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Khan ZG, Agrawal TN, Bari SB, Nangare SN, Patil PO. Application of surface nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots in the sensing of ferric ions and glutathione: Spectroscopic investigations and DFT calculations. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 306:123608. [PMID: 37925956 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Developing a sensing platform that can quickly and accurately measure glutathione (GSH) is crucial for the early detection of various human diseases. GQDs have shown great potential in many technological and biological applications. This study focused on synthesizing nitrogen-doped GQDs (NGQDs) with stable blue fluorescence using a simple and easy hydrothermal method in one step. The bamboo fiber was used as the green source for this synthesis. The NGQDs had a tiny particle size of 4.7 nm and emitted light at 405 nm when excited. They displayed a remarkable quantum yield of 40.36 % and were effectively used as fluorescent probe to specifically detect Fe3+. The energy transfer mechanism led to the NGQDs' fluorescence being deactivated by Fe3+ ions (turn- "off"). However, with the addition of GSH to the system, the fluorescence intensity of NGQDs was reactivated (turn- "on"). Thus, a fluorescence turn "off-on" system was developed for the sensitive detection of Fe3+ and GSH. Using density functional theory (DFT), it was theoretically calculated that the surface of the fabricated NGQDs possess lone pairs of electrons on oxygens and doped nitrogen causing a photo-induced electron transfer (PET) process to occur. This PET process was suppressed previously owing to complex formation between oxygen atoms of modeled structure and ferric ions. The sensing platform displayed a sensitive response to Fe3+ in the 1-1000 μM range with LOD of 34 nM and GSH in the range of 1-50 μM, with a detection limit of 45 nM. Furthermore, the NGQDs exhibited high selectivity towards Fe3+ and GSH over other electrolytes and biomolecules. Additionally, the probe exhibited non-cytotoxicity and was practically applicable for the detection of GSH in HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zamir G Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, H. R. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Shirpur, Dist. Dhule, Maharashtra 425 405, India
| | - Tanisha N Agrawal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, H. R. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Shirpur, Dist. Dhule, Maharashtra 425 405, India
| | - Sanjaykumar B Bari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, H. R. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Shirpur, Dist. Dhule, Maharashtra 425 405, India
| | - Sopan N Nangare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, H. R. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Shirpur, Dist. Dhule, Maharashtra 425 405, India
| | - Pravin O Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, H. R. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Shirpur, Dist. Dhule, Maharashtra 425 405, India.
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2
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Yang J, Chen L, Qi J, Luo F, Li L, Wu H, Cao F, Gu J. Acid-assisted ultrasonic preparation of nitrogen-doped MXene quantum dots for the efficient fluorescence "off-on-off" detection of Zn(II) in water and oxalic acid in vegetables. Food Chem 2024; 430:137007. [PMID: 37536071 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel fluorescence "off-on-off" probe was presented to detect Zn(II) and oxalic acid (OA) based on nitrogen-doped MXene quantum dots (N-MQDs), which were synthesized by an ultrasound approach at room temperature with nitric acid and ethylenediamine. These N-MQDs displayed small size (<10 nm), water dispersibility, and good photoluminescence. Furthermore, the N-MQDs showed an selective response towards Zn(II) through fluorescence enhancement, with a limit of detection (LOD) calculated as 0.127 μM in the linear range of 0-20 μM. Then, the fluorescence of N-MQDs/Zn(II) system could be selectively quenched after adding OA, with an effective response in the range from 0 to 20 μM (LOD: 0.883 μM). The fluorescence "turn-on" and "turn-off" properties of N-MQDs were resulted from the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) of Zn(II) and the coordination between OA and Zn(II), respectively. This sensing platform was successfully applied for Zn(II) and OA detection in actual environmental and vegetable samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwen Yang
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Linlin Chen
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jie Qi
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Feili Luo
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lin Li
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Honghong Wu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation & Utilization of Horticultural Crops, The Center of Crop Nanobiotechnology, College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China; Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shenzhen 511464, China; Shenzhen Branch of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 511464, China
| | - Feifei Cao
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiangjiang Gu
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Shenzhen 511464, China; Shenzhen Branch of Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 511464, China.
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Fallah S, Baharfar R, Samadi-Maybodi A. Simple and green approach for photoluminescent carbon dots prepared from faba bean seeds as a luminescent probe for determination of Hg + ions and cell imaging. LUMINESCENCE 2023; 38:1929-1937. [PMID: 37591667 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
In this research, for the first time, a dedicated sensor was designed to detect Hg+ ions using photoluminescent carbon dots (CDs). Due to the preferred green synthesis of CDs from bio-resources, carbohydrate-rich faba bean seeds as a potential carbon precursor were applied to the synthesis of CDs. The CDs were prepared from the faba bean seeds using the hydrothermal method in an aqueous solution in the absence of substances such as an acid or base and any other additives. The synthesized CDs exhibited maximum emission intensity at 387 nm when excited at 310 nm and their luminescence quantum yield was calculated to be ~5.94%. Then, the fluorescence emission of CDs was examined in the presence of different metal ions. Results revealed that the CDs had good selectivity towards the Hg+ ions, so the fluorescence emission was significantly changed in the presence of these ions with a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 0.35 μM. Furthermore, because of their very low cytotoxicity, these CDs can be applied for cell imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Fallah
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
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Shellaiah M, Sun KW. Review on Carbon Dot-Based Fluorescent Detection of Biothiols. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:335. [PMID: 36979547 PMCID: PMC10046571 DOI: 10.3390/bios13030335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Biothiols, such as cysteine (Cys), homocysteine (Hcy), and glutathione (GSH), play a vital role in gene expression, maintaining redox homeostasis, reducing damages caused by free radicals/toxins, etc. Likewise, abnormal levels of biothiols can lead to severe diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), neurotoxicity, hair depigmentation, liver/skin damage, etc. To quantify the biothiols in a biological system, numerous low-toxic probes, such as fluorescent quantum dots, emissive organic probes, composited nanomaterials, etc., have been reported with real-time applications. Among these fluorescent probes, carbon-dots (CDs) have become attractive for biothiols quantification because of advantages of easy synthesis, nano-size, crystalline properties, low-toxicity, and real-time applicability. A CDs-based biothiols assay can be achieved by fluorescent "Turn-On" and "Turn-Off" responses via direct binding, metal complex-mediated detection, composite enhanced interaction, reaction-based reports, and so forth. To date, the availability of a review focused on fluorescent CDs-based biothiols detection with information on recent trends, mechanistic aspects, linear ranges, LODs, and real applications is lacking, which allows us to deliver this comprehensive review. This review delivers valuable information on reported carbon-dots-based biothiols assays, the underlying mechanism, their applications, probe/CDs selection, sensory requirement, merits, limitations, and future scopes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kien Wen Sun
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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5
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Fabrication of polyaspartic acid surface-modified highly fluorescent carbon quantum dot nanoprobe for sensing of reduced glutathione in real sample. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-022-02713-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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One step synthesis of ultra-high quantum yield fluorescent carbon dots for "on-off-on" detection of Hg 2+ and biothiols. J Fluoresc 2022; 32:1921-1930. [PMID: 35763184 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-022-03001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the carbon dots (CDs) with strong blue fluorescence were synthesized through hydrothermal method, which using folic acid, ammonium citrate and ethylenediamine as precursors. The prepared CDs with a high absolute quantum yield of 81.94% and showed excellent stability in high concentration salt solution and different pH conditions. With the addition of Hg2+, the signal of CDs was selectively quenched. At the same time, the CDs-Hg2+ system could be recovered after the introduction of biothiols. Moreover, the fluorescence of CDs showed a good linear relationship with Hg2+ (1-15 µM), and the detection limit as low as 0.08 µM. In addition, the prepared CDs with low toxicity could be used to detect Hg2+ in living cells and actual water samples.
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7
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Sargazi S, Fatima I, Hassan Kiani M, Mohammadzadeh V, Arshad R, Bilal M, Rahdar A, Díez-Pascual AM, Behzadmehr R. Fluorescent-based nanosensors for selective detection of a wide range of biological macromolecules: A comprehensive review. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 206:115-147. [PMID: 35231532 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Thanks to their unique attributes, such as good sensitivity, selectivity, high surface-to-volume ratio, and versatile optical and electronic properties, fluorescent-based bioprobes have been used to create highly sensitive nanobiosensors to detect various biological and chemical agents. These sensors are superior to other analytical instrumentation techniques like gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, and capillary electrophoresis for being biodegradable, eco-friendly, and more economical, operational, and cost-effective. Moreover, several reports have also highlighted their application in the early detection of biomarkers associated with drug-induced organ damage such as liver, kidney, or lungs. In the present work, we comprehensively overviewed the electrochemical sensors that employ nanomaterials (nanoparticles/colloids or quantum dots, carbon dots, or nanoscaled metal-organic frameworks, etc.) to detect a variety of biological macromolecules based on fluorescent emission spectra. In addition, the most important mechanisms and methods to sense amino acids, protein, peptides, enzymes, carbohydrates, neurotransmitters, nucleic acids, vitamins, ions, metals, and electrolytes, blood gases, drugs (i.e., anti-inflammatory agents and antibiotics), toxins, alkaloids, antioxidants, cancer biomarkers, urinary metabolites (i.e., urea, uric acid, and creatinine), and pathogenic microorganisms were outlined and compared in terms of their selectivity and sensitivity. Altogether, the small dimensions and capability of these nanosensors for sensitive, label-free, real-time sensing of chemical, biological, and pharmaceutical agents could be used in array-based screening and in-vitro or in-vivo diagnostics. Although fluorescent nanoprobes are widely applied in determining biological macromolecules, unfortunately, they present many challenges and limitations. Efforts must be made to minimize such limitations in utilizing such nanobiosensors with an emphasis on their commercial developments. We believe that the current review can foster the wider incorporation of nanomedicine and will be of particular interest to researchers working on fluorescence technology, material chemistry, coordination polymers, and related research areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Sargazi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, 98167-43463 Zahedan, Iran
| | - Iqra Fatima
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Maria Hassan Kiani
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Vahideh Mohammadzadeh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Science, Mashhad 1313199137, Iran
| | - Rabia Arshad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lahore, Lahore 45320, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
| | - Abbas Rahdar
- Department of Physics, University of Zabol, Zabol, P. O. Box. 98613-35856, Iran.
| | - Ana M Díez-Pascual
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Razieh Behzadmehr
- Department of Radiology, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
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8
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Santonocito R, Intravaia M, Caruso IM, Pappalardo A, Trusso Sfrazzetto G, Tuccitto N. Fluorescence sensing by carbon nanoparticles. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:1926-1948. [PMID: 36133414 PMCID: PMC9418512 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00080f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Sensing is one of the most important fields in which chemists, engineers and other scientists are involved to realize sensoristic devices that can detect different analytes, both chemicals and biologicals. In this context, fluorescence sensing paves the way for the realization of smart sensoristic devices due to the possibility to detect the target analyte via a change in colour or emission. Recently (since 2006), carbon nanoparticles, which are a "new class" of nanostructures based on carbon atoms, have been widely used in sensing applications due to their intriguing optical properties. The scientific literature on this topic started from 2006 and a progressive increase in the corresponding number of publications has been observed. This review summarises the application of carbon nanoparticles in the sensing field, focusing on chemical and ion sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ivana Maria Caruso
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania 95125 Catania Italy
| | - Andrea Pappalardo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania 95125 Catania Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium for Materials Science and Technology (I.N.S.T.M.), Research Unit of Catania 95125 Catania Italy
| | - Giuseppe Trusso Sfrazzetto
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania 95125 Catania Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium for Materials Science and Technology (I.N.S.T.M.), Research Unit of Catania 95125 Catania Italy
| | - Nunzio Tuccitto
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania 95125 Catania Italy
- Laboratory for Molecular Surfaces and Nanotechnology - CSGI 95125 Catania Italy
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9
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A Review on the Use of Biochar Derived Carbon Quantum Dots Production for Sensing Applications. CHEMOSENSORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10030117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Since their discovery, carbon dots have attracted a great deal of interest for their perspective biological applications. Nevertheless, the quenching of carbon dots photoluminescence represents an interesting feature for quantitative analysis in very low concentration of many species. A particular approach for the production of carbon dots is the use of biochar, a carbonized biomass, as a precursor. In this work, we overview the main achievements accomplished by using biochar-derived carbon dots for detecting and quantifying inorganic and organic species. We also provide background knowledge of the main properties, production and purification routes of carbon dots.
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10
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Xu H, Liu X, Wang R, Gao S, Hou F, Liang K, Luo S. A yellow-emitting carbon quantum dot-based fluorescent logic gate for the continuous detection of Au 3+ and biothiols. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:11549-11552. [PMID: 34664573 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04935f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Yellow-emitting carbon quantum dots, named Y-CQDs, were synthesized from O-phenylenediamine and ethylene glycol via a one-pot hydrothermal method. A fluorescent IMPLICATION logic gate for the continuous and "on-off-on" detection of Au3+ and biothiols in tap water at the nanoscale level was constructed based on these QDs. It showed promise in real sample detection and also as a fluorescent ink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- School of Science and Engineering, Huzhou College, Huzhou 313000, China.
| | - Xuerui Liu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Ruru Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Shanmin Gao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Faju Hou
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Kaiyi Liang
- Radiology Department of Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Key Laboratory of Shanghai Municipal Health Commission for Smart Image, Shanghai 201318, China
| | - Shihua Luo
- Department of Traumatology, Rui Jin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China.
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11
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Türk S, Altınsoy I, Efe GÇ, Ipek M, Özacar M, Bindal C. A novel multifunctional NCQDs-based injectable self-crosslinking and in situ forming hydrogel as an innovative stimuli responsive smart drug delivery system for cancer therapy. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 121:111829. [PMID: 33579469 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we offer an easy approach to develop a novel injectable, pH sensitive and in situ smart drug delivery system for use in cancer treatments. The developed hydrogels containing nitrogen doped carbon quantum dots (NCQD), doxorubicin (Dox) and hydroxyapatite (HA) were obtained by in situ self-crosslinking. Characterization of the synthesized nanomaterials, interactions between NCQD/Dox/HA hydrogel structure were carried out by TEM, FESEM, EDS, FTIR, XPS, XRD, Zeta potential, DLS, UV-Vis, SEM, gelation time, injectability and DIST measurements. In addition, antibacterial evaluation which was performed against Staphylococcus aureus realized that HA compound significantly increased the antibacterial activity of the hybrid hydrogel. The anticancer drug release to the tumor cell microenvironment with a pH of 5.5 was found to be higher compared to the release in the normal physiological range of pH 6.5 and 7.4. MTT and live/dead assays were also performed using L929 fibroblastic cell lines to investigate the cytotoxic behavior of NCQDs, and NCQDs/Dox/HA hydrogels. Furthermore, the NCQDs/Dox/HA hydrogel could transport Dox within a MCF-7 cancerous cell at specifically acidic pH. Additionally, imaging of cell line was observed using NCQDs and their use in imaging applications and multicolor features in the living cell system were evaluated. The overall study showed that in situ formed NCQDs/Dox/HA hydrogel represented a novel and multifunctional smart injectable controlled-release drug delivery system with great potential, which may be considered as an attractive minimal invasive smart material for future intelligent delivery of chemotherapeutic drug and disease therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Türk
- Sakarya University, Biomedical, Magnetic and Semi Conductive Materials Research Center (BIMAS-RC), Esentepe Campus, 54187, Sakarya, Turkey; Biomaterials, Energy, Photocatalysis, Enzyme Technology, Nano & Advanced Materials, Additive Manufacturing, Environmental Applications and Sustainably Research & Development Group (BIOEℕAMS R&D Group), 54187, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - I Altınsoy
- Sakarya University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Esentepe Campus, 54187, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - G Çelebi Efe
- Sakarya University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Technology Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Esentepe Campus, 54187, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - M Ipek
- Sakarya University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Esentepe Campus, 54187, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - M Özacar
- Biomaterials, Energy, Photocatalysis, Enzyme Technology, Nano & Advanced Materials, Additive Manufacturing, Environmental Applications and Sustainably Research & Development Group (BIOEℕAMS R&D Group), 54187, Sakarya, Turkey; Sakarya University, Science & Arts Faculty, Department of Chemistry, Sakarya 54187, Turkey
| | - C Bindal
- Sakarya University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Esentepe Campus, 54187, Sakarya, Turkey.
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Liu L, Qin K, Yin S, Zheng X, Li H, Yan H, Song P, Ji X, Zhang Q, Wei Y, Zhao L. Bifunctional Carbon Dots Derived From an Anaerobic Bacterium of Porphyromonas gingivalis for Selective Detection of Fe 3+ and Bioimaging. Photochem Photobiol 2020; 97:574-581. [PMID: 33289104 DOI: 10.1111/php.13360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, for the first time, Porphyromonas gingivalis, an anaerobic bacterium, was selected to synthesize carbon dots. The achieved P. gingivalis-carbon dots (Pg-CDs) exhibited strong fluorescence and high stability with capability for dual function as Fe3+ sensor and intracellular imaging agent. The detection limit for Fe3+ was as low as 1.85 µm. On the other hand, the prepared Pg-CDs were an excellent candidate for biosensor with high biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Liu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Kunhao Qin
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Shuang Yin
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaodan Zheng
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Hui Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Pengfei Song
- R&D Center, China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd., Kunming, China
| | - Xiuling Ji
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Yunlin Wei
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Limin Zhao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
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13
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Reddy R, Jiang Q, Aramwit P, Reddy N. Litter to Leaf: The Unexplored Potential of Silk Byproducts. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 39:706-718. [PMID: 33279278 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Silk has remained the most preferred protein fiber since its discovery in 3000 BC. However, the cost, availability, and resources required to rear the silkworms and process silk are imposing considerable constraints on the future of silk. It is often unrealized that apart from the fibers, production and processing of silk are a source for a diverse range of sustainable, biodegradable, and biocompatible polymers. Hence, delineating itself from being the primary source of protein fibers for millenniums, the silk industry worldwide is transitioning into a biobased industry and as a source for pharmaceuticals, biomaterials, cosmetics, food, and energy. Toward this, byproducts (BPs) and co-products (CPs) that are inevitably generated are now being considered to be of immense economic value and could be up to 10 times more valuable than the silk fibers. Here, we elucidate the properties and potential applications of silk BPs and CPs to present the true potential of silkworms and to promote the establishment of silkworm-based bioeconomy and biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roopa Reddy
- Center for Incubation, Innovation, Research and Consultancy, Jyothy Institute of Technology, Thataguni Post, Bengaluru 560082, Karnataka, India
| | - Qiuran Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China; College of Textiles, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Pornanong Aramwit
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center of Excellence in Bioactive Resources for Innovative Clinical Applications, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand 10330; The Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Dusit, Bangkok, Thailand 10330
| | - Narendra Reddy
- Center for Incubation, Innovation, Research and Consultancy, Jyothy Institute of Technology, Thataguni Post, Bengaluru 560082, Karnataka, India.
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14
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Khan ZG, Patil PO. A comprehensive review on carbon dots and graphene quantum dots based fluorescent sensor for biothiols. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Yang S, Zhang Y, Xue Y, Lu S, Yang H, Yang L, Ding C, Yu S. Cross-Linked Polyamide Chains Enhanced the Fluorescence of Polymer Carbon Dots. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:8219-8229. [PMID: 32309732 PMCID: PMC7161025 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) have attracted tremendous attention for their outstanding advantages in luminescence. Here, α-amino-substituted lysine derivatives with the determined chemical structure were employed as precursors to obtain bright and highly stable fluorescent CDs through a facile hydrothermal route. The relationships among the chemical structure of precursors, CD fluorescence, and particle size were investigated. The results indicated that increased numbers of functional groups in precursors could promote the degree of cross-linking and lead to a smaller size, better fluorescent properties, and stronger stability of CDs. The C-CDs that were prepared from lysine derivatives with most functional groups showed excitation-dependent dual excitation and dual emission (DE2), high-stability luminescence, strong resistance to photobleaching, and high selectivity to Fe3+ and could be used as a sensitive probe for Fe3+ detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouning Yang
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine
Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Yanmin Zhang
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine
Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Yuyan Xue
- Institute
of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Sijia Lu
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine
Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Huayan Yang
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine
Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Collaborative
Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine
Chemicals, Henan Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Chuanfan Ding
- Institute
of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Shaoning Yu
- Institute
of Mass Spectrometry, School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
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16
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Deng H, Tian C, Gao Z, Chen SW, Li Y, Zhang Q, Yu R, Wang J. Highly luminescent N-doped carbon dots as a fluorescence detecting platform for Fe3+ in solutions and living cells. Analyst 2020; 145:4931-4936. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an00208a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, novel fluorescent carbon dots were prepared via a simple hydrothermal method for the detection of Fe+3 ions in aqueous solutions and imaging in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajuan Deng
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy
- Northwest A&F University
- Yangling
- PR China
| | - Chang Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine
- Northwest A&F University
- Yangling
- PR China
| | - Zhiwen Gao
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy
- Northwest A&F University
- Yangling
- PR China
| | - Shu-Wei Chen
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy
- Northwest A&F University
- Yangling
- PR China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy
- Northwest A&F University
- Yangling
- PR China
| | - Qingmiao Zhang
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy
- Northwest A&F University
- Yangling
- PR China
| | - Ruijin Yu
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy
- Northwest A&F University
- Yangling
- PR China
| | - Jinyi Wang
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy
- Northwest A&F University
- Yangling
- PR China
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17
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Wu Y, Huang Y, Huang H, Muhammad Y, Huang Z, Winarta J, Zhang Y, Nie S, Zhao Z, Mu B. Porous Fe@C Composites Derived from Silkworm Excrement for Effective Separation of Anisole Compounds. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:21204-21213. [PMID: 31867514 PMCID: PMC6921619 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Silkworm excrement is a very useful biomass waste, composed of layer-structured fats and proteins, which are great precursors for carbon composite materials. In this work, new porous composites derived from silkworm excrement were prepared for selective separation of flavor 4-methylanisole from the binary 4-methylanisole/4-anisaldehyde mixture. In particular, the silkworm excrement, possessing a unique nanosheet structure, is converted into a graphite-like carbon by a simple calcination strategy followed by a metal-ion-doping procedure. This Fe@C composite exhibits a special nano-spongy morphology, anchoring Fe3C/Fe5C2 on the carbon nanosheets. Density functional theory simulations showed that 4-methylanisole presents a stronger π-π interaction and attraction forces with sp2 carbon nanosheets in Fe@C composites than 4-anisaldehyde. The selective adsorption experiments further confirmed that the Fe@C composites exhibited a 4-methylanisole capacity of 7.3 mmol/g at 298 K and the highest selectivity of 17 for an equimolar 4-methylanisole/4-anisaldehyde mixture among the examined adsorbents including MOFs and commercial activated carbon materials, which demonstrates the potential of this low-cost and eco-friendly porous carbon material as a promising sustainable adsorbent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Wu
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Guangxi Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment
and Agro-Product Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Guangzhou
Huafang Tobacco Flavors Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Hong Huang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Guangxi Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment
and Agro-Product Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yaseen Muhammad
- Institute
of Chemical Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 25120, Pakistan
| | - Zuqiang Huang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Guangxi Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment
and Agro-Product Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Joseph Winarta
- School
for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Yanjuan Zhang
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Guangxi Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment
and Agro-Product Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Shuangxi Nie
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Guangxi Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment
and Agro-Product Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Zhongxing Zhao
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Guangxi Key Laboratory for Agro-Environment
and Agro-Product Safety, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
- Guangzhou
Huafang Tobacco Flavors Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510530, China
- E-mail: (Z.Z.)
| | - Bin Mu
- School
for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- E-mail: (B.M.)
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18
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19
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Wang T, Chen G, Li L, Wu Y. Highly Fluorescent Green Carbon Dots as a Fluorescent Probe for Detecting Mineral Water pH. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E3801. [PMID: 31484290 PMCID: PMC6749429 DOI: 10.3390/s19173801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this report, high-brightness green carbon dots were successfully prepared using 3,5-diaminobenzoic acid as the sole precursor and synthesized in one step using a solvothermal strategy. Under the excitation of 365 nm ultraviolet light, the quantum yield of carbon dots is as high as 53.8%. Experiments revealed that the carbon dots are highly carbonized and the surface is rich in amino and carboxyl groups. The synthesized carbon dots have good water solubility, and are resistant to ions and temperature. The fluorescence intensity of CDs is sensitive to pH changes and is linearly correlated with the pH in the near-neutral range (pH = 6.0 to 9.0). Our experiments showed that carbon dots were sensitive and accurate fluorescent probes for measuring the pH value of drinking water, which could provide an effective method for measuring the pH value of water in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingyu Wang
- School of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Science, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Light Industrial Optoelectronic Engineering and Technology, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Guoqing Chen
- School of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
- School of Science, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Light Industrial Optoelectronic Engineering and Technology, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Lei Li
- School of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Science, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Light Industrial Optoelectronic Engineering and Technology, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yamin Wu
- School of Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Science, Jiangsu Provincial Research Center of Light Industrial Optoelectronic Engineering and Technology, Wuxi 214122, China
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20
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Liu H, Ding J, Zhang K, Ding L. Construction of biomass carbon dots based fluorescence sensors and their applications in chemical and biological analysis. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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21
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Ahn J, Song Y, Kwon JE, Woo J, Kim H. Characterization of food waste-driven carbon dot focusing on chemical structural, electron relaxation behavior and Fe 3+ selective sensing. Data Brief 2019; 25:104038. [PMID: 31194181 PMCID: PMC6554359 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2019.104038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the study, carbon dot (CD) with high fluorescence properties was obtained via one-step hydrothermal carbonization of food model and sandwich leftover, respectively. The data in the article represent the change of the chemical structure and PL properties of the food waste-driven carbon dot (FWCDs). In higher carbonization temperature, pyridinic N and graphitic N were increased while amino N and pyrrolic N was decreased. The lifetime was increased with the increase of temperature. The CD prepared from sandwich leftover showed the dependency of the emission on the exciting wavelength and excellent Fe3+ sensitivity without significant change of lifetime. It also had a pH-sensitive fluorescence feature and good stability in NaCl solutions. For more insight, please see Food waste-driven N-doped carbon dots: Applications for Fe3+ sensing and cell imaging Ahn et al., 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungbin Ahn
- Department of Organic and Nano System Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghan Song
- Department of Organic and Nano System Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eon Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongyeon Woo
- Department of Organic and Nano System Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungsup Kim
- Department of Organic and Nano System Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding author.
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22
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Huang S, Gu J, Ye J, Fang B, Wan S, Wang C, Ashraf U, Li Q, Wang X, Shao L, Song Y, Zheng X, Cao F, Cao S. Benzoxazine monomer derived carbon dots as a broad-spectrum agent to block viral infectivity. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 542:198-206. [PMID: 30739009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Multiple viruses can cause infection and death of millions annually. Of these, flaviviruses are found to be highly prevalent in recent years with no distinctive antiviral therapies. Therefore, there is a desperate need for broad-spectrum antiviral drugs that can be active against a large number of existing and emerging viruses. Herein, we prepared a kind of benzoxazine monomer derived carbon dots (BZM-CDs) and demonstrated their infection-blocking ability against life-threatening flaviviruses (Japanese encephalitis, Zika, and dengue viruses) and non-enveloped viruses (porcine parvovirus and adenovirus-associated virus). It was found that BZM-CDs could directly bind to the surface of the virion, and eventually the first step of virus-cell interaction was impeded. The developed nanoparticles are active against both flaviviruses and non-enveloped viruses in vitro. Thus, the application of BZM-CDs may constitute an intriguing broad-spectrum approach to rein in viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaomei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Jiangjiang Gu
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China.
| | - Jing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Bin Fang
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Shengfeng Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Caoyu Wang
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Usama Ashraf
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Xugang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Lin Shao
- Wuhan Brain VTA Technology Co. Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Yunfeng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Xinsheng Zheng
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Feifei Cao
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Shengbo Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China; The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China.
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