1
|
Wohlleben W, Bossa N, Mitrano DM, Scott K. Everything falls apart: How solids degrade and release nanomaterials, composite fragments, and microplastics. NANOIMPACT 2024; 34:100510. [PMID: 38759729 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2024.100510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
To ensure the safe use of materials, one must assess the identity and quantity of exposure. Solid materials, such as plastics, metals, coatings and cements, degrade to some extent during their life cycle, and releases can occur during manufacturing, use and end-of-life. Releases (e.g., what is released, how does release happen, and how much material is released) depend on the composition and internal (nano)structures of the material as well as the applied stresses during the lifecycle. We consider, in some depth, releases from mechanical, weathering and thermal stresses and specifically address the use cases of fused-filament 3D printing, dermal contact, food contact and textile washing. Solid materials can release embedded nanomaterials, composite fragments, or micro- and nanoplastics, as well as volatile organics, ions and dissolved organics. The identity of the release is often a heterogenous mixture and requires adapted strategies for sampling and analysis, with suitable quality control measures. Control materials enhance robustness by enabling comparative testing, but reference materials are not always available as yet. The quantity of releases is typically described by time-dependent rates that are modulated by the nature and intensity of the applied stress, the chemical identity of the polymer or other solid matrix, and the chemical identity and compatibility of embedded engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) or other additives. Standardization of methods and the documentation of metadata, including all the above descriptors of the tested material, applied stresses, sampling and analytics, are identified as important needs to advance the field and to generate robust, comparable assessments. In this regard, there are strong methodological synergies between the study of all solid materials, including the study of micro- and nanoplastics. From an outlook perspective, we review the hazard of the released entities, and show how this informs risk assessment. We also address the transfer of methods to related issues such as tyre wear, advanced materials and advanced manufacturing, biodegradable polymers, and non-solid matrices. As the consideration of released entities will become more routine in industry via lifecycle assessment in Safe-and-Sustainable-by-Design practices, release assessments will require careful design of the study with quality controls, the use of agreed-on test materials and standardized methods where these exist and the adoption of clearly defined data reporting practices that enable data reuse, meta-analyses, and comparative studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendel Wohlleben
- BASF SE, Dept. of Analytical and Materials Science, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany.
| | - Nathan Bossa
- TEMAS Solutions GmbH, Lätterweg 5, 5212 Hausen, Switzerland; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States
| | - Denise M Mitrano
- Environmental Systems Science Department, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Keana Scott
- Materials Measurement Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, MS-8372, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Montalvo D, Mercier GM, Mast J, Cheyns K. Release of silver and titanium from face masks traded for the general population. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 901:165616. [PMID: 37474069 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Previous assessments of a selection of face masks intended for the general population in Belgium found that silver (Ag)-based biocides were present in masks advertised for antimicrobial properties; whereas titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles were detected in all the face masks in at least one layer corroborating its widespread use in the textile industry. The presence of Ag-based biocides and TiO2 particles in face masks raised questions on the possibility of release under normal wearing conditions, which could potentially cause a health risk to the consumers. Direct measurement of release of Ag and TiO2 particles during normal wearing is problematic by the lack of methodology to test release and to quantify inhaled particles. Therefore in this study, we investigated leaching experiments using artificial acid sweat as a method to evaluate the release of Ag-based biocides and TiO2 particles present in face masks. Leaching experiments were proposed as an alternative method to evaluate the quality of face masks, and as a higher tier method to assess face masks that are not safe-by-design. Results from leaching experiments showed that Ag was released in amounts varying from 0.03 up to 36 % of total Ag content, in four out of the eight face masks that claimed antimicrobial properties and that contained Ag. The leaching data of titanium (Ti) showed that despite TiO2 being detected in all face masks, only in one mask Ti was measured in detectable concentrations in artificial sweat (0.35 % of total Ti content). Comparison of leachable Ag and Ti with respective acceptable exposure limit values derived from inhalation exposure limits indicate that three face masks would need further risk assessment and could not be considered as intrinsically safe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Montalvo
- Trace Elements and Nanomaterials, Sciensano, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium.
| | - Gabriel M Mercier
- Trace Elements and Nanomaterials, Sciensano, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Jan Mast
- Trace Elements and Nanomaterials, Sciensano, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium; Trace Elements and Nanomaterials, Sciensano, Groeselenbergstraat 99, 1180 Uccle, Belgium
| | - Karlien Cheyns
- Trace Elements and Nanomaterials, Sciensano, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080 Tervuren, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Stuparu-Cretu M, Braniste G, Necula GA, Stanciu S, Stoica D, Stoica M. Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Food Packaging and Their Influence on Human Health. Foods 2023; 12:foods12091882. [PMID: 37174420 PMCID: PMC10178527 DOI: 10.3390/foods12091882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
It is a matter of common knowledge in the literature that engineered metal oxide nanoparticles have properties that are efficient for the design of innovative food/beverage packages. Although nanopackages have many benefits, there are circumstances when these materials are able to release nanoparticles into the food/beverage matrix. Once dispersed into food, engineered metal oxide nanoparticles travel through the gastrointestinal tract and subsequently enter human cells, where they display various behaviors influencing human health or wellbeing. This review article provides an insight into the antimicrobial mechanisms of metal oxide nanoparticles as essential for their benefits in food/beverage packaging and provides a discussion on the oral route of these nanoparticles from nanopackages to the human body. This contribution also highlights the potential toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles for human health. The fact that only a small number of studies address the issue of food packaging based on engineered metal oxide nanoparticles should be particularly noted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Stuparu-Cretu
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, "Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati, 35 Alexandru Ioan Cuza Street, 800010 Galati, Romania
| | - Gheorghe Braniste
- Cross-Border Faculty, "Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati, 111 Domneasca Street, 800201 Galati, Romania
| | - Gina-Aurora Necula
- Cross-Border Faculty, "Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati, 111 Domneasca Street, 800201 Galati, Romania
| | - Silvius Stanciu
- Faculty of Food Science, "Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati, 111 Domneasca Street, 800201 Galati, Romania
| | - Dimitrie Stoica
- Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, "Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati, 59-61 Balcescu Street, 800001 Galati, Romania
| | - Maricica Stoica
- Cross-Border Faculty, "Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati, 111 Domneasca Street, 800201 Galati, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mast J, Van Miert E, Siciliani L, Cheyns K, Blaude MN, Wouters C, Waegeneers N, Bernsen R, Vleminckx C, Van Loco J, Verleysen E. Application of silver-based biocides in face masks intended for general use requires regulatory control. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 870:161889. [PMID: 36731552 PMCID: PMC9886386 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Silver-based biocides are applied in face masks because of their antimicrobial properties. The added value of biocidal silver treatment of face masks to control SARS-CoV-2 infection needs to be balanced against possible toxicity due to inhalation exposure. Direct measurement of silver (particle) release to estimate exposure is problematic. Therefore, this study optimized methodologies to characterize silver-based biocides directly in the face masks, by measuring their total silver content using ICP-MS and ICP-OES based methods, and by visualizing the type(s) and localization of silver-based biocides using electron microscopy based methods. Thirteen of 20 selected masks intended for general use contained detectable amounts of silver ranging from 3 μg to 235 mg. Four of these masks contained silver nanoparticles, of which one mask was silver coated. Comparison of the silver content with limit values derived from existing inhalation exposure limits for both silver ions and silver nanoparticles allowed to differentiate safe face masks from face masks that require a more extensive safety assessment. These findings urge for in depth characterization of the applications of silver-based biocides and for the implementation of regulatory standards, quality control and product development based on the safe-by-design principle for nanotechnology applications in face masks in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Mast
- Trace Elements and Nanomaterials, Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Uccle, Belgium.
| | - Erik Van Miert
- Risk and Health Impact Assessment, Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Lisa Siciliani
- Trace Elements and Nanomaterials, Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Uccle, Belgium.
| | - Karlien Cheyns
- Trace Elements and Nanomaterials, Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Uccle, Belgium.
| | - Marie-Noëlle Blaude
- Risk and Health Impact Assessment, Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Wouters
- Trace Elements and Nanomaterials, Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Uccle, Belgium.
| | - Nadia Waegeneers
- Risk and Health Impact Assessment, Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Ruud Bernsen
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Eindhoven, the Netherlands.
| | - Christiane Vleminckx
- Risk and Health Impact Assessment, Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Joris Van Loco
- Trace Elements and Nanomaterials, Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Uccle, Belgium; Risk and Health Impact Assessment, Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Eveline Verleysen
- Trace Elements and Nanomaterials, Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Sciensano, Uccle, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tschiche HR, Bierkandt FS, Creutzenberg O, Fessard V, Franz R, Greiner R, Gruber-Traub C, Haas KH, Haase A, Hartwig A, Hesse B, Hund-Rinke K, Iden P, Kromer C, Loeschner K, Mutz D, Rakow A, Rasmussen K, Rauscher H, Richter H, Schoon J, Schmid O, Som C, Spindler LM, Tovar GEM, Westerhoff P, Wohlleben W, Luch A, Laux P. Analytical and toxicological aspects of nanomaterials in different product groups: Challenges and opportunities. NANOIMPACT 2022; 28:100416. [PMID: 35995388 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2022.100416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The widespread integration of engineered nanomaterials into consumer and industrial products creates new challenges and requires innovative approaches in terms of design, testing, reliability, and safety of nanotechnology. The aim of this review article is to give an overview of different product groups in which nanomaterials are present and outline their safety aspects for consumers. Here, release of nanomaterials and related analytical challenges and solutions as well as toxicological considerations, such as dose-metrics, are discussed. Additionally, the utilization of engineered nanomaterials as pharmaceuticals or nutraceuticals to deliver and release cargo molecules is covered. Furthermore, critical pathways for human exposure to nanomaterials, namely inhalation and ingestion, are discussed in the context of risk assessment. Analysis of NMs in food, innovative medicine or food contact materials is discussed. Specific focus is on the presence and release of nanomaterials, including whether nanomaterials can migrate from polymer nanocomposites used in food contact materials. With regard to the toxicology and toxicokinetics of nanomaterials, aspects of dose metrics of inhalation toxicity as well as ingestion toxicology and comparison between in vitro and in vivo conclusions are considered. The definition of dose descriptors to be applied in toxicological testing is emphasized. In relation to potential exposure from different products, opportunities arising from the use of advanced analytical techniques in more unique scenarios such as release of nanomaterials from medical devices such as orthopedic implants are addressed. Alongside higher product performance and complexity, further challenges regarding material characterization and safety, as well as acceptance by the general public are expected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harald R Tschiche
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Frank S Bierkandt
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - Otto Creutzenberg
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany
| | - Valerie Fessard
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), Fougères Laboratory, Toxicology of contaminants Unit, Fougères, France
| | - Roland Franz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging (IVV), Freising, Germany
| | - Ralf Greiner
- Department of Food Technology and Bioprocess Engineering, Max Rubner-Institut, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Carmen Gruber-Traub
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB), Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Haas
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Haase
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Hartwig
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Applied Biosciences (IAB), Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hesse
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
| | - Kerstin Hund-Rinke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Schmallenberg, Germany
| | | | - Charlotte Kromer
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katrin Loeschner
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Diana Mutz
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Research Strategy and Coordination, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anastasia Rakow
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Berlin, Germany; Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Hubert Rauscher
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Hannes Richter
- Fraunhofer IKTS - Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems, Hermsdorf, Germany
| | - Janosch Schoon
- Center for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Otmar Schmid
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC-M), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany; Institute of Lung Health and Immunity, Helmholtz Zentrum München - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Som
- Technology and Society Laboratory, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Lena M Spindler
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB), Stuttgart, Germany; University of Stuttgart, Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology (IGVP), Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Günter E M Tovar
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology (IGB), Stuttgart, Germany; University of Stuttgart, Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology (IGVP), Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America
| | | | - Andreas Luch
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Laux
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Construction of ZnO@mSiO2 antibacterial nanocomposite for inhibition of microorganisms during Zea mays storage and improving the germination. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2022.113907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
7
|
Verleysen E, Ledecq M, Siciliani L, Cheyns K, Vleminckx C, Blaude MN, De Vos S, Brassinne F, Van Steen F, Nkenda R, Machiels R, Waegeneers N, Van Loco J, Mast J. Titanium dioxide particles frequently present in face masks intended for general use require regulatory control. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2529. [PMID: 35169246 PMCID: PMC8847427 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06605-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Although titanium dioxide (TiO2) is a suspected human carcinogen when inhaled, fiber-grade TiO2 (nano)particles were demonstrated in synthetic textile fibers of face masks intended for the general public. STEM-EDX analysis on sections of a variety of single use and reusable face masks visualized agglomerated near-spherical TiO2 particles in non-woven fabrics, polyester, polyamide and bi-component fibers. Median sizes of constituent particles ranged from 89 to 184 nm, implying an important fraction of nano-sized particles (< 100 nm). The total TiO2 mass determined by ICP-OES ranged from 791 to 152,345 µg per mask. The estimated TiO2 mass at the fiber surface ranged from 17 to 4394 µg, and systematically exceeded the acceptable exposure level to TiO2 by inhalation (3.6 µg), determined based on a scenario where face masks are worn intensively. No assumptions were made about the likelihood of the release of TiO2 particles itself, since direct measurement of release and inhalation uptake when face masks are worn could not be assessed. The importance of wearing face masks against COVID-19 is unquestionable. Even so, these results urge for in depth research of (nano)technology applications in textiles to avoid possible future consequences caused by a poorly regulated use and to implement regulatory standards phasing out or limiting the amount of TiO2 particles, following the safe-by-design principle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Verleysen
- Trace Elements and Nanomaterials, Sciensano, Groeselenbergstraat 99, 1180, Uccle, Belgium
| | - Marina Ledecq
- Trace Elements and Nanomaterials, Sciensano, Groeselenbergstraat 99, 1180, Uccle, Belgium
| | - Lisa Siciliani
- Trace Elements and Nanomaterials, Sciensano, Groeselenbergstraat 99, 1180, Uccle, Belgium
| | - Karlien Cheyns
- Trace Elements and Nanomaterials, Sciensano, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Christiane Vleminckx
- Service Risk and Health Impact Assessment, Sciensano, Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marie-Noelle Blaude
- Service Risk and Health Impact Assessment, Sciensano, Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sandra De Vos
- Trace Elements and Nanomaterials, Sciensano, Groeselenbergstraat 99, 1180, Uccle, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Brassinne
- Trace Elements and Nanomaterials, Sciensano, Groeselenbergstraat 99, 1180, Uccle, Belgium
| | - Frederic Van Steen
- Trace Elements and Nanomaterials, Sciensano, Groeselenbergstraat 99, 1180, Uccle, Belgium
| | - Régis Nkenda
- Trace Elements and Nanomaterials, Sciensano, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Ronny Machiels
- Trace Elements and Nanomaterials, Sciensano, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080, Tervuren, Belgium
| | - Nadia Waegeneers
- Trace Elements and Nanomaterials, Sciensano, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080, Tervuren, Belgium.,Service Risk and Health Impact Assessment, Sciensano, Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joris Van Loco
- Trace Elements and Nanomaterials, Sciensano, Groeselenbergstraat 99, 1180, Uccle, Belgium.,Trace Elements and Nanomaterials, Sciensano, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080, Tervuren, Belgium.,Service Risk and Health Impact Assessment, Sciensano, Juliette Wytsmanstraat 14, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jan Mast
- Trace Elements and Nanomaterials, Sciensano, Groeselenbergstraat 99, 1180, Uccle, Belgium. .,Trace Elements and Nanomaterials, Sciensano, Leuvensesteenweg 17, 3080, Tervuren, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ruggiero E, Santizo KY, Persson M, Delpivo C, Wohlleben W. Food contact of paper and plastic products containing SiO 2, Cu-Phthalocyanine, Fe 2O 3, CaCO 3: Ranking factors that control the similarity of form and rate of release. NANOIMPACT 2022; 25:100372. [PMID: 35559878 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2021.100372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The paper industry is an important sector annually consuming kilotons of nanoforms and non-nanoforms of fillers and pigments. Fillers accelerate the rate of drying (less energy needed) and product cost (increasing the load of low-cost fillers). The plastic industry is another use sector, where coloristic pigments can be in nanoform, and many food containers are made of plastic. Use of paper to wrap both wet and dry food is consumer practice, but not always intended by producers. Here we compare the release behavior of different nano-enabled products (NEPs) by changing a) nanoform (NF) characteristics, b) NF load, c) the nano-enabled product (NEP) matrix, and d) food simulants. The ranking of these factors enables an assessment of food contact by concepts of analogy, specifically via the similarities of the rate and form of release in food during contact. Three types of matrices were used: Paper, plastic ((Polylactic Acid (PLA), Polyamide (PA6), and Polyurethane (PU)), and a paint formulation. Two nanoforms each of SiO2, Fe2O3, Cu-Phthalocyanine were incorporated, additionally to the conventional form of CaCO3 that is always contained in paper to reduce cellulose consumption. Tests were guided by the European Regulation EC 1935/2004 and EU 10/2011. No evidence of particle release was observed: the qualitative similarity (the form of release) was high regarding the food contact of all NEPs with embedded NFs. Quantitative similarity of releases depended primarily on the NEP matrix, as this controls the penetration of the simulant fluid into the NEP. The solubility of the NF and impurities in the simulant fluid was the second decisive factor, as dissolution of the NF inside the NEP is the main mechanism of release. This led to complete removal of CaCO3 in acidic medium, whereas Fe and Si signals remained in the paper, consistent with the low release rates in an ionic form. In our set of 16 NEPs, only one NEP showed a dependence on the REACH NF descriptors (substance, size, shape, surface treatment, crystallinity, impurities), specifically attributed to differences in soluble impurities, whereas for all others the substance of the nanoform was sufficient to predict a similarity of food contact release, without influences of size, shape, surface treatment and crystallinity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Ruggiero
- BASF SE, Dept. Material Physics, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany; Avient, Milano, Italy
| | - Katherine Y Santizo
- BASF SE, Dept. Material Physics, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany; Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA USA
| | - Michael Persson
- Nouryon Pulp and Performance Chemicals AB, S-445 80 Bohus, Sweden; Chalmers Industriteknik Sven Hultins Plats 1, S-412 58 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Camilla Delpivo
- LEITAT Technological Center, C/Pallars 179-185, 08005 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wendel Wohlleben
- BASF SE, Dept. Material Physics, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany; BASF SE, Dept. Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
More S, Bampidis V, Benford D, Bragard C, Halldorsson T, Hernández‐Jerez A, Hougaard Bennekou S, Koutsoumanis K, Lambré C, Machera K, Naegeli H, Nielsen S, Schlatter J, Schrenk D, Silano (deceased) V, Turck D, Younes M, Castenmiller J, Chaudhry Q, Cubadda F, Franz R, Gott D, Mast J, Mortensen A, Oomen AG, Weigel S, Barthelemy E, Rincon A, Tarazona J, Schoonjans R. Guidance on risk assessment of nanomaterials to be applied in the food and feed chain: human and animal health. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06768. [PMID: 34377190 PMCID: PMC8331059 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The EFSA has updated the Guidance on risk assessment of the application of nanoscience and nanotechnologies in the food and feed chain, human and animal health. It covers the application areas within EFSA's remit, including novel foods, food contact materials, food/feed additives and pesticides. The updated guidance, now Scientific Committee Guidance on nano risk assessment (SC Guidance on Nano-RA), has taken account of relevant scientific studies that provide insights to physico-chemical properties, exposure assessment and hazard characterisation of nanomaterials and areas of applicability. Together with the accompanying Guidance on Technical requirements for regulated food and feed product applications to establish the presence of small particles including nanoparticles (Guidance on Particle-TR), the SC Guidance on Nano-RA specifically elaborates on physico-chemical characterisation, key parameters that should be measured, methods and techniques that can be used for characterisation of nanomaterials and their determination in complex matrices. The SC Guidance on Nano-RA also details aspects relating to exposure assessment and hazard identification and characterisation. In particular, nanospecific considerations relating to in vitro/in vivo toxicological studies are discussed and a tiered framework for toxicological testing is outlined. Furthermore, in vitro degradation, toxicokinetics, genotoxicity, local and systemic toxicity as well as general issues relating to testing of nanomaterials are described. Depending on the initial tier results, additional studies may be needed to investigate reproductive and developmental toxicity, chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity, immunotoxicity and allergenicity, neurotoxicity, effects on gut microbiome and endocrine activity. The possible use of read-across to fill data gaps as well as the potential use of integrated testing strategies and the knowledge of modes or mechanisms of action are also discussed. The Guidance proposes approaches to risk characterisation and uncertainty analysis.
Collapse
|
10
|
Donsì F, Ferrari G. Changing the Vision in Smart Food Design Utilizing the Next Generation of Nanometric Delivery Systems for Bioactive Compounds. Foods 2020; 9:E1100. [PMID: 32806512 PMCID: PMC7465260 DOI: 10.3390/foods9081100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In modern foods, the delivery systems for bioactive compounds play a fundamental role in health promotion, wellbeing, and disease prevention through diet. Nanotechnology has secured a fundamental role in the fabrication of delivery systems with the capability of modulating the in-product and in-body behavior for augmenting bioavailability and activity of bioactive compounds. Structured nanoemulsions and nanoparticles, liposomes, and niosomes can be designed to improve bioactives preservation after ingestion, mucoadhesion, as well as of their release and pathophysiological relevance. In the future, it is expected that the delivery systems will also contribute to augment the efficacy of the bioactive compounds, for example by improving the intestinal absorption and delivery in the bloodstream, as well as promoting the formation of additional bioactive metabolites by regulating the transformations taking place during digestion and the interaction with the intestinal microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Donsì
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy;
| | - Giovanna Ferrari
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy;
- ProdAl Scarl, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|