1
|
Vachiraarunwong A, Tuntiwechapikul W, Wongnoppavich A, Meepowpan P, Wongpoomchai R. 2,4'-dihydroxy-6'-methoxy-3',5'-dimethylchalcone from Cleistocalyx nervosum var. paniala seeds attenuated the early stage of diethylnitrosamine and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colorectal carcinogenesis. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115221. [PMID: 37517291 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dichloromethane extract of Cleistocalyx nervosum var. paniala seeds exhibited an anticarcinogenicity against chemically-induced the early stages of carcinogenesis in rats. This study aimed to identify anticarcinogenic compounds from C. nervosum seed extract (CSE). METHODS Salmonella mutation assay was performed to determine mutagenicity and antimutagenicity of partially purified and purified compounds of CSE. The anticarcinogenic enzyme-inducing activity was measured in Hepa1c1c7. Moreover, the anticancer potency was examined on various human cancer cell lines. The anticarcinogenicity of DMC was investigated using dual-organ carcinogenicity model. The number of preneoplastic lesions was evaluated in the liver and colon. The inhibitory mechanisms of DMC on liver- and colorectal carcinogenesis were investigated. RESULTS Six partially purified fractions (MK1 - MK6) and purified compounds, including 2,4'-dihydroxy-6'-methoxy-3',5'-dimethylchalcone (DMC) and hariganetin, were obtained from CSE. Among these fractions, MK4 and DMC presented the greatest antimutagenicity against indirect mutagens in bacterial model. Moreover, MK5 possessed an effective anticarcinogenic enzyme inducer in Hepa1c1c7. The MK4, DMC and CSE showed greater anticancer activity on all cell lines and exhibited the most effective toxicity on colon cancer cells. Furthermore, DMC inhibited the formation of colonic preneoplastic lesions in carcinogens-treated rats. It reduced PCNA-positive cells and frequency of BCAC in rat colon. DMC also enhanced the detoxifying enzyme, GST, in rat livers. CONCLUSIONS DMC obtained from CSE may be a promising cancer chemopreventive compound of colorectal cancer process in rats. It could increase detoxifying enzymes and suppress the cell proliferation process resulting in prevention of post-initiation stage of colorectal carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arpamas Vachiraarunwong
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Wirote Tuntiwechapikul
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Ariyaphong Wongnoppavich
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Puttinan Meepowpan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| | - Rawiwan Wongpoomchai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Nascimento RDPD, Machado APDF. The preventive and therapeutic effects of anthocyanins on colorectal cancer: A comprehensive review based on up-to-date experimental studies. Food Res Int 2023; 170:113028. [PMID: 37316089 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most lethal and the third most diagnosed type of cancer worldwide. More than 75% of CRC cases are sporadic and lifestyle-related. Risk factors include diet, physical inactivity, genetics, smoking, alcohol, changes in the intestinal microbiota, and inflammation-related diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and inflammatory bowel diseases. The limits of conventional treatments (surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy), as demonstrated by the side effects and resistance of many CRC patients, are making professionals search for new chemopreventive alternatives. In this context, diets rich in fruits and vegetables or plant-based products, which contain high levels of phytochemicals, have been postulated as complementary therapeutic options. Anthocyanins, phenolic pigments responsible for the vivid colors of most red, purple, and blue fruits and vegetables, have been shown protective effects on CRC. Berries, grapes, Brazilian fruits, and vegetables such as black rice and purple sweet potato are examples of products rich in anthocyanins, which have been able to reduce cancer development by modulating signaling pathways associated with CRC. Therefore, this review has as main objective to present and discuss the potential preventive and therapeutic effects of anthocyanins present in fruits and vegetables, in plant extracts, or in their pure form on CRC, taking into account up-to-date experimental studies (2017-2023). Additionally, a highlight is given towards the mechanisms of action of anthocyanins on CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto de Paula do Nascimento
- Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism (LANUM), Department of Food Science and Nutrition (DECAN), School of Food Engineering (FEA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Monteiro Lobato Street 80, 13083-862, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Rd, CF24 4HQ, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom.
| | - Ana Paula da Fonseca Machado
- Study and Research Group on Agroindustrial Products from the Cerrado (GEPPAC), Faculty of Engineering (FAEN), Federal University of Grande Dourados (UFGD), Dourados-Itahum Highway Km 12, 79804-970, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pocasap P, Weerapreeyakul N, Wongpoomchai R. Thai Rat-Tailed Radish Prevents Hepatocarcinogenesis in Rats by Blocking Mutagenicity, Inducing Hepatic Phase II Enzyme, and Decreasing Hepatic Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Gene Expression. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15061906. [PMID: 36980792 PMCID: PMC10047847 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15061906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Raphanus sativus L. var. caudatus Alef (RS) is an indigenous Thai plant with nutritional and medicinal values such as anticancer activity, but only in vitro. The chemopreventive effects of RS were, therefore, investigated in the initial stage of hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. Diethylnitrosamine (DEN), a carcinogen, was intraperitoneally injected into rats to induce liver cancer. Along with the DEN injection, either aqueous (RS-H2O) or dichloromethane (RS-DCM) extract was administered orally. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect glutathione S-transferase placental (GST-P) positive foci and apoptotic cells in rat livers as indicators of initial-stage carcinogenesis. The underlying mechanisms of chemoprevention were investigated with (a) antimutagenic activity, (b) hepatic phase II enzyme induction, and (c) hepatic pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expression. The results showed that RS-DCM was more potent than RS-H2O in decreasing GST-P positive foci and apoptotic cells induced by DEN. The mechanisms of RS-DCM (phenolics and sulforaphene contents) against liver carcinogenesis (1) block the activity of carcinogens; (2) elevate phase II detoxifying enzymes; and (3) suppress the pro-inflammatory gene expression. RS-H2O (phenolics contents), in contrast, only decreases pro-inflammatory gene expression. In conclusion, the RS extract consisting of phenolics and isothiocyanates exerted significant chemopreventive activity against DEN-induced liver carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piman Pocasap
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Human High Performance and Health Promotion Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Natthida Weerapreeyakul
- Human High Performance and Health Promotion Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Rawiwan Wongpoomchai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ameliorative Effect of Rice Husk Methanol Extract on Liver and Kidney Toxicities Induced by Subchronic Codeine Administration. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2023; 2023:3940759. [PMID: 36915901 PMCID: PMC10008116 DOI: 10.1155/2023/3940759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objective. Rice husk remains a key by-product of rice milling generated in significant amount. Accumulated evidence indicates that rice husk contains numerous bioactive compounds; however, its application is limited. This study was designed to introduce an in vivo application of rice husk extract, against opioid-induced liver and kidney injuries. Codeine was considered a psychotic inducer in this study due to its global alarming misuse recently. The hepatorenal ameliorative proclivity of rice husk extract against codeine-induced toxicity on the liver and kidney in male albino Wistar rats was examined. To this effect, thirty-six (36) albino Wistar rats of weight 100-110 g were utilized and weight-matched animals placed in 6 groups of 6 rats each. After 30 days of the combined administration of codeine and the rice husk extract, the experimental animals were assayed for basic liver and renal markers such as AST, ALP, ALT, total protein, albumin, conjugated and total bilirubin, urea, creatinine, and electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate). Rice husks were collected from a local rice mill, and the extraction was done with methanol. Findings. Rice husk extract (RHE) significantly ameliorated the recorded hepatic damage. More so, the extract showed a significant action on the renal markers as well. A histopathology examination of the liver and kidney tissues revealed that RHE showed a hepatorenal ameliorative potential in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion. Phytonutrient from RH possesses a healing ability against opioid-induced hepatorenal toxicity. Thus, RH is safe for human and may be adopted to obviate and manage codeine-induced hepatorenal damage or injury. Significance and Novelty. Data on the application of RHE as a phytonutrient to combat liver and kidney injuries were demonstrated. Future studies should evaluate its potential on other organs.
Collapse
|
5
|
Guo H, Punvittayagul C, Vachiraarunwong A, Phannasorn W, Wongpoomchai R. Cancer chemopreventive potential of cooked glutinous purple rice on the early stages of hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1032771. [PMID: 36618678 PMCID: PMC9812574 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1032771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer prevention using dietary phytochemicals holds great potential, particularly in the alternative treatment of liver cancer. Our previous study found that the methanol extract of cooked purple rice performed various biological functions including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimutagenic activities in in vitro assays. This study aimed to evaluate the chemopreventive effects of cooked glutinous purple rice extract (CRE) obtained from routine rice cooking method on diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced hepatic preneoplastic lesions in rats, along with its inhibitory mechanisms. CRE containing γ-oryzanols and high amounts of polyphenolic compounds, particularly cyanidin-3-glucoside, was fed to rats over a period 15 weeks. Additionally, injections of triple DEN at a concentration of 100 mg/kg BW were administered to rats once a week during the second, third, and fourth weeks of the experiment. The results revealed that CRE did not induce the formation of glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P) positive foci as a precancerous lesion during rat hepatocarcinogenesis, indicating non-carcinogenicity. Furthermore, CRE significantly reduced the number and size of GST-P positive foci in DEN-initiated rats. It also modulated microenvironment homeostasis by reducing the number of PCNA positive hepatocytes and by enhancing the number of apoptotic positive hepatocytes in the livers of DEN-initiated rats. Using RT-PCR analysis, CRE decreased the mRNA expression of some proinflammatory mediators, including interleukin-6, interleukin-1 beta, inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase 2, by attenuating the expression of cyclin E, the proliferation marker, while also inducing the expression of the apoptotic gene, Bcl2 associated X. The inhibitory mechanism at the early stages of hepatocarcinogenesis of CRE may be involved with the attenuation of cell proliferation, the enhancement of apoptosis, and the modulation of the proinflammatory system. Anthocyanins, flavonoids, and γ-oryzanol represent a group of promising chemopreventive agents in cooked glutinous purple rice extract. The outcomes of this study can provide an improved understanding of the potential role of the phytochemicals contained in cooked purple glutinous rice with regard to cancer alleviation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huina Guo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Charatda Punvittayagul
- Center of Veterinary Diagnosis and Technology Transfer, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Arpamas Vachiraarunwong
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Warunyoo Phannasorn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Rawiwan Wongpoomchai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand,*Correspondence: Rawiwan Wongpoomchai,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ruangsuriya J, Wongpoomchai R, Srichairatanakool S, Sirikul W, Buawangpong N, Siviroj P. Guava Fruit and Acacia pennata Vegetable Intake Association with Frailty of Older Adults in Northern Thailand. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14061192. [PMID: 35334846 PMCID: PMC8954598 DOI: 10.3390/nu14061192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
As Thailand moves toward an aging society, frailty has become a concern amongst northern Thai elderly. The causes of frailty are multifactorial and include genetic, environmental, and socio-economic factors; diet is of particular interest. A cross-sectional study was conducted from September to October 2017 to investigate what kind of diets normally consumed by 350 Thai elders were associated with frailty using a questionnaire and frailty determination by Fried’s phenotype followed by phytochemical analyses of the diets. The multivariable logistic regression analysis demonstrated a significant positive association between certain foods and lower frailty. Guava fruit and Acacia pennata vegetable consumption had lower odds of frailty, which were 0.52 times (95% CI 0.28−0.96, p = 0.037) and 0.42 times (95% CI 0.21−0.83, p = 0.012) when adjusted for the potential confounders. The phytochemical analyses of guava fruit showed a significantly higher amount of total flavonoids (p < 0.001), total phenolic compounds (p = 0.002), and antioxidant capacity, including DPPH (p < 0.001), ABTS (p < 0.001), and FRAP (p = 0.002) when compared to those of banana. Acacia pennata vegetable contained a significantly higher amount of total phenolic compounds (p = 0.012) when compared to those of lettuce. These findings may assist in health promotion programs of frailty prevention by encouraging an increase in consumption of either guava fruit or Acacia pennata vegetable among Thai elderly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jetsada Ruangsuriya
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (J.R.); (R.W.); (S.S.)
- Functional Food Research Center for Well-Being, Science and Technology Research Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Rawiwan Wongpoomchai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (J.R.); (R.W.); (S.S.)
- Functional Food Research Center for Well-Being, Science and Technology Research Institute, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Somdet Srichairatanakool
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (J.R.); (R.W.); (S.S.)
| | - Wachiranun Sirikul
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
- Center of Data Analytics and Knowledge Synthesis for Health Care, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Nida Buawangpong
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Penprapa Siviroj
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Anthocyanin Profile, Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antimicrobial against Foodborne Pathogens Activities of Purple Rice Cultivars in Northern Thailand. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175234. [PMID: 34500669 PMCID: PMC8433650 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Five glutinous purple rice cultivars and non-glutinous purple rice cultivated in different altitudes in the north of Thailand were collected. The samples were extracted using ethanol and determined for anthocyanins using HPLC. The total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities against foodborne pathogens were investigated. The highland glutinous cultivar named Khao’ Gam Luem-Phua (KGLP) extract had significantly high levels of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, peonidin 3-O-glucoside, delphinidin 3-O-glucoside, TPC, and TFC, as well as exerting a potent antioxidant activity through ABTS assay (524.26 ± 4.63 VCEAC, mg l-ascorbic-ascorbic/g extract), lipid peroxidation (IC50 = 19.70 ± 0.31 µg/mL), superoxide anions (IC50 = 11.20 ± 0.25 µg/mL), nitric oxide (IC50 = 17.12 ± 0.56 µg/mL), a suppression effect on nitric oxide (IC50 = 18.32 ± 0.82 µg/mL), and an inducible nitric oxide synthase production (IC50 = 23.43 ± 1.21 µg/mL) in combined lipopolysaccharide-interferon-γ-activated RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells. Additionally, KGLP also exhibited antimicrobial activity against foodborne pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella Enteritidis, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. These results indicate that Thai glutinous purple rice cultivated on the highland could be a potent natural source of antioxidants, anti-inflammatories, and antimicrobial agents for use as a natural active pharmaceutical ingredient in functional food and nutraceutical products.
Collapse
|
8
|
Yamuangmorn S, Prom-u-Thai C. The Potential of High-Anthocyanin Purple Rice as a Functional Ingredient in Human Health. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:833. [PMID: 34073767 PMCID: PMC8225073 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purple rice is recognized as a source of natural anthocyanin compounds among health-conscious consumers who employ rice as their staple food. Anthocyanin is one of the major antioxidant compounds that protect against the reactive oxygen species (ROS) that cause cellular damage in plants and animals, including humans. The physiological role of anthocyanin in plants is not fully understood, but the benefits to human health are apparent against both chronic and non-chronic diseases. This review focuses on anthocyanin synthesis and accumulation in the whole plant of purple rice, from cultivation to the processed end products. The anthocyanin content in purple rice varies due to many factors, including genotype, cultivation, and management as well as post-harvest processing. The cultivation method strongly influences anthocyanin content in rice plants; water conditions, light quantity and quality, and available nutrients in the soil are important factors, while the low stability of anthocyanins means that they can be dramatically degraded under high-temperature conditions. The application of purple rice anthocyanins has been developed in both functional food and other purposes. To maximize the benefits of purple rice to human health, understanding the factors influencing anthocyanin synthesis and accumulation during the entire process from cultivation to product development can be a path for success.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chanakan Prom-u-Thai
- Lanna Rice Research Center, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
- Agronomy Division, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Punvittayagul C, Chariyakornkul A, Jarukamjorn K, Wongpoomchai R. Protective Role of Vanillic Acid against Diethylnitrosamine- and 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine-Induced Hepatocarcinogenesis in Rats. Molecules 2021; 26:2718. [PMID: 34063148 PMCID: PMC8125109 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the cancer chemopreventive activity of vanillic acid (VA) in diethylnitrosamine- and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced liver and colon carcinogenesis in rats. VA did not induce the formation of hepatic glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST-P) positive foci and colonic aberrant crypt foci, demonstrating no carcinogenic activity. VA (75 mg kg-1 body weight) could significantly reduce the number and areas of hepatic GST-P positive foci when administered before carcinogen injections, but no such effect was seen when it was administered after carcinogen injection. No protection was seen in the colon when VA was treated before or after carcinogen injection. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated the decreased expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and the induction of apoptosis. Mechanistic studies showed that VA significantly induced the expression of GSTA-5 and Nrf-2 genes, which are associated with the detoxification system. Likewise, the antiproliferative effect was noticed by the reduction of Cyclin D1 expression. The apoptotic activity may be due to the upregulation of Caspase-3 and Bad levels and downregulation of the Bcl-2 level. These data suggest that VA exhibited significant protection against diethylnitrosamine- and 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis, which might be related to the induction of the detoxifying enzyme, the reduction of proliferation and the induction of apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charatda Punvittayagul
- Research Affairs, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand;
| | - Arpamas Chariyakornkul
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Kanokwan Jarukamjorn
- Research Group for Pharmaceutical Activities of Natural Products Using Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Rawiwan Wongpoomchai
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| |
Collapse
|