial cells in patients with odontogenic purulent inflammatory diseases of maxillofacial area in the morning and evening was investigated. Results During analyzing the results of the mRNA expression study of the genes of the negative regulatory link of the peripheral molecular clock, per1 and cry1, in patients with Cellulitis of the maxillofacial area, a significant decrease (P = 0.0003) in the mRNA expression level of the cry1 gene by 2.61 times in the evening compared to its morning mRNA expression values. Conclusion The obtained data indicate that in patients with odontogenic purulent inflammatory diseases of the maxillofacial area with an evening chronotype, a violation of the expression profile of the per1 gene in the cells of the buccal epithelium is noted, which is manifested by an increase in its evening expression in comparison with patients with a morning chronotype.
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Spaleniak W, Cuendet M. Resveratrol as a circadian clock modulator: mechanisms of action and therapeutic applications. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:6159-6170. [PMID: 37231216 PMCID: PMC10289927 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08513-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In the past decades, resveratrol has gained increasing attention due to its versatile and beneficial properties. This natural polyphenol, commonly present in the human diet, has been shown to induce SIRT1 and to modulate the circadian rhythm at the cellular and organismal levels. The circadian clock is a system regulating behavior and function of the human body, thus playing a crucial role in health maintenance. It is primarily entrained by light-dark cycles; however, other factors such as feeding-fasting, oxygen and temperature cycles play a significant role in its regulation. Chronic circadian misalignment can lead to numerous pathologies, including metabolic disorders, age-related diseases or cancer. Therefore, the use of resveratrol may be a valuable preventive and/or therapeutic strategy for these pathologies. This review summarizes studies that evaluated the modulatory effect of resveratrol on circadian oscillators by focusing on the potential and limitations of resveratrol in biological clock-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Spaleniak
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Muriel Cuendet
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Zhang S, Cui Y, Gao X, Wei C, Wang Q, Yang B, Sun W, Luo Y, Jiang Q, Huang Y. Resveratrol inhibits the formation and accumulation of lipid droplets through AdipoQ signal pathway and lipid metabolism lncRNAs. J Nutr Biochem 2023; 117:109351. [PMID: 37087074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Resveratrol (RES) is one of the best-known bioactive polyphenols that has received much attention in recent years because of its importance to anti-obesity. However, the exact mechanism underlying this effect and whether it can improve lipid metabolism by regulating the long-chain non-coding RNA (lncRNA) remains unclear. In this study, twenty-four healthy crossbred castrated boars were fed a basal diet (control) and a basal diet supplemented with 200 mg, 400 mg or 600 mg RES per Kilogram (kg) of feed for 41 days, respectively. We founded that 400mg/kg and 600mg/kg RES-supplemented diet did not affect growth rate, but reduced significantly subcutaneous adipose thickness, carcass fat rate, greater dramatically the serum concentration of adiponectin and high-density lipoprotein in pigs. Further, we verified that RES could inhibit the formation and accumulation of lipid droplets by AdipoQ-AdipoR1-AMPKα and AdipoQ-AdipoR2-PPARα signal pathway in vivo and vitro (3T3-L1 preadipocytes). Transcriptome analyses founded that 5 differently expressed (DE) lncRNAs and 77 mRNAs in subcutaneous adipose between control group and 400 mg/kg RES group, which mainly involved in "adipocytokine signaling pathway", "Wnt signaling pathway", "PI3K-Akt signaling pathway" and "MAPK signaling pathway". In conclusion, RES can inhibit the formation and accumulation of lipid droplets through AdipoQ signal pathway and lipid metabolism-related lncRNAs. Our results provide a new insight on the molecular mechanism of RES as a nutritional agents to the prevention and treatment for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanbao Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning Guangxi 530004, China.
| | - Yueyue Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning Guangxi 530004, China.
| | - Xiaotong Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning Guangxi 530004, China.
| | - Chongwan Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning Guangxi 530004, China.
| | - Qian Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning Guangxi 530004, China.
| | - Bao Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning Guangxi 530004, China.
| | - Wenyue Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning Guangxi 530004, China.
| | - Yunyan Luo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning Guangxi 530004, China.
| | - Qinyang Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning Guangxi 530004, China.
| | - Yanna Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning Guangxi 530004, China.
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Fan Y, Lu J, Fan J, Guan S. 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol caused lipid droplets accumulation by suppressing neutral lipases via BMAL1 in hepatocytes. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 174:113670. [PMID: 36805544 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythm regulates body physiology and metabolism to adapt to the external environment. 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol (1,3-DCP) is a food pollutant formed during food processing. Our study explored whether toxicity of 1,3-DCP was related to circadian rhythm. We discovered that 1,3-DCP caused lipid droplets (LDs) accumulation via suppression of neutral lipases ATGL and HSL in mice liver and HepG2 cells. Meanwhile, 1,3-DCP caused rhythmic disruption of key circadian rhythm molecules BMAL1/CLOCK at protein and mRNA levels in HepG2 cells. Studies have shown that BMAL1 regulates PPARα by binding to the promoter E-box. 1,3-DCP inhibited PPARα expression. A PPARα activator WY-14643 up-regulated ATGL and HSL expression. BMAL1 overexpression up-regulated PPARα, ATGL and HSL expression. WY-14643 or BMAL1 overexpression attenuated 1,3-DCP-caused LDs accumulation in HepG2 cells. The results revealed that 1,3-DCP caused LDs accumulation by neutral lipases suppression via inhibiting key circadian rhythm protein BMAL1, indicating that circadian rhythm can be related to the regulation of LDs accumulation caused by 1,3-DCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Fan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Lu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghui Fan
- Department of Pharmacy, Hongqi Hospital Affiliated to Mudanjiang Medical University, Mudanjiang, 157011, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang Guan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, People's Republic of China.
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Berberine Ameliorates Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease Mediated Metabolism Disorder and Redox Homeostasis by Upregulating Clock Genes: Clock and Bmal1 Expressions. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041874. [PMID: 36838862 PMCID: PMC9960773 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is one of the most common chronic liver diseases, which in turn triggers mild inflammation, metabolic dysfunction, fibrosis, and even cancer. Accumulating evidence has suggested that Berberine (BBR) could significantly improve MAFLD progression. Clock and Bmal1 as heterodimer proteins highly participated in the development of MAFLD, but whether BBR targets Clock and Bmal1 in MAFLD remains poorly understood. The result suggested that the protein levels of Clock and Bmal1 were decreased in MAFLD mice, which was negatively correlated with elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, the H2O2 level, liver inflammation, metabolic dysfunction, and insulin resistance. The mRNA and protein levels of Clock and Bmal1 were also decreased in glucosamine-induced HepG2 cells, which were are negatively related to glucose uptake, the ROS level, and the H2O2 level. More importantly, Bmal1 siRNA could mimic the effect of glucosamine in HepG2 cells. Interestingly, Berberine (BBR) could rescue metabolism disorder and redox homeostasis through enhancing Clock and Bmal1 expression in vivo and in vitro. Therefore, BBR might be an effective natural compound for alleviating redox homeostasis, metabolism disorder, and liver pathological changes in MAFLD by activating Clock and Bmal1 expression.
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Chrononutrition-When We Eat Is of the Essence in Tackling Obesity. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235080. [PMID: 36501110 PMCID: PMC9739590 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic and relapsing public health problem with an extensive list of associated comorbidities. The worldwide prevalence of obesity has nearly tripled over the last five decades and continues to pose a serious threat to wider society and the wellbeing of future generations. The pathogenesis of obesity is complex but diet plays a key role in the onset and progression of the disease. The human diet has changed drastically across the globe, with an estimate that approximately 72% of the calories consumed today come from foods that were not part of our ancestral diets and are not compatible with our metabolism. Additionally, multiple nutrient-independent factors, e.g., cost, accessibility, behaviours, culture, education, work commitments, knowledge and societal set-up, influence our food choices and eating patterns. Much research has been focused on 'what to eat' or 'how much to eat' to reduce the obesity burden, but increasingly evidence indicates that 'when to eat' is fundamental to human metabolism. Aligning feeding patterns to the 24-h circadian clock that regulates a wide range of physiological and behavioural processes has multiple health-promoting effects with anti-obesity being a major part. This article explores the current understanding of the interactions between the body clocks, bioactive dietary components and the less appreciated role of meal timings in energy homeostasis and obesity.
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Fan D, Liu C, Zhang Z, Huang K, Wang T, Chen S, Li Z. Progress in the Preclinical and Clinical Study of Resveratrol for Vascular Metabolic Disease. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217524. [PMID: 36364370 PMCID: PMC9658204 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular metabolic dysfunction presents in various diseases, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Due to the high prevalence of these diseases, it is important to explore treatment strategies to protect vascular function. Resveratrol (RSV), a natural polyphenolic phytochemical, is regarded as an agent to regulate metabolic pathways. Many studies have proven that RSV has beneficial effects on improving metabolism in endothelial cells (ECs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), which provide new directions to treat vascular metabolic diseases. Herein, we overviewed that RSV could regulate cell metabolism activity by inhibiting glucose uptake, suppressing glycolysis, preventing cells from fatty acid-related damages, reducing lipogenesis, increasing fatty acid oxidation, enhancing lipolysis, elevating uptake and synthesis of glutamine, and increasing NO release. Furthermore, in clinical trials, although the results from different studies remain controversial, we proposed that RSV had better therapeutic effects at high concentrations and for patients with metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxiao Fan
- Division of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Chenshu Liu
- Division of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhongyu Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Kan Huang
- Division of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Tengyao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Sifan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Zilun Li
- Division of Vascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- National-Guangdong Joint Engineering Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Vascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Correspondence:
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11
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Yong YN, Henry CJ, Haldar S. Is There a Utility of Chrono-Specific Diets in Improving Cardiometabolic Health? Mol Nutr Food Res 2022; 66:e2200043. [PMID: 35856629 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Modern lifestyle is generally associated with the consumption of three main meals per day, one of which is typically in the evening or at night. It is also well established that consumption of meals in the later part of the day, notably in the evenings, is associated with circadian desynchrony, which in turn increases the risk of non-communicable diseases, particularly cardiometabolic diseases. While it is not feasible to avoid food consumption during the evenings altogether, there is an opportunity to provide chrono-specific, diet-based solutions to mitigate some of these risks. To date, there has been substantial progress in the understanding of chrononutrition, with evidence derived mainly from in vitro and in vivo animal studies. Some of these approaches include the manipulation of the quality and quantity of certain nutrients to be consumed at specific times of the day, as well as incorporating certain dietary components (macronutrients, micronutrients, or non-nutrient bioactives, including polyphenols) with the ability to modulate circadian rhythmicity. However, robust human studies are generally lacking. In this review, the study has consolidated and critically appraised the current evidence base, with an aim to translate these findings to improve cardiometabolic health and provides recommendations to move this field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ning Yong
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Christiani Jeyakumar Henry
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 117599, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, 117599, Singapore
| | - Sumanto Haldar
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation (SIFBI), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 117599, Singapore
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Yu YM, Zhou BH, Yang YL, Guo CX, Zhao J, Wang HW. Estrogen Deficiency Aggravates Fluoride-Induced Liver Damage and Lipid Metabolism Disorder in Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:2767-2776. [PMID: 34392477 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02857-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen exerts essential role in liver metabolism, and its deficiency is frequently accompanied by a series of metabolic disorder diseases. To investigate the role of estrogen deficiency in fluorine ions (F-) induced liver injury, the ovariectomy (OVX) rat models were performed by surgically removing the ovaries, and the rats from OVX and non-OVX models were exposed to differential dose of F- (0, 25, 50 and 100 mg/L) in drinking water for 90 days. The liver morphological structure was evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Proliferation ability of hepatocytes was evaluated by 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) assay. And distribution of lipid droplets in liver tissue was observed via oil red O staining. In addition, the liver function and lipid metabolism parameters in serum were detected by commercial kits. Results showed that F- induced hepatocytes morphological damage and inhibited the proliferation ability of hepatocytes; estrogen deficiency exacerbated these changes. The deposition of lipid droplets in the liver tissue was multiplicative with increased F- dose, especially after estrogen deficiency. In addition, F- exposure increased (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) serum aminotransferase (ALT), aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GT) activities and total bilirubin (T-bil) level; meanwhile, serum triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol (TC) levels were also elevated (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). F--induced liver function and lipid metabolism indexes were further increased (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) in the state of estrogen deficiency. In conclusion, estrogen deficiency aggravated F--induced liver damage and lipid metabolism disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ming Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bian-Hua Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi-Lin Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Xiang Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Wei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, Henan, People's Republic of China
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Piperine Improves Lipid Dysregulation by Modulating Circadian Genes Bmal1 and Clock in HepG2 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105611. [PMID: 35628429 PMCID: PMC9144199 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic disorders are closely associated with the dysregulation of circadian rhythms. Many bioactive components with lipid metabolism-regulating effects have been reported to function through circadian clock-related mechanisms. As the main pungent principle of black pepper, piperine (PIP) has been demonstrated to possess anti-obesity bioactivity by affecting hepatic lipid metabolism-related factors. However, whether the circadian clock genes Bmal1 and Clock are involved in the protective effect of PIP against lipid metabolism disorders remains unknown. In this work, oleic acid (OA) induced lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells. The effect of PIP on redox status, mitochondrial functions, and circadian rhythms of core clock genes were evaluated. Results revealed that PIP alleviated circadian desynchrony, ROS overproduction, and mitochondrial dysfunction. A mechanism study showed that PIP could activate the SREBP-1c/PPARγ and AMPK/AKT-mTOR signaling pathways in a Bmal1/Clock-dependent manner in HepG2 cells. These results indicated that Bmal1 and Clock played important roles in the regulating effect of PIP on hepatic lipid homeostasis.
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The Activity of Ten Natural Extracts Combined in a Unique Blend to Maintain Cholesterol Homeostasis-In Vitro Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073805. [PMID: 35409162 PMCID: PMC8998641 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypercholesterolemia is a major cause of cardiovascular disease and statins, the HMGCoA inhibitors, are the most prescribed drugs. Statins reduce the production of hepatic cholesterol, leading to greater expression of the LDL receptor and greater absorption of circulating LDL, reducing peripheral LDL levels. Unfortunately, statins are believed to induce myopathy and other severe diseases. To overcome this problem, safe nutraceuticals with the same activity as statins could hold great promise in the prevention and treatment of hypercholesterolemia. In this study, the anti-cholesterol efficacy of a new nutraceutical, called Esterol10®, was evaluated. METHODS HepG2 cells were used to study the biological mechanisms exerted by Esterol10® analyzing different processes involved in cholesterol metabolism, also comparing data with Atorvastatin. RESULTS Our results indicate that Esterol10® leads to a reduction in total hepatocyte cholesterol and an improvement in the biosynthesis of free cholesterol and bile acids. Furthermore, the anti-cholesterol activity of Esterol10® was also confirmed by the modulation of the LDL receptor and by the accumulation of lipids, as well as by the main intracellular pathways involved in the metabolism of cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS Esterol10® is safe and effective with anti-cholesterol activity, potentially providing an alternative therapy to those based on statins for hypercholesterolemia disease.
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Senesi P, Ferrulli A, Luzi L, Terruzzi I. Chrono-communication and cardiometabolic health: The intrinsic relationship and therapeutic nutritional promises. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:975509. [PMID: 36176473 PMCID: PMC9513421 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.975509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythm, an innate 24-h biological clock, regulates several mammalian physiological activities anticipating daily environmental variations and optimizing available energetic resources. The circadian machinery is a complex neuronal and endocrinological network primarily organized into a central clock, suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), and peripheral clocks. Several small molecules generate daily circadian fluctuations ensuring inter-organ communication and coordination between external stimuli, i.e., light, food, and exercise, and body metabolism. As an orchestra, this complex network can be out of tone. Circadian disruption is often associated with obesity development and, above all, with diabetes and cardiovascular disease onset. Moreover, accumulating data highlight a bidirectional relationship between circadian misalignment and cardiometabolic disease severity. Food intake abnormalities, especially timing and composition of meal, are crucial cause of circadian disruption, but evidence from preclinical and clinical studies has shown that food could represent a unique therapeutic approach to promote circadian resynchronization. In this review, we briefly summarize the structure of circadian system and discuss the role playing by different molecules [from leptin to ghrelin, incretins, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15)] to guarantee circadian homeostasis. Based on the recent data, we discuss the innovative nutritional interventions aimed at circadian re-synchronization and, consequently, improvement of cardiometabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Senesi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Ferrulli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Livio Luzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Ileana Terruzzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Ileana Terruzzi,
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Huang JQ, Lu M, Ho CT. Health benefits of dietary chronobiotics: beyond resynchronizing internal clocks. Food Funct 2021; 12:6136-6156. [PMID: 34057166 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00661d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The internal circadian clock in mammals drives whole-body biological activity rhythms. The clock reflects changes in external signals by controlling enzyme functions and the release of hormones involved in metabolic processes. Thus, misalignments between the circadian clock and an individual's daily schedule are recognized to be related to various metabolic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes. Although evidence has shown the existence of a complex relationship between circadian clock regulation and daily food intake, the regulatory effects of phytochemicals on the circadian clock remain unclarified. To better elucidate these relationships/effects, the circadian system components in mammals, circadian misalignment-related metabolic diseases, circadian rhythm-adjusting phytochemicals (including the heterocycles, acids, flavonoids and others) and the potential mechanisms (including the regulation of clock genes/proteins, metabolites of gut microbiota and secondary metabolites) are reviewed here. The bioactive components of functional foods discussed in this review could be considered potentially effective factors for the prevention and treatment of metabolic disorders related to circadian misalignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Qing Huang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Formula-pattern of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Formula-pattern Research Center, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Lago-Sampedro A, Ho-Plagaro A, Garcia-Serrano S, Santiago-Fernandez C, Rodríguez-Díaz C, Lopez-Gómez C, Martín-Reyes F, Ruiz-Aldea G, Alcaín-Martínez G, Gonzalo M, Montiel-Casado C, Fernández JR, García-Fuentes E, Rodríguez-Pacheco F. Oleic acid restores the rhythmicity of the disrupted circadian rhythm found in gastrointestinal explants from patients with morbid obesity. Clin Nutr 2021; 40:4324-4333. [PMID: 33531179 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS We investigated whether oleic acid (OA), one of the main components of the Mediterranean diet, participates in the regulation of the intestinal circadian rhythm in patients with morbid obesity. METHODS Stomach and jejunum explants from patients with morbid obesity were incubated with oleic acid to analyze the regulation of clock genes. RESULTS Stomach explants showed an altered circadian rhythm in CLOCK, BMAL1, REVERBα, CRY1, and CRY2, and an absence in PER1, PER2, PER3 and ghrelin (p > 0.05). OA led to the emergence of rhythmicity in PER1, PER2, PER3 and ghrelin (p < 0.05). Jejunum explants showed an altered circadian rhythm in CLOCK, BMAL1, PER1 and PER3, and an absence in PER2, REVERBα, CRY1, CRY2 and GLP1 (p > 0.05). OA led to the emergence of rhythmicity in PER2, REVERBα, CRY1 and GLP1 (p < 0.05), but not in CRY2 (p > 0.05). OA restored the rhythmicity of acrophase and increased the amplitude for most of the genes studied in stomach and jejunum explants. OA placed PER1, PER2, PER3, REVERBα, CRY1 and CRY2 in antiphase with regard to CLOCK and BMAL1. CONCLUSIONS There is an alteration in circadian rhythm in stomach and jejunum explants in morbid obesity. OA restored the rhythmicity of the genes related with circadian rhythm, ghrelin and GLP1, although with slight differences between tissues, which could determine a different behaviour of the explants from jejunum and stomach in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lago-Sampedro
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Regional Universitario, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ailec Ho-Plagaro
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - Sara Garcia-Serrano
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Regional Universitario, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas-CIBERDEM, Málaga, Spain
| | - Concepción Santiago-Fernandez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - Cristina Rodríguez-Díaz
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - Carlos Lopez-Gómez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - Flores Martín-Reyes
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Ruiz-Aldea
- Departamento Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Guillermo Alcaín-Martínez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - Montserrat Gonzalo
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Regional Universitario, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - Custodia Montiel-Casado
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Cirugía General, Digestiva y Trasplantes, Hospital Regional Universitario, Málaga, Spain
| | - José R Fernández
- Bioengineering & Chronobiology Labs, atlanTTic Research Center, University of Vigo, Spain
| | - Eduardo García-Fuentes
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain.
| | - Francisca Rodríguez-Pacheco
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas-CIBERDEM, Málaga, Spain
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Pirozzi AVA, Imbimbo P, D’Agostino A, Tirino V, Finamore R, Monti DM, Piccoli R, Schiraldi C. Antioxidant and Hypolipidemic Activity of Açai Fruit Makes It a Valuable Functional Food. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 10:antiox10010040. [PMID: 33396456 PMCID: PMC7824079 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several plant extracts are acquiring increasing value because of their antioxidant activity and hypolipidemic properties. Among them, great interest has been recently paid to açai fruit as a functional food. The aim of this study was to test the ability of açai extract in reducing oxidative stress and modulating lipid metabolism in vitro using different cell models and different types of stress. In fact, lipid peroxidation as evaluated in a HepG2 model was reduced five-fold when using 0.25 µg/mL of extract, and it was further reduced (20-fold) with the concentration increase up to 2.5 µg/mL. With the non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)in vitro model, all concentrations tested showed at least a two-fold reduced fat deposit. In addition, primary adipocytes challenged with TNF-α under hypoxic conditions to mimic the persistent subcutaneous fat, treated with açai extract showed an approximately 40% reduction of fat deposit. Overall, our results show that açai is able to counteract oxidative states in all the cell models analysed and to prevent the accumulation of lipid droplets. No toxic effects and high stability overtime were highlighted at the concentrations tested. Therefore, açai can be considered a suitable support in the prevention of different alterations of lipid and oxidative metabolism responsible for fat deposition and metabolic pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Virginia Adriana Pirozzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology, Medical Histology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, via De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.V.A.P.); (A.D.); (V.T.); (R.F.)
| | - Paola Imbimbo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy; (P.I.); (D.M.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Antonella D’Agostino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology, Medical Histology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, via De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.V.A.P.); (A.D.); (V.T.); (R.F.)
| | - Virginia Tirino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology, Medical Histology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, via De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.V.A.P.); (A.D.); (V.T.); (R.F.)
| | - Rosario Finamore
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology, Medical Histology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, via De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.V.A.P.); (A.D.); (V.T.); (R.F.)
| | - Daria Maria Monti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy; (P.I.); (D.M.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Renata Piccoli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, via Cinthia 21, 80126 Naples, Italy; (P.I.); (D.M.M.); (R.P.)
| | - Chiara Schiraldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Biotechnology, Medical Histology and Molecular Biology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, via De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.V.A.P.); (A.D.); (V.T.); (R.F.)
- Correspondence:
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The circadian machinery links metabolic disorders and depression: A review of pathways, proteins and potential pharmacological interventions. Life Sci 2020; 265:118809. [PMID: 33249097 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are responsible for regulating a number of physiological processes. The central oscillator is located within the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus and the SCN synchronises the circadian clocks that are found in our peripheral organs through neural and humoral signalling. At the molecular level, biological clocks consist of transcription-translation feedback loops (TTFLs) and these pathways are influenced by transcription factors, post-translational modifications, signalling pathways and epigenetic modifiers. When disruptions occur in the circadian machinery, the activities of the proteins implicated in this network and the expression of core clock or clock-controlled genes (CCGs) can be altered. Circadian misalignment can also arise when there is desychronisation between our internal clocks and environmental stimuli. There is evidence in the literature demonstrating that disturbances in the circadian rhythm contribute to the pathophysiology of several diseases and disorders. This includes the metabolic syndrome and recently, it has been suggested that the 'circadian syndrome' may be a more appropriate term to use to not only describe the cardio-metabolic risk factors but also the associated comorbidities. Here we overview the molecular architecture of circadian clocks in mammals and provide insight into the effects of shift work, exposure to artificial light, food intake and stress on the circadian rhythm. The relationship between circadian rhythms, metabolic disorders and depression is reviewed and this is a topic that requires further investigation. We also describe how particular proteins involved in the TTFLs can be potentially modulated by small molecules, including pharmacological interventions and dietary compounds.
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