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Safari MR, Matthes F, Schneider CM, Ernst KH, Bürgler DE. Spin-Selective Electron Transport Through Single Chiral Molecules. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2308233. [PMID: 38050945 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The interplay between chirality and magnetism is a source of fascination among scientists for over a century. In recent years, chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS) has attracted renewed interest. It is observed that electron transport through layers of homochiral molecules leads to a significant spin polarization of several tens of percent. Despite the abundant experimental evidence gathered through mesoscopic transport measurements, the exact mechanism behind CISS remains elusive. This study reports spin-selective electron transport through single helical aromatic hydrocarbons that are sublimed in vacuo onto ferromagnetic cobalt surfaces and examined with spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy (SP-STM) at a temperature of 5 K. Direct comparison of two enantiomers under otherwise identical conditions revealed magnetochiral conductance asymmetries of up to 50% when either the molecular handedness is exchanged or the magnetization direction of the STM tip or Co substrate is reversed. Importantly, the results rule out electron-phonon coupling and ensemble effects as primary mechanisms responsible for CISS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Safari
- Peter Grünberg Institute, Electronic Properties (PGI-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA-FIT), Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Frank Matthes
- Peter Grünberg Institute, Electronic Properties (PGI-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA-FIT), Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Claus M Schneider
- Peter Grünberg Institute, Electronic Properties (PGI-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA-FIT), Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Fakultät für Physik, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Ernst
- Molecular Surface Science Group, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Nanosurf Laboratory, Institute of Physics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 16200, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Zürich, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel E Bürgler
- Peter Grünberg Institute, Electronic Properties (PGI-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA-FIT), Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
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Safari MR, Matthes F, Caciuc V, Atodiresei N, Schneider CM, Ernst KH, Bürgler DE. Enantioselective Adsorption on Magnetic Surfaces. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308666. [PMID: 38153192 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
From the beginning of molecular theory, the interplay of chirality and magnetism has intrigued scientists. There is still the question if enantiospecific adsorption of chiral molecules occurs on magnetic surfaces. Enantiomer discrimination was conjectured to arise from chirality-induced spin separation within the molecules and exchange interaction with the substrate's magnetization. Here, it is shown that single helical aromatic hydrocarbons undergo enantioselective adsorption on ferromagnetic cobalt surfaces. Spin and chirality sensitive scanning tunneling microscopy reveals that molecules of opposite handedness prefer adsorption onto cobalt islands with opposite out-of-plane magnetization. As mobility ceases in the final chemisorbed state, it is concluded that enantioselection must occur in a physisorbed transient precursor state. State-of-the-art spin-resolved ab initio simulations support this scenario by refuting enantio-dependent chemisorption energies. These findings demonstrate that van der Waals interaction should also include spin-fluctuations which are crucial for molecular magnetochiral processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Safari
- Peter Grünberg Institute, Electronic Properties (PGI-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA-FIT), Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Frank Matthes
- Peter Grünberg Institute, Electronic Properties (PGI-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA-FIT), Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Vasile Caciuc
- Peter Grünberg Institute and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Quantum Theory of Materials (PGI-1/IAS-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Nicolae Atodiresei
- Peter Grünberg Institute and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Quantum Theory of Materials (PGI-1/IAS-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Claus M Schneider
- Peter Grünberg Institute, Electronic Properties (PGI-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA-FIT), Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Fakultät für Physik, Universität Duisburg-Essen, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Ernst
- Molecular Surface Science Group, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Nanosurf Laboratory, Institute of Physics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, 16200, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Zürich, 8057, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel E Bürgler
- Peter Grünberg Institute, Electronic Properties (PGI-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA-FIT), Fundamentals of Future Information Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
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Bloom BP, Paltiel Y, Naaman R, Waldeck DH. Chiral Induced Spin Selectivity. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1950-1991. [PMID: 38364021 PMCID: PMC10906005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Since the initial landmark study on the chiral induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect in 1999, considerable experimental and theoretical efforts have been made to understand the physical underpinnings and mechanistic features of this interesting phenomenon. As first formulated, the CISS effect refers to the innate ability of chiral materials to act as spin filters for electron transport; however, more recent experiments demonstrate that displacement currents arising from charge polarization of chiral molecules lead to spin polarization without the need for net charge flow. With its identification of a fundamental connection between chiral symmetry and electron spin in molecules and materials, CISS promises profound and ubiquitous implications for existing technologies and new approaches to answering age old questions, such as the homochiral nature of life. This review begins with a discussion of the different methods for measuring CISS and then provides a comprehensive overview of molecules and materials known to exhibit CISS-based phenomena before proceeding to identify structure-property relations and to delineate the leading theoretical models for the CISS effect. Next, it identifies some implications of CISS in physics, chemistry, and biology. The discussion ends with a critical assessment of the CISS field and some comments on its future outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P. Bloom
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Yossi Paltiel
- Applied
Physics Department and Center for Nano-Science and Nano-Technology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Ron Naaman
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - David H. Waldeck
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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Lawson B, Skipper HE, Kamenetska M. Phenol is a pH-activated linker to gold: a single molecule conductance study. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:2022-2029. [PMID: 38197186 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr05257e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Single molecule conductance measurements typically rely on functional linker groups to anchor the molecule to the conductive electrodes through a donor-acceptor or covalent bond. While many linking moieties, such as thiols, amines, thiothers and phosphines have been used among others, very few involve oxygen binding directly to gold electrodes. Here, we report successful single molecule conductance measurements using hydroxy (OH)-containing phenol linkers and show that the molecule-gold attachment and electron transport are mediated by a direct O-Au bond. We find that deprotonation of the hydroxy moiety is necessary for metal-molecule binding to proceed, so that junction formation can be activated through pH control. Electronic structure and DFT+Σ transport calculations confirm our experimental findings that phenolate-terminated alkanes can anchor on the gold and show charge transport trends consistent with prior observations of alkane conductance with other linker groups. Critically, the deprotonated O--Au binding shows features similar to the thiolate-Au bond, but without the junction disruption caused by intercalation of sulfur into electrode tips often observed with thiol-terminated molecules. By comparing the conductance and binding features of O-Au and S-Au bonds, this study provides insight into the aspects of Au-linker bonding that promote reproducible and robust single molecule junction measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent Lawson
- Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, USA.
| | - Hannah E Skipper
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, USA
| | - Maria Kamenetska
- Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, USA
- Division of Material Science and Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, USA
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Spilsbury MJ, Feito A, Delgado A, Capitán MJ, Álvarez J, de Miguel JJ. Enantiosensitive growth dynamics of chiral molecules on ferromagnetic substrates and the origin of the CISS effect. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:114706. [PMID: 37728205 DOI: 10.1063/5.0160011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent demonstration of the existence of an intimate relationship between the chiral structure of some materials and the spin polarization of electrons transmitted through them, what has been called the chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect, is sparking interest in many related phenomena. One of the most notorious is the possibility of using magnetic materials to apply enantioselective interactions on chiral molecules and chemical reactions involving them. In this work, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy has been used to characterize the adsorption and growth kinetics of enantiopure organic molecules on magnetic (Co) and non-magnetic (Cu) substrates. While on these latter, no significant enantiosensitive effects are found, on spin-polarized, in-plane magnetized Co surfaces, the two enantiomers have been found to deposit differently. The observed effects have been interpreted as the result of one of the enantiomers being adsorbed in a transient, weakly bound physisorbed-like state with higher mobility due to limited, spin-selective charge transfer between it and the substrate. The study of these phenomena can provide insight into the fundamental mechanisms responsible for the CISS effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Spilsbury
- Dpto. Física de la Materia Condensada, Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, 29049 Madrid, Spain
- Dpto. Física. Univ. Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Escuela de Biología, San Pedro Sula, Honduras
| | - A Feito
- Dpto. Física de la Materia Condensada, Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, 29049 Madrid, Spain
| | - A Delgado
- Dpto. Física de la Materia Condensada, Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, 29049 Madrid, Spain
| | - M J Capitán
- Instituto de Estructura de la Materia IEM-CSIC, c/ Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Física de Sistemas Crecidos con Baja Dimensionalidad, UAM, Unidad Asociada al CSIC por el IEM, DP, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Álvarez
- Dpto. Física de la Materia Condensada, Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, 29049 Madrid, Spain
- Física de Sistemas Crecidos con Baja Dimensionalidad, UAM, Unidad Asociada al CSIC por el IEM, DP, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales "Nicolás Cabrera," Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Física de la Materia Condensada IFIMAC, Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - J J de Miguel
- Dpto. Física de la Materia Condensada, Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, 29049 Madrid, Spain
- Física de Sistemas Crecidos con Baja Dimensionalidad, UAM, Unidad Asociada al CSIC por el IEM, DP, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales "Nicolás Cabrera," Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Física de la Materia Condensada IFIMAC, Univ. Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Fu W, Tan L, Wang PP. Chiral Inorganic Nanomaterials for Photo(electro)catalytic Conversion. ACS NANO 2023; 17:16326-16347. [PMID: 37540624 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Chiral inorganic nanomaterials due to their unique asymmetric nanostructures have gradually demonstrated intriguing chirality-dependent performance in photo(electro)catalytic conversion, such as water splitting. However, understanding the correlation between chiral inorganic characteristics and the photo(electro)catalytic process remains challenging. In this perspective, we first highlight the chirality source of inorganic nanomaterials and briefly introduce photo(electro)catalysis systems. Then, we delve into an in-depth discussion of chiral effects exerted by chiral nanostructures and their photo-electrochemistry properties, while emphasizing the emerging chiral inorganic nanomaterials for photo(electro)catalytic conversion. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of chiral inorganic nanomaterials for photo(electro)catalytic conversion are prospected. This perspective provides a comprehensive overview of chiral inorganic nanomaterials and their potential in photo(electro)catalytic conversion, which is beneficial for further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlong Fu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Tan
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Shaanxi International Research Center for Soft Matter, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, People's Republic of China
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