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Park Y, Kim J, Ahn D, Yu Y, Lee W, Kwon MS. Biomass-Derived Optically Clear Adhesives for Foldable Displays. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301795. [PMID: 38551333 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Novel acrylate monomers, derived from terpenes are synthesized for use in optically clear adhesives (OCAs) suitable for foldable displays. These OCAs are prepared using visible-light-driven polymerization, an eco-friendly method. Through physical, rheological, and mechanical characterization, the prepared OCAs possess low modulus and exhibit outstanding creep and recovery properties, making them suitable for foldable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngjoo Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Junkyu Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dowon Ahn
- Center for Advanced Specialty Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Ulsan, 44412, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngchang Yu
- Center for Advanced Specialty Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Ulsan, 44412, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjoo Lee
- Center for Advanced Specialty Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Ulsan, 44412, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sang Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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2
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Back JH, Kim JS, Kim Y, Kim HJ. Heterogeneous Acrylic Resins with Bicontinuous Nanodomains as Low-Modulus Flexible Adhesives. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2403497. [PMID: 38924649 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202403497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Adhesives play a critical role in the assembly of electronic devices, particularly as devices become more diverse in form factors. Flexible displays require highly transparent and rapidly recoverable adhesives with a certain stiffness. In this study, novel structured adhesives are developed that incorporate bicontinuous nanodomains to fabricate flexible adhesives with low moduli. This structure is obtained via polymerization-induced microphase separation using a macro chain transfer agent (CTA). Phase separation is characterized using small-angle X-ray scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic mechanical analysis. By optimizing the length of the macro CTA, an adhesive with both hard and soft nanodomains is produced, resulting in exceptional flexibility (strain recovery = 93%) and minimal modulus (maximum stress/applied strain = 7 kPa), which overperforms traditional adhesives. The optimized adhesive exhibits excellent resilience under extensive strain, as well as strong adhesion and transparency. Furthermore, dynamic folding tests demonstrate the exceptional stability of the adhesive under various temperature and humidity conditions, which is attributed to its unique structure. In summary, the distinct bicontinuous phase structure confers excellent transparency, flexibility, and reduced stiffness to the adhesive, rendering it well-suited for commercial foldable displays and suggesting potential applications in stretchable displays and wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Ho Back
- Program in Environmental Materials Science, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Soo Kim
- Program in Environmental Materials Science, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngdo Kim
- Samsung Display Co. Ltd., Cheonan, 31086, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Joong Kim
- Program in Environmental Materials Science, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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3
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Zhang X, Zan X, Yin J, Wang J. Non-Isocyanate Urethane Acrylate Derived from Isophorone Diamine: Synthesis, Characterization and Its Application in 3D Printing. Molecules 2024; 29:2639. [PMID: 38893514 PMCID: PMC11173429 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
In this paper, urethane-based acrylates (UA) were prepared via an environmentally friendly non-isocyanate route. Isophorone diamine (IPDA) reacted with ethylene carbonate (EC), producing carbamate containing amine and hydroxyl groups, which further reacted with neopentyl glycol diacrylate (NPGDA) by aza Michael addition, forming UA. The structures of the obtained intermediates and UA were characterized by 1H NMR and electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (ESI-HRMS). The photopolymerization kinetics of UA were investigated by infrared spectroscopy. The composite with obtained UA can be UV cured quickly to form a transparent film with a tensile strength of 21 MPa and elongation at break of 16%. After UV curing, the mono-functional urethane acrylate was copolymerized into the cross-linked network in the form of side chains. The hydroxyl and carbamate bonds on the side chains have high mobility, which make them easy to form stronger dynamic hydrogen bonds during the tensile process, giving the material a higher tensile strength and elongation at break. Therefore, the hydrogen bonding model of a cross-linked network is proposed. The composite with UA can be 3D printed into models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinqi Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China; (X.Z.); (X.Z.); (J.Y.)
| | - Xinxin Zan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China; (X.Z.); (X.Z.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jiangdi Yin
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China; (X.Z.); (X.Z.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jiaxi Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China; (X.Z.); (X.Z.); (J.Y.)
- Hebei Provincial Key Lab of Green Chemical Technology and High Efficient Energy Saving, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
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4
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Kwon Y, Lee S, Kim J, Jun J, Jeon W, Park Y, Kim HJ, Gierschner J, Lee J, Kim Y, Kwon MS. Ultraviolet light blocking optically clear adhesives for foldable displays via highly efficient visible-light curing. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2829. [PMID: 38565557 PMCID: PMC10987679 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47104-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
In developing an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) panel for a foldable smartphone (specifically, a color filter on encapsulation) aimed at reducing power consumption, the use of a new optically clear adhesive (OCA) that blocks UV light was crucial. However, the incorporation of a UV-blocking agent within the OCA presented a challenge, as it restricted the traditional UV-curing methods commonly used in the manufacturing process. Although a visible-light curing technique for producing UV-blocking OCA was proposed, its slow curing speed posed a barrier to commercialization. Our study introduces a highly efficient photo-initiating system (PIS) for the rapid production of UV-blocking OCAs utilizing visible light. We have carefully selected the photocatalyst (PC) to minimize electron and energy transfer to UV-blocking agents and have chosen co-initiators that allow for faster electron transfer and more rapid PC regeneration compared to previously established amine-based co-initiators. This advancement enabled a tenfold increase in the production speed of UV-blocking OCAs, while maintaining their essential protective, transparent, and flexible properties. When applied to OLED devices, this OCA demonstrated UV protection, suggesting its potential for broader application in the safeguarding of various smart devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghwan Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokju Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junkyu Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwon Jun
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woojin Jeon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjoo Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Joong Kim
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Johannes Gierschner
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, Calle Faraday 9, Campus Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaesang Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Youngdo Kim
- Samsung Display Co., Ltd., Cheonan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min Sang Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Whitaker W, Sazanovich IV, Kwon Y, Jeon W, Kwon MS, Orr-Ewing AJ. Characterization of the Reversible Intersystem Crossing Dynamics of Organic Photocatalysts Using Transient Absorption Spectroscopy and Time-Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:10775-10788. [PMID: 38096377 PMCID: PMC10758116 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c04780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters are molecules of interest as homogeneous organic photocatalysts (OPCs) for photoredox chemistry. Here, three classes of OPC candidates are studied in dichloromethane (DCM) or N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) solutions, using transient absorption spectroscopy and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. These OPCs are benzophenones with either carbazole (2Cz-BP and 2tCz-BP) or phenoxazine/phenothiazine (2PXZ-BP and 2PTZ-BP) appended groups and the dicyanobenzene derivative 4DP-IPN. Dual lifetimes of the S1 state populations are observed, consistent with reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) and TADF emission. Example fluorescence lifetimes in DCM are (5.18 ± 0.01) ns and (6.22 ± 1.27) μs for 2Cz-BP, (1.38 ± 0.01) ns and (0.32 ± 0.01) μs for 2PXZ-BP, and (2.97 ± 0.01) ns and (62.0 ± 5.8) μs for 4DP-IPN. From ground state bleach recoveries and time-correlated single photon counting measurements, triplet quantum yields in DCM are estimated to be 0.62 ± 0.16, 0.04 ± 0.01, and 0.83 ± 0.02 for 2Cz-BP, 2PXZ-BP, and 4DP-IPN, respectively. 4DP-IPN displays similar photophysical behavior to the previously studied OPC 4Cz-IPN. Independent of the choice of solvent, 4DP-IPN, 2Cz-BP, and 2tCz-BP are shown to be TADF emitters, whereas emission by 2PXZ-BP and 2PTZ-BP depends on the molecular environment, with TADF emission enhanced in aggregates compared to monomers. Behavior of this type is representative of aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens).
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Affiliation(s)
- William Whitaker
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - Igor V. Sazanovich
- Central
Laser Facility, Research Complex at Harwell, Science and Technology
Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - Yonghwan Kwon
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul
National University, Seoul 08826, Republic
of Korea
| | - Woojin Jeon
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul
National University, Seoul 08826, Republic
of Korea
| | - Min Sang Kwon
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul
National University, Seoul 08826, Republic
of Korea
| | - Andrew J. Orr-Ewing
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
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Czech Z, Bartkowiak M, Krystofiak T. Effect of Residue Acrylic Monomers in Synthesized Solvent-Free Photoreactive Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives on the Main Properties of Transfer Tapes Applied to Joining Wooden Elements. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:7563. [PMID: 38138705 PMCID: PMC10744897 DOI: 10.3390/ma16247563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
This publication describes the influence of residue monomers in synthesized pressure-sensitive adhesives based on acrylics on their main properties-tack, peel adhesion, shear strength and shrinkage-in the form of transfer tapes used for joining wooden elements in the furniture industry. The discussed carrier-free adhesive tapes are synthesized via photo-crosslinking and photopolymerization with UV radiation of the photoreactive prepolymers sandwiched between two adhesive siliconized polyester films. The simultaneous crosslinking and polymerization processes carried out under UV lamps placed simultaneously above and below the crosslinked photoreactive polymer layer lead to the production of a carrier-free adhesive film. The preliminary target of these studies was to investigate how the intensity of UV radiation and the time of its exposure affect the viscosity of the photoreactive compositions and the content of unreacted monomers in them. Next, the influence of the crosslinking agent concentration and UV irradiation time on the content of unreacted monomers after the crosslinking process was tested. The last step of the studies was the investigation of the influence of the residue monomer concentration on the application properties of the obtained pressure-sensitive adhesive layers. The typical PSA application properties were tested on the wood samples: tack, peel adhesion, shear strength (cohesion) and shrinkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Czech
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Ave. 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland; (Z.C.); (M.B.)
| | - Marcin Bartkowiak
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Ave. 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland; (Z.C.); (M.B.)
| | - Tomasz Krystofiak
- Department of Wood Science and Thermal Techniques, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
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7
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Back JH, Kwon Y, Cho H, Lee H, Ahn D, Kim HJ, Yu Y, Kim Y, Lee W, Kwon MS. Visible-Light-Curable Acrylic Resins toward UV-Light-Blocking Adhesives for Foldable Displays. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2204776. [PMID: 35901501 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Current technological advances in the organic light-emitting diode panel design of foldable smartphones demand advanced adhesives with UV-blocking abilities, beyond their conventional roles of bonding objects and relieving deformation stress. However, optically clear adhesives (OCAs) with UV-blocking ability cannot be prepared using conventional UV-curing methods relying on a photoinitiator. Herein, a new acrylic resin that can be efficiently cured using visible light without oxygen removal is presented, which may be used to develop UV-blocking OCAs for use in current flexible displays. A novel photocatalyst and a specific combination of additives facilitate sufficiently rapid curing under visible light in the presence of UV-absorbers. Only a very small amount of the highly active photocatalyst is required to prepare UV-blocking OCA films with very high transparency in the visible region. Using this system, a UV-blocking OCA that nearly meets the specifications of an OCA used in commercialized foldable smartphones is realized. This technology can also be utilized in other applications that require highly efficient visible light curing, such as optically clear resins, dental resins, and 3D/4D-printable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Ho Back
- Center for Advanced Specialty Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44412, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghwan Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeju Cho
- Center for Advanced Specialty Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44412, Republic of Korea
| | - Huesoo Lee
- Center for Advanced Specialty Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44412, Republic of Korea
| | - Dowon Ahn
- Center for Advanced Specialty Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44412, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Joong Kim
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngchang Yu
- Center for Advanced Specialty Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44412, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngdo Kim
- Samsung Display Co., Ltd., Cheonan, 31086, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjoo Lee
- Center for Advanced Specialty Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan, 44412, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sang Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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Fitzgerald DM, Colson YL, Grinstaff MW. Synthetic Pressure Sensitive Adhesives for Biomedical Applications. Prog Polym Sci 2023; 142:101692. [PMID: 37273788 PMCID: PMC10237363 DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2023.101692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pressure sensitive adhesives are components of everyday products found in homes, offices, industries, and hospitals. Serving the general purpose of fissure repair and object fixation, pressure sensitive adhesives indiscriminately bind surfaces, as long as contact pressure is administered at application. With that being said, the chemical and material properties of the adhesive formulation define the strength of a pressure sensitive adhesive to a particular surface. Given our increased understanding of the viscoelastic material requirements as well as the intermolecular interactions at the binding interface required for functional adhesives, pressure sensitive adhesives are now being explored for greater use. New polymer formulations impart functionality and degradability for both internal and external applications. This review highlights the structure-property relationships between polymer architecture and pressure sensitive adhesion, specifically for medicine. We discuss the rational, molecular-level design of synthetic polymers for durable, removable, and biocompatible adhesion to wet surfaces like tissue. Finally, we examine prevalent challenges in biomedical wound closure and the new, innovative strategies being employed to address them. We conclude by summarizing the progress of current research, identifying additional clinical opportunities, and discussing future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M. Fitzgerald
- Department of Chemistry, Biomedical Engineering, and Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Yolonda L. Colson
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02214
| | - Mark W. Grinstaff
- Department of Chemistry, Biomedical Engineering, and Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA 02115
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9
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Kwon Y, Lee J, Noh Y, Kim D, Lee Y, Yu C, Roldao JC, Feng S, Gierschner J, Wannemacher R, Kwon MS. Formation and degradation of strongly reducing cyanoarene-based radical anions towards efficient radical anion-mediated photoredox catalysis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:92. [PMID: 36609499 PMCID: PMC9822901 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35774-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanoarene-based photocatalysts (PCs) have attracted significant interest owing to their superior catalytic performance for radical anion mediated photoredox catalysis. However, the factors affecting the formation and degradation of cyanoarene-based PC radical anion (PC•‒) are still insufficiently understood. Herein, we therefore investigate the formation and degradation of cyanoarene-based PC•‒ under widely-used photoredox-mediated reaction conditions. By screening various cyanoarene-based PCs, we elucidate strategies to efficiently generate PC•‒ with adequate excited-state reduction potentials (Ered*) via supra-efficient generation of long-lived triplet excited states (T1). To thoroughly investigate the behavior of PC•‒ in actual photoredox-mediated reactions, a reductive dehalogenation is carried out as a model reaction and identified the dominant photodegradation pathways of the PC•‒. Dehalogenation and photodegradation of PC•‒ are coexistent depending on the rate of electron transfer (ET) to the substrate and the photodegradation strongly depends on the electronic and steric properties of the PCs. Based on the understanding of both the formation and photodegradation of PC•‒, we demonstrate that the efficient generation of highly reducing PC•‒ allows for the highly efficient photoredox catalyzed dehalogenation of aryl/alkyl halides at a PC loading as low as 0.001 mol% with a high oxygen tolerance. The present work provides new insights into the reactions of cyanoarene-based PC•‒ in photoredox-mediated reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghwan Kwon
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea ,grid.42687.3f0000 0004 0381 814XDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwook Lee
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonjin Noh
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea ,grid.42687.3f0000 0004 0381 814XDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Doyon Kim
- grid.42687.3f0000 0004 0381 814XDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919 Republic of Korea
| | - Yungyeong Lee
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Changhoon Yu
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Juan Carlos Roldao
- grid.482876.70000 0004 1762 408XMadrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, Calle Faraday 9, Campus Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049 Spain ,grid.452382.a0000 0004 1768 3100Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Manuel Lardizabal Ibilbidea 4, San Sebastián, 20018 Spain
| | - Siyang Feng
- grid.482876.70000 0004 1762 408XMadrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, Calle Faraday 9, Campus Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049 Spain
| | - Johannes Gierschner
- grid.482876.70000 0004 1762 408XMadrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, Calle Faraday 9, Campus Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049 Spain
| | - Reinhold Wannemacher
- grid.482876.70000 0004 1762 408XMadrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, Calle Faraday 9, Campus Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049 Spain
| | - Min Sang Kwon
- grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
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10
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Lee Y, Kwon Y, Kim Y, Yu C, Feng S, Park J, Doh J, Wannemacher R, Koo B, Gierschner J, Kwon MS. A Water-Soluble Organic Photocatalyst Discovered for Highly Efficient Additive-Free Visible-Light-Driven Grafting of Polymers from Proteins at Ambient and Aqueous Environments. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2108446. [PMID: 35032043 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202108446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Since the pioneering discovery of a protein bound to poly(ethylene glycol), the utility of protein-polymer conjugates (PPCs) is rapidly expanding to currently emerging applications. Photoinduced energy/electron-transfer reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (PET-RAFT) polymerization is a very promising method to prepare structurally well-defined PPCs, as it eliminates high-cost and time-consuming deoxygenation processes due to its oxygen tolerance. However, the oxygen-tolerance behavior of PET-RAFT polymerization is not well-investigated in aqueous environments, and thereby the preparation of PPCs using PET-RAFT polymerization needs a substantial amount of sacrificial reducing agents or inert-gas purging processes. Herein a novel water-soluble and biocompatible organic photocatalyst (PC) is reported, which enables visible-light-driven additive-free "grafting-from" polymerizations of a protein in ambient and aqueous environments. Interestingly, the developed PC shows unconventional "oxygen-acceleration" behavior for a variety of acrylic and acrylamide monomers in aqueous conditions without any additives, which are apparently distinct from previously reported systems. With such a PC, "grafting-from" polymerizations are successfully performed from protein in ambient buffer conditions under green light-emitting diode (LED) irradiation, which result in various PPCs that have neutral, anionic, cationic, and zwitterionic polyacrylates, and polyacrylamides. It is believed that this PC will be widely employed for a variety of photocatalysis processes in aqueous environments, including the living cell system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yungyeong Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghwan Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmu Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhoon Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Siyang Feng
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, Calle Faraday 9, Campus Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Jeehun Park
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsang Doh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Reinhold Wannemacher
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, Calle Faraday 9, Campus Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Byungjin Koo
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Dankook University, Gyeonggi-do, 16890, Republic of Korea
| | - Johannes Gierschner
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, IMDEA Nanoscience, Calle Faraday 9, Campus Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Min Sang Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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Kontaxis LC, Chontzoglou IE, Papanicolaou GC. Efficient Use of Carbon Fibers as Heating Elements for Curing of Epoxy Matrix Composites. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26165095. [PMID: 34443683 PMCID: PMC8398233 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26165095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to achieve a fully cured thermoset matrix that is heated by a direct electric current passing through the reinforcement fibers i.e., the Joule heating effect. Two types of fibers were used as heating elements for curing the epoxy resins. Kanthal resistance fibers were used as reference heating elements and subsequently, they were replaced by a Torayca Carbon Tow of the same radius. The specimens were cured by the heat produced by a direct electric current passing through the fibers and achieving temperatures of 50 °C and 70 °C. Specimens cured in a conventional oven were also manufactured, to compare the resistance heating method to the conventional one. Next, all specimens were mechanically characterized in a quasi-static three-point bending mode of loading and experimental results were compared to derive useful conclusions concerning the applicability of the technique to polymer/composite materials mass production. Finally, a preliminary economical study concerning power consumption needed for the application of both the traditional oven curing and the carbon fibers heating elements use for the manufacturing of the same amounts of materials is presented, showing a maximum financial benefit that can be achieved, on the order of 68%.
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The Effect of Type-I Photoinitiators on the Kinetics of the UV-Induced Cotelomerization Process of Acrylate Monomers and Properties of Obtained Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14164563. [PMID: 34443085 PMCID: PMC8398243 DOI: 10.3390/ma14164563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A new method of solvent-free acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSAs) based on UV-induced cotelomerization products was presented. The key acrylic monomers (i.e., n-butyl acrylate and acrylic acid) with copolymerizable photoinitiator 4-acrylooxybenzophenone in the presence of a selected chain transfer agent (tetrabromomethane, TBM) were used in the UV-cotelomerization process. Moreover, two kinds of UV-photoinitiators (α-hydroxyalkylphenones, HPs and acylphosphine oxides, APOs) were tested. Photo-DSC, viscosity, thermogravimetric, and GPC measurements for cotelomers were performed. The kinetics study revealed that the systems with APOs, especially Omnirad 819 and Omnirad TPO, were characterized by a much higher reaction rate and greater initiation efficiency than HPs systems were. Additionally, the APO-based syrups exhibited a higher solid content (ca. 60–96 wt%), a higher dynamic viscosity (5–185 Pa·s), but slightly lower molecular weights (Mn and Mw) compared to HP syrups. However, better self-adhesive features (i.e., adhesion and tack) were observed for PSAs based on cotelomers syrups obtained using APOs with lower solid contents (55–80 wt%). It was found that as the solids content (i.e., monomers conversion) increased the adhesion, the tack and glass transition temperature decreased and the type and amount of photoinitiator had no effect on polydispersity. Most of the obtained PSAs were characterized by excellent cohesion, both at 20 °C and 70 °C.
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Chen S, Zhao X, Jin M, Huang W, Ye G, Pan H, Wan D. Effects of
C3
‐aromatic heterocycles on 1,3,5‐triaryl‐2‐pyrazoline sulfonium salt photoacid generators as light‐emitting diode‐sensitive cationic photoinitiators. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shixiong Chen
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai China
| | - Xiaotian Zhao
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Ming Jin
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai China
| | - Wanqiu Huang
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Guodong Ye
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University Guangzhou China
| | - Haiyan Pan
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai China
| | - Decheng Wan
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai China
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