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Kumar D, Aggarwal N, Kumar V, Chopra H, Marwaha RK, Sharma R. Emerging synthetic strategies and pharmacological insights of 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives: a comprehensive review. Future Med Chem 2024; 16:563-581. [PMID: 38353003 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2023-0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
This review meticulously examines the synthesis techniques for 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives, focusing on cyclization, condensation reactions and functional group transformations. It enhances the understanding of these chemical methods that re crucial for tailoring derivative properties and functionalities. This study is considered to be vital for researchers, detailing established effects such as antioxidant, antimicrobial and anticancer activities, and revealing emerging pharmacological potentials such as neuroprotective, antiviral and antidiabetic properties. It also discusses the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects. In addition, this article covers structure-activity relationship studies and computational modelling that are essential for designing potent, selective 1,3,4-thiadiazole compounds. This work lays a foundation for future research and targeted therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davinder Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, India
| | - Navidha Aggarwal
- MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (deemed to be a university), Mullana, 133207, India
| | - Virender Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, India
| | - Hitesh Chopra
- Department of Biosciences, Saveetha School of engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602105, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Marwaha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, India
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra & Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
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2
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Lin TC. Perturbation Analysis of a Prognostic DDX3X-Mediated Gene Expression Signature Identifies the Antimetastatic Potential of Chaetocin in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cells 2023; 12:1628. [PMID: 37371098 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX3X, also known as DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) Box Polypeptide 3, X-Linked (DDX3X), is critical for RNA metabolism, and emerging evidence implicates ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX3X's participation in various cellular processes to modulate cancer progression. In this study, the clinical significance of DDX3X was addressed, and DDX3X was identified as a biomarker for poor prognosis. An exploration of transcriptomic data from 373 liver cancer patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) suggested an association between DDX3X expression and cancer metastasis. Lentiviral-based silencing of DDX3X in a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell line resulted in the suppression of cell migration and invasion. The molecular mechanism regarding ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX3X in liver cancer progression had been addressed in many studies. I focused on the biological application of the DDX3X-mediated gene expression signature in cancer therapeutics. An investigation of the DDX3X-correlated expression signature via the L1000 platform of Connectivity Map (BROAD Institute) first identified a histone methyltransferase inhibitor, chaetocin, as a novel compound for alleviating metastasis in HCC. In this study, the prognostic value of DDX3X and the antimetastatic property of chaetocin are presented to shed light on the development of anti-liver cancer strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Chieh Lin
- Genomic Medicine Core Laboratory, Department of Medical Research and Development, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan
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3
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Heaton SM, Gorry PR, Borg NA. DExD/H-box helicases in HIV-1 replication and their inhibition. Trends Microbiol 2023; 31:393-404. [PMID: 36463019 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) reduces human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, but selection of treatment-refractory variants remains a major challenge. HIV-1 encodes 16 canonical proteins, a small number of which are the singular targets of nearly all antiretrovirals developed to date. Cellular factors are increasingly being explored, which may present more therapeutic targets, more effectively target certain aspects of the viral replication cycle, and/or limit viral escape. Unlike most other positive-sense RNA viruses that encode at least one helicase, retroviruses are limited to the host repertoire. Accordingly, HIV-1 subverts DEAD-box helicase 3X (DDX3X) and numerous other cellular helicases of the Asp-Glu-x-Asp/His (DExD/H)-box family to service multiple aspects of its replication cycle. Here we review DDX3X and other DExD/H-box helicases in HIV-1 replication and their inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Heaton
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Current affiliation: RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research and RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-chōme-7-22 Suehirochō, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Kanagawa, Japan.
| | - Paul R Gorry
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Natalie A Borg
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
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4
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Kumar D, Kumar H, Kumar V, Deep A, Sharma A, Marwaha MG, Marwaha RK. Mechanism-based approaches of 1,3,4 thiadiazole scaffolds as potent enzyme inhibitors for cytotoxicity and antiviral activity. MEDICINE IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2022.100150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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5
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Laamari Y, Bimoussa A, Fawzi M, Oubella A, Rohand T, Van Meervelt L, IttoMorjani MYA, Auhmani A. Synthesis, crystal structure and evaluation of anticancer activities of some novel heterocyclic compounds based on thymol. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.134906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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6
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Palladium-Catalyzed Synthesis of Novel Quinazolinylphenyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole Conjugates. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12121586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Two novel series of symmetrical and unsymmetrical conjugates, in which 1,3,4-thiadiazole and 4-N,N-dimethylaminoquinazoline scaffolds were connected via 1,4-phenylene linker, were synthetized in high yields by Suzuki cross-coupling reactions. The elaborated protocol makes use of bromo-substituted quinazolines, boronic acid pinacol ester or diboronic acid bis(pinacol)ester of 2,5-diphenyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole, catalytic amounts of [1,10-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene]dichloropalladium(II) Pd(dppf)Cl2, sodium carbonate, and tetrabutylammonium bromide, which plays the role of a phase-transfer catalyst. The structures of prepared compounds were confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, UV-VIS, IR and HRMS. For the target compounds, the fluorescence spectra were measured to determine their quantum yields and Stokes shifts. The study revealed that among the tested compounds, two highly-conjugated derivatives (8a, 9a), in which 1,3,4-thiadiazole core is connected to 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)quinazoline via a double 1,4-phenylene linker, exhibit high quantum yields of fluorescence and strong fluorescence emission.
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Vesuna F, Akhrymuk I, Smith A, Winnard PT, Lin SC, Panny L, Scharpf R, Kehn-Hall K, Raman V. RK-33, a small molecule inhibitor of host RNA helicase DDX3, suppresses multiple variants of SARS-CoV-2. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:959577. [PMID: 36090095 PMCID: PMC9453862 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.959577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the virus behind the deadly COVID-19 pandemic, continues to spread globally even as vaccine strategies are proving effective in preventing hospitalizations and deaths. However, evolving variants of the virus appear to be more transmissive and vaccine efficacy toward them is waning. As a result, SARS-CoV-2 will continue to have a deadly impact on public health into the foreseeable future. One strategy to bypass the continuing problem of newer variants is to target host proteins required for viral replication. We have used this host-targeted antiviral (HTA) strategy that targets DDX3X (DDX3), a host DEAD-box RNA helicase that is usurped by SARS-CoV-2 for virus production. We demonstrated that targeting DDX3 with RK-33, a small molecule inhibitor, reduced the viral load in four isolates of SARS-CoV-2 (Lineage A, and Lineage B Alpha, Beta, and Delta variants) by one to three log orders in Calu-3 cells. Furthermore, proteomics and RNA-seq analyses indicated that most SARS-CoV-2 genes were downregulated by RK-33 treatment. Also, we show that the use of RK-33 decreases TMPRSS2 expression, which may be due to DDX3s ability to unwind G-quadraplex structures present in the TMPRSS2 promoter. The data presented support the use of RK-33 as an HTA strategy to control SARS-CoV-2 infection, irrespective of its mutational status, in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Vesuna
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ivan Akhrymuk
- Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Amy Smith
- Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Paul T. Winnard
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Shih-Chao Lin
- Bachelor Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Lauren Panny
- Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Robert Scharpf
- Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kylene Kehn-Hall
- Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Center for Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- *Correspondence: Kylene Kehn-Hall,
| | - Venu Raman
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Departments of Oncology, Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Venu Raman,
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Zou R, Li B, Duan W, Lin G, Cui Y. Synthesis of 3-carene-derived nanocellulose/1,3,4-thiadiazole-amide complexes with antifungal activity for plant protection. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:3277-3286. [PMID: 35484724 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nanopesticides have been proved to be a powerful and promising tool to solve the issues in agriculture. The purpose of the present study was to develop ecofriendly nanopesticide systems by the strategy of comprehensive utilization of two natural biomass resources (bagasse and turpentine oil) because of their incomparable advantages. RESULTS In this research, a series of nanocellulose carriers ETOCN-1-ETOCN-4 (ETOCN, esterified TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofibers) with different degrees of substitution were prepared and characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Then, 21 1,3,4-thiadiazole-amide compounds 8a-8u containing gem-dimethylcyclopropane ring were designed, synthesized and characterized. A preliminary bioassay indicated that compound 8i (R = p-Br Ph) exhibited broad-spectrum antifungal activity against the tested fungi. Furthermore, drug-loading complexes 8i/ETOCN-1-8i/ETOCN-4 were fabricated by integration of nanocellulose-based carriers ETOCN-1-ETOCN-4 with bioactive compound 8i, and the drug-loading capacities, microstructures and sustained-releasing performance of these complexes were also investigated. According to the observation of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of complex 8i/ETOCN-2, the small-molecule drug and the carrier formed a well-distributed and compact complex, which led to the excellent drug-loading capacity and sustained-releasing performance in the ethanol/water (1:1, v/v) system. CONCLUSIONS Complexes 8i/ETOCN-1-8i/ETOCN-4 deserved further study as the promising candidates for the development of nanopesticides. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renxuan Zou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, P. R. China
| | - Baoyu Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, P. R. China
| | - Wengui Duan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, P. R. China
| | - Guishan Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, P. R. China
| | - Yucheng Cui
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, P. R. China
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9
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Brai A, Trivisani CI, Poggialini F, Pasqualini C, Vagaggini C, Dreassi E. DEAD-Box Helicase DDX3X as a Host Target against Emerging Viruses: New Insights for Medicinal Chemical Approaches. J Med Chem 2022; 65:10195-10216. [PMID: 35899912 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, globalization, global warming, and population aging have contributed to the spread of emerging viruses, such as coronaviruses (COVs), West Nile (WNV), Dengue (DENV), and Zika (ZIKV). The number of reported infections is increasing, and considering the high viral mutation rate, it is conceivable that it will increase significantly in the coming years. The risk caused by viruses is now more evident due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which highlighted the need to find new broad-spectrum antiviral agents able to tackle the present pandemic and future epidemics. DDX3X helicase is a host factor required for viral replication. Selective inhibitors have been identified and developed into broad-spectrum antivirals active against emerging pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2 and most importantly against drug-resistant strains. This perspective describes the inhibitors identified in the last years, highlighting their therapeutic potential as innovative broad-spectrum antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalaura Brai
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry & Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena Italy
| | | | - Federica Poggialini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry & Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena Italy
| | - Claudia Pasqualini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry & Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena Italy
| | - Chiara Vagaggini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry & Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena Italy
| | - Elena Dreassi
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry & Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena Italy
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10
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Rao S, Mahmoudi T. DEAD-ly Affairs: The Roles of DEAD-Box Proteins on HIV-1 Viral RNA Metabolism. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:917599. [PMID: 35769258 PMCID: PMC9234453 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.917599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to ensure viral gene expression, Human Immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) recruits numerous host proteins that promote optimal RNA metabolism of the HIV-1 viral RNAs (vRNAs), such as the proteins of the DEAD-box family. The DEAD-box family of RNA helicases regulates multiple steps of RNA metabolism and processing, including transcription, splicing, nucleocytoplasmic export, trafficking, translation and turnover, mediated by their ATP-dependent RNA unwinding ability. In this review, we provide an overview of the functions and role of all DEAD-box family protein members thus far described to influence various aspects of HIV-1 vRNA metabolism. We describe the molecular mechanisms by which HIV-1 hijacks these host proteins to promote its gene expression and we discuss the implications of these interactions during viral infection, their possible roles in the maintenance of viral latency and in inducing cell death. We also speculate on the emerging potential of pharmacological inhibitors of DEAD-box proteins as novel therapeutics to control the HIV-1 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shringar Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Shringar Rao, ; Tokameh Mahmoudi,
| | - Tokameh Mahmoudi
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Urology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Shringar Rao, ; Tokameh Mahmoudi,
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Deswal Y, Asija S, Dubey A, Deswal L, Kumar D, Kumar Jindal D, Devi J. Cobalt(II), nickel(II), copper(II) and zinc(II) complexes of thiadiazole based Schiff base ligands: Synthesis, structural characterization, DFT, antidiabetic and molecular docking studies. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.132266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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12
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13
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Vesuna F, Akhrymuk I, Smith A, Winnard PT, Lin SC, Scharpf R, Kehn-Hall K, Raman V. RK-33, a small molecule inhibitor of host RNA helicase DDX3, suppresses multiple variants of SARS-CoV-2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.02.28.482334. [PMID: 35262079 PMCID: PMC8902879 DOI: 10.1101/2022.02.28.482334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the virus behind the deadly COVID-19 pandemic, continues to spread globally even as vaccine strategies are proving effective in preventing hospitalizations and deaths. However, evolving variants of the virus appear to be more transmissive and vaccine efficacy towards them is waning. As a result, SARS-CoV-2 will continue to have a deadly impact on public health into the foreseeable future. One strategy to bypass the continuing problem of newer variants is to target host proteins required for viral replication. We have used this host-targeted antiviral (HTA) strategy that targets DDX3, a host DEAD-box RNA helicase that is usurped by SARS-CoV-2 for virus production. We demonstrated that targeting DDX3 with RK-33, a small molecule inhibitor, reduced the viral load in four isolates of SARS-CoV-2 (Lineage A, and Lineage B Alpha, Beta, and Delta variants) by one to three log orders in Calu-3 cells. Furthermore, proteomics and RNA-seq analyses indicated that most SARS-CoV-2 genes were downregulated by RK-33 treatment. Also, we show that the use of RK-33 decreases TMPRSS2 expression, which may be due to DDX3s ability to unwind G-quadraplex structures present in the TMPRSS2 promoter. The data presented supports the use of RK-33 as an HTA strategy to control SARS-CoV-2 infection, irrespective of its mutational status, in humans.
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14
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Anthwal T, Nain S. 1,3,4-Thiadiazole Scaffold: As Anti-Epileptic Agents. Front Chem 2022; 9:671212. [PMID: 35127639 PMCID: PMC8814426 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.671212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide range of biological activities is exhibited by 1,3,4-thiadiazole moiety such as antidiabetic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anticonvulsant, antiviral, antihypertensive, and antimicrobial. To date, drugs such as butazolamide, and acetazolamide. Several modifications have been done in the 1,3,4-thiadiazole moiety which showed good potency as anticonvulsant agents which are highly effective and have less toxicity. After in-depth literature survey in this review, we have compiled various derivatives of 1,3,4-thiadiazole scaffold as anticonvulsant agents.
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RNA Helicase DDX3: A Double-Edged Sword for Viral Replication and Immune Signaling. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061206. [PMID: 34204859 PMCID: PMC8227550 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
DDX3 is a cellular ATP-dependent RNA helicase involved in different aspects of RNA metabolism ranging from transcription to translation and therefore, DDX3 participates in the regulation of key cellular processes including cell cycle progression, apoptosis, cancer and the antiviral immune response leading to type-I interferon production. DDX3 has also been described as an essential cellular factor for the replication of different viruses, including important human threats such HIV-1 or HCV, and different small molecules targeting DDX3 activity have been developed. Indeed, increasing evidence suggests that DDX3 can be considered not only a promising but also a viable target for anticancer and antiviral treatments. In this review, we summarize distinct functional aspects of DDX3 focusing on its participation as a double-edged sword in the host immune response and in the replication cycle of different viruses.
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Ngoc Toan V, Dinh Thanh N, Minh Tri N. 1,3,4-Thiadiazoline−coumarin hybrid compounds containing D-glucose/D-galactose moieties: Synthesis and evaluation of their antiproliferative activity. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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17
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Targeting the DEAD-Box RNA Helicase eIF4A with Rocaglates-A Pan-Antiviral Strategy for Minimizing the Impact of Future RNA Virus Pandemics. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030540. [PMID: 33807988 PMCID: PMC8001013 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase in pandemics caused by RNA viruses of zoonotic origin highlights the urgent need for broad-spectrum antivirals against novel and re-emerging RNA viruses. Broad-spectrum antivirals could be deployed as first-line interventions during an outbreak while virus-specific drugs and vaccines are developed and rolled out. Viruses depend on the host’s protein synthesis machinery for replication. Several natural compounds that target the cellular DEAD-box RNA helicase eIF4A, a key component of the eukaryotic translation initiation complex eIF4F, have emerged as potential broad-spectrum antivirals. Rocaglates, a group of flavaglines of plant origin that clamp mRNAs with highly structured 5′ untranslated regions (5′UTRs) onto the surface of eIF4A through specific stacking interactions, exhibit the largest selectivity and potential therapeutic indices among all known eIF4A inhibitors. Their unique mechanism of action limits the inhibitory effect of rocaglates to the translation of eIF4A-dependent viral mRNAs and a minor fraction of host mRNAs exhibiting stable RNA secondary structures and/or polypurine sequence stretches in their 5′UTRs, resulting in minimal potential toxic side effects. Maintaining a favorable safety profile while inducing efficient inhibition of a broad spectrum of RNA viruses makes rocaglates into primary candidates for further development as pan-antiviral therapeutics.
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Abstract
RNA helicases are ubiquitous, highly conserved RNA-binding enzymes that use the energy derived from the hydrolysis of nucleoside triphosphate to modify the structure of RNA molecules and/or the functionality of ribonucleoprotein complexes. Ultimately, the action of RNA helicases results in changes in gene expression that allow the cell to perform crucial functions. In this chapter, we review established and emerging concepts for DEAD-box and DExH-box RNA helicases. We mention examples from both eukaryotic and prokaryotic systems, in order to highlight common themes and specific actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Valentini
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Genève, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Linder
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, Genève, Switzerland.
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19
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Recent Trends in Enzyme Inhibition and Activation in Drug Design. Molecules 2020; 26:molecules26010017. [PMID: 33375159 PMCID: PMC7792938 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that enzymes are involved in many pathological conditions, such as inflammation, diabetes, microbial infections, HIV, neoplastic, neglected diseases and others [...]
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20
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Winnard PT, Vesuna F, Raman V. Targeting host DEAD-box RNA helicase DDX3X for treating viral infections. Antiviral Res 2020; 185:104994. [PMID: 33301755 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
DDX3X or DDX3, a member of the DEAD (asp, glu, ala, asp) box RNA helicase family of proteins, is a multifunctional protein, which is usurped by several viruses and is vital to their production. To date, 18 species of virus from 12 genera have been demonstrated to be dependent on DDX3 for virulence. In addition, DDX3 has been shown to function within 7 of 10 subcellular regions that are involved in the metabolism of viruses. As such, due to its direct interaction with viral components across most or all stages of viral life cycles, DDX3 can be considered an excellent host target for pan-antiviral drug therapy and has been reported to be a possible broad-spectrum antiviral target. Along these lines, it has been demonstrated that treatment of virally infected cells with small molecule inhibitors of DDX3 blunts virion productions. On the other hand, DDX3 bolsters an innate immune response and viruses have evolved capacities to sequester or block DDX3, which dampens an innate immune response. Thus, enhancing DDX3 production or co-targeting direct viral products that interfere with DDX3's modulation of innate immunity would also diminish virion production. Here we review the evidence that supports the hypothesis that modulating DDX3's agonistic and antagonistic functions during viral infections could have an important impact on safely and efficiently subduing a broad-spectrum of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Winnard
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, USA
| | - Farhad Vesuna
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, USA
| | - Venu Raman
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, USA; Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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21
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Sağlık BN, Kaya Çavuşoğlu B, Acar Çevik U, Osmaniye D, Levent S, Özkay Y, Kaplancıklı ZA. Novel 1,3,4-thiadiazole compounds as potential MAO-A inhibitors - design, synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular modelling. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:1063-1074. [PMID: 33479699 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00150c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) are important drug targets for the management of neurological disorders. Herein, a series of new 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives bearing various alkyl/arylamine moieties as MAO inhibitors were designed and synthesized. All of the compounds were more selective against hMAO-A than hMAO-B. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of most of the compounds were lower than that of the common drug moclobemide (IC50 = 4.664 μM) and compound 6b was proven to be the most active compound (IC50 = 0.060 μM). Moreover, it was seen that compound 6b showed a similar inhibition profile to that of clorgyline (IC50 = 0.048 μM). The inhibition profile was found to be reversible and competitive for compound 6b with MAO-A selectivity. Molecular modelling studies aided in the understanding of the interaction modes between compound 6b and MAO-A. Furthermore, this compound was predicted to have a good pharmacokinetic profile and high BBB penetration. Therefore, such compounds are of interest towards developing new MAO inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begüm Nurpelin Sağlık
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy , Anadolu University , Eskişehir , Turkey.,Doping and Narcotic Compounds Analysis Laboratory , Faculty of Pharmacy , Anadolu University , Eskişehir , Turkey
| | - Betül Kaya Çavuşoğlu
- Doping and Narcotic Compounds Analysis Laboratory , Faculty of Pharmacy , Anadolu University , Eskişehir , Turkey.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy , Bulent Ecevit University , 67600 Zonguldak , Turkey . ; ; Tel: +90 (372) 261 31 54
| | - Ulviye Acar Çevik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy , Anadolu University , Eskişehir , Turkey.,Doping and Narcotic Compounds Analysis Laboratory , Faculty of Pharmacy , Anadolu University , Eskişehir , Turkey
| | - Derya Osmaniye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy , Anadolu University , Eskişehir , Turkey.,Doping and Narcotic Compounds Analysis Laboratory , Faculty of Pharmacy , Anadolu University , Eskişehir , Turkey
| | - Serkan Levent
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy , Anadolu University , Eskişehir , Turkey.,Doping and Narcotic Compounds Analysis Laboratory , Faculty of Pharmacy , Anadolu University , Eskişehir , Turkey
| | - Yusuf Özkay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy , Anadolu University , Eskişehir , Turkey.,Doping and Narcotic Compounds Analysis Laboratory , Faculty of Pharmacy , Anadolu University , Eskişehir , Turkey
| | - Zafer Asım Kaplancıklı
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy , Anadolu University , Eskişehir , Turkey
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22
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A Computational Approach with Biological Evaluation: Combinatorial Treatment of Curcumin and Exemestane Synergistically Regulates DDX3 Expression in Cancer Cell Lines. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10060857. [PMID: 32512851 PMCID: PMC7355417 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
DDX3 belongs to RNA helicase family that demonstrates oncogenic properties and has gained wider attention due to its role in cancer progression, proliferation and transformation. Mounting reports have evidenced the role of DDX3 in cancers making it a promising target to abrogate DDX3 triggered cancers. Dual pharmacophore models were generated and were subsequently validated. They were used as 3D queries to screen the InterBioScreen database, resulting in the selection of curcumin that was escalated to molecular dynamics simulation studies. In vitro anti-cancer analysis was conducted on three cell lines such as MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and HeLa, which were evaluated along with exemestane. Curcumin was docked into the active site of the protein target (PDB code 2I4I) to estimate the binding affinity. The compound has interacted with two key residues and has displayed stable molecular dynamics simulation results. In vitro analysis has demonstrated that both the candidate compounds have reduced the expression of DDX3 in three cell lines. However, upon combinatorial treatment of curcumin (10 and 20 μM) and exemestane (50 μM) a synergism was exhibited, strikingly downregulating the DDX3 expression and has enhanced apoptosis in three cell lines. The obtained results illuminate the use of curcumin as an alternative DDX3 inhibitor and can serve as a chemical scaffold to design new small molecules.
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23
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Synthesis and trypanocidal activity of novel pyridinyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 127:110162. [PMID: 32407986 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we present the design, synthesis and trypanocidal evaluation of sixteen new 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives from N-aminobenzyl or N-arylhydrazone series. All derivatives were assayed against the trypomastigote form of Trypanosoma cruzi, showing IC50 values ranging from 3 to 226 μM, and a better trypanocidal profile was demonstrated for the 1,3,4-thiadiazole-N-arylhydrazones (3a-g). In this series, the 2-pyridinyl fragment bound to the imine subunit of the hydrazine moiety presented pharmacophoric behavior for trypanocidal activity. Compounds 2a, 11a and 3e presented remarkable activity and excellent selectivity indexes. Compound 2a was also active against the intracellular amastigote form of T. cruzi. Moreover, its corresponding hydrochloride, compound 11a, showed the most promising profile, producing phenotypic changes similar to those caused by posaconazole, a well-known inhibitor of sterol biosynthesis. Thus, 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivative 11a could be considered a good prototype for the development of new drug candidates for Chagas disease therapy.
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Brai A, Boccuto A, Monti M, Marchi S, Vicenti I, Saladini F, Trivisani CI, Pollutri A, Trombetta CM, Montomoli E, Riva V, Garbelli A, Nola EM, Zazzi M, Maga G, Dreassi E, Botta M. Exploring the Implication of DDX3X in DENV Infection: Discovery of the First-in-Class DDX3X Fluorescent Inhibitor. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:956-962. [PMID: 32435411 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the absence of effective drugs or vaccines for the treatment of the five Dengue Virus serotypes, the search for novel antiviral drugs is of primary importance for the scientific community. In this context, drug repurposing represents the most used strategy; however, the study of host targets is now attracting attention since it allows identification of broad-spectrum drugs endowed with high genetic barrier. In the last ten years our research group identified several small molecules DDX3X inhibitors and proved their efficacy against different viruses including novel emerging ones. Herein, starting from a screening of our compounds, we designed and synthesized novel derivatives with potent activity and high selectivity. Finally, we synthesized a fluorescent inhibitor that allowed us to study DDX3X cellular localization during DENV infection in vitro. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that our inhibitor colocalized with DDX3X, promoting the reduction of infected cells and recovering the number of viable cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalaura Brai
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Adele Boccuto
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Martina Monti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e dello Sviluppo, Università degli Studi di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Serena Marchi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e dello Sviluppo, Università degli Studi di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Ilaria Vicenti
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Francesco Saladini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Pollutri
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Claudia Maria Trombetta
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e dello Sviluppo, Università degli Studi di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Emanuele Montomoli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e dello Sviluppo, Università degli Studi di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
- VisMederi Srl, Strada del Petriccio e Belriguardo 35, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Valentina Riva
- Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR “Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza”, via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Garbelli
- Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR “Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza”, via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Emanuele Maria Nola
- Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR “Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza”, via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Zazzi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Giovanni Maga
- Institute of Molecular Genetics IGM-CNR “Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza”, via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Elena Dreassi
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Maurizio Botta
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università degli Studi di Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, BioLife Science Building, Suite 333, 1900 N 12th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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25
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Lin TC. DDX3X Multifunctionally Modulates Tumor Progression and Serves as a Prognostic Indicator to Predict Cancer Outcomes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010281. [PMID: 31906196 PMCID: PMC6982152 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
DEAD (Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp) box polypeptide 3, X-Linked (DDX3X), also known as DDX3, is one of the most widely studied and evolutionarily conserved members of the DEAD-box RNA helicase subfamily, and has been reported to participate in several cytosolic steps of mRNA metabolism. DDX3X facilitates the translation of specific targets via its helicase activity and regulates factors of the translation initiation complex. Emerging evidence illustrates the biological activities of DDX3X beyond its originally identified functions. The nonconventional regulatory effects include acting as a signaling adaptor molecule independent of enzymatic RNA remodeling, and DDX3X exhibits abnormal expression in cancers. DDX3X interacts with specific components to perform both oncogenic and tumor-suppressive roles in modulating tumor proliferation, migration, invasion, drug resistance, and cancer stemness in many types of cancers, indicating the need to unravel the associated molecular mechanisms. In this review article, we summarized and integrated current findings relevant to DDX3X in cancer research fields, cytokines and compounds modulating DDX3X's functions, and the released transcriptomic information and cancer patient clinical data from public databases. We found evidence for DDX3X having multiple impacts on cancer progression, and evaluated DDX3X expression levels in a pancancer panel and its associations with patient survival in each cancer-type cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Chieh Lin
- Genomic Medicine Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
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