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Warner J, Stocker R, Brandt K, Crabtree DR, Ormond L, Stevenson E, Holliday A. Appetite, food intake, and gut hormone responses to glycomacropeptide protein ingestion in older adults: A feasibility, acceptability, and pilot study. Appetite 2024:107509. [PMID: 38795943 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Glycomacropeptide (GMP) has a unique amino acid profile which may make less satiating than other dietary proteins. This study assessed the feasibility and likely acceptability of a leucine-enriched GMP drink and determined appetite response in older adults (OA). Thirteen OA (11f; 70±4 years) were recruited for sensory assessments of a leucine-enriched GMP drink when mixed with water and with fruit smoothie, compared with whey protein isolate (WHEY). Participants also partook in a single focus group exploring acceptability to protein and supplementation. Separately, a counterbalanced, double-blind study with twelve OA (8f; 69±3 years) was conducted to determine appetite and gut hormone responses. Fasting subjective appetite was recorded using visual analogue scales and a fasted venous blood sample was collected (to measures acyl-ghrelin, PYY, GLP-1, and CCK) before participants consumed either: GMP protein (27g + 3g leucine, 350mL water), WHEY (30g, 350mL water), or water. Participants rested for 240minutes, with appetite measures and blood sampling throughout. An ad libitum pasta-based meal was then consumed. Sensory testing revealed low pleasantness rating for GMP in water vs. WHEY (16±14 vs 31±24, p=0.016). GMP addition to smoothie reduced pleasantness (26±21 vs. 61±29, p=0.009) and worsened the aroma (46±15 vs. 69±28, p=0.014). The focus group revealed uncertainty of protein needs and a scepticism of supplements, with preference for food. Gut hormone response did not differ between GMP and WHEY (nAUC for all gut hormones p>0.05). There was no difference between conditions for lunch ad libitum intake (549±171 kcal, 512±238 kcal, 460±199 kcal for GMP, WHEY, and water, p=0.175), or for subjective appetite response. Leucine-enriched GMP was not less satiating than WHEY, and low palatability and scepticism of supplements question the likely acceptability of GMP supplementation. Providing trusted nutritional advice and food enrichment/fortification may be preferred strategies for increasing protein intake in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Warner
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional, and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Rachel Stocker
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional, and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Kirsten Brandt
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Human Nutrition and Exercise Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | | | | | - Emma Stevenson
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional, and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Human Nutrition and Exercise Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Adrian Holliday
- School of Biomedical, Nutritional, and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; Human Nutrition and Exercise Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
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Dericioglu D, Methven L, Clegg ME. Understanding age-related changes: exploring the interplay of protein intake, physical activity and appetite in the ageing population. Proc Nutr Soc 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38557431 DOI: 10.1017/s0029665124002192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Globally, we are currently facing a rapid demographic shift leading to an increase in the proportion of older adults within the population. This raises concerns about the potential increase in age-related diseases and their impact on our ability to provide adequate health and end-of-life care. To apply appropriate interventions, understanding the changes that happen with ageing becomes essential. Ageing is often accompanied by a decrease in appetite and physical activity, which may lead to malnutrition, resulting in decreased muscle mass, physical capabilities and independence. To preserve muscle mass, older adults are advised to increase protein intake and physical activity. However, protein's high satiating effect may cause reduced energy intake. Physical activity is also advised to maintain or enhance older adult's appetite. This review paper aims to discuss appetite-related changes that occur with ageing and their consequences. In particular, it will focus on investigating the relationship between protein intake and physical activity and their impact on appetite and energy intake in the ageing population. Recent studies suggest that physical activity might contribute to maintaining or enhancing appetite in older adults. Nevertheless, establishing a definitive consensus on the satiating effect of protein in ageing remains a work in progress, despite some promising results in the existing literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilara Dericioglu
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, ReadingRG6 6DZ, UK
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6EU, UK
| | - Lisa Methven
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6EU, UK
- Food Research Group, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading,Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6DZ, UK
| | - Miriam E Clegg
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, ReadingRG6 6DZ, UK
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6EU, UK
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Jones LA, Sun EW, Lumsden AL, Thorpe DW, Peterson RA, De Fontgalland D, Sposato L, Rabbitt P, Hollington P, Wattchow DA, Keating DJ. Alterations in GLP-1 and PYY release with aging and body mass in the human gut. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 578:112072. [PMID: 37739120 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2023.112072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
The lining of our intestinal surface contains an array of hormone-producing cells that are collectively our bodies' largest endocrine cell reservoir. These "enteroendocrine" (EE) cells reside amongst the billions of absorptive epithelial and other cell types that line our gastrointestinal tract and can sense and respond to the ever-changing internal environment in our gut. EE cells release an array of important signalling molecules that can act as hormones, including glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) which are co-secreted from L cells. While much is known about the effects of these hormones on metabolism, insulin secretion and food intake, less is understood about their secretion from human intestinal tissue. In this study we assess whether GLP-1 and PYY release differs across human small and large intestinal tissue locations within the gastrointestinal tract, and/or by sex, body weight and the age of an individual. We identify that the release of both hormones is greater in more distal regions of the human colon, but is not different between sexes. We observe a negative correlation of GLP-1 and BMI in the small, but not large, intestine. Increased aging correlates with declining secretion of both GLP-1 and PYY in human large, but not small, intestine. When the data for large intestine is isolated by region, this relationship with age remains significant for GLP-1 in the ascending and descending colon and in the descending colon for PYY. This is the first demonstration that site-specific differences in GLP-1 and PYY release occur in human gut, as do site-specific relationships of L cell secretion with aging and body mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Jones
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Emily W Sun
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Amanda L Lumsden
- Australian Centre for Precision Health, Unit of Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Daniel W Thorpe
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Rochelle A Peterson
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Dayan De Fontgalland
- Department of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Luigi Sposato
- Department of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Philippa Rabbitt
- Department of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Paul Hollington
- Department of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - David A Wattchow
- Department of Surgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Damien J Keating
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, 5042, Australia.
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Nagahisa T, Kosugi S, Yamaguchi S. Interactions between Intestinal Homeostasis and NAD + Biology in Regulating Incretin Production and Postprandial Glucose Metabolism. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061494. [PMID: 36986224 PMCID: PMC10052115 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestine has garnered attention as a target organ for developing new therapies for impaired glucose tolerance. The intestine, which produces incretin hormones, is the central regulator of glucose metabolism. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) production, which determines postprandial glucose levels, is regulated by intestinal homeostasis. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT)-mediated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) biosynthesis in major metabolic organs such as the liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle plays a crucial role in obesity- and aging-associated organ derangements. Furthermore, NAMPT-mediated NAD+ biosynthesis in the intestines and its upstream and downstream mediators, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and NAD+-dependent deacetylase sirtuins (SIRTs), respectively, are critical for intestinal homeostasis, including gut microbiota composition and bile acid metabolism, and GLP-1 production. Thus, boosting the intestinal AMPK-NAMPT-NAD+-SIRT pathway to improve intestinal homeostasis, GLP-1 production, and postprandial glucose metabolism has gained significant attention as a novel strategy to improve impaired glucose tolerance. Herein, we aimed to review in detail the regulatory mechanisms and importance of intestinal NAMPT-mediated NAD+ biosynthesis in regulating intestinal homeostasis and GLP-1 secretion in obesity and aging. Furthermore, dietary and molecular factors regulating intestinal NAMPT-mediated NAD+ biosynthesis were critically explored to facilitate the development of new therapeutic strategies for postprandial glucose dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Nagahisa
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shotaro Kosugi
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shintaro Yamaguchi
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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Oberoi A, Giezenaar C, Rigda RS, Horowitz M, Jones KL, Chapman I, Soenen S. Effects of co-ingesting glucose and whey protein on blood glucose, plasma insulin and glucagon concentrations, and gastric emptying, in older men with and without type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2023; 25:1321-1330. [PMID: 36694303 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate whether co-ingestion of dietary protein with, or before, carbohydrate may be a useful strategy to reduce postprandial hyperglycaemia in older men with type 2 diabetes (T2D). MATERIALS AND METHODS Blood glucose, plasma insulin and glucagon concentrations were measured for 180 minutes following ingestion of a drink containing 30 g of glucose (G; 120 kcal), 30 g of whey protein (120 kcal), 30 g of glucose plus 30 g of whey protein (GP; 240 kcal), or control (~2 kcal) in older men with T2D (n = 10, 77 ± 1 years; 31 ± 1.7 kg/m2 ) and without T2D (n = 10, 78 ± 2 years; 27 ± 1.4 kg/m2 ). Mixed model analysis was used. RESULTS GP versus G markedly reduced the increase in blood glucose concentrations (P < .001) and had a synergistic effect on the increase in insulin concentrations (P < .001), in men both with and without T2D. Glucose concentrations were higher in men with T2D compared with those without T2D, whereas insulin and glucagon concentrations were largely unaffected by the presence of T2D. Gastric emptying was faster in men with T2D than in those without T2D. CONCLUSIONS The ability of whey protein to reduce carbohydrate-induced, postprandial hyperglycaemia is retained in older men with T2D compared with those without T2D, and whey protein supplementation may be a useful strategy in the prevention and management of T2D in older people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avneet Oberoi
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Caroline Giezenaar
- Food Experience and Sensory Testing (FEAST) Laboratory, School of Food & Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Rachael S Rigda
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Karen L Jones
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ian Chapman
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Stijn Soenen
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences & Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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6
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Bensalem J, Heilbronn LK, Gore JR, Hutchison AT, Sargeant TJ, Fourrier C. The Break-Fast study protocol: a single arm pre-post study to measure the effect of a protein-rich breakfast on autophagic flux in fasting healthy individuals. BMC Nutr 2022; 8:120. [PMID: 36316728 PMCID: PMC9623954 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-022-00617-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy is a cellular process that cleanses cells and is particularly important during ageing. Autophagy has been extensively studied in vitro and in animal models and is known to be sensitive to nutrition. However, human data are limited because autophagic flux (autophagic degradative activity) has been challenging to measure in humans. This protocol paper describes the Break-Fast study, in which autophagic flux will be measured using a recently developed blood test, before and after ingestion of whey protein. This aims to determine whether an acute nutritional intervention can change autophagy in humans. METHODS A minimum of forty healthy participants (both male and female) aged 20-50 years, BMI 18.5-29.9 kg/m2 will be recruited into this single arm pre-post study. Participants will visit the clinic after an overnight fast for a first blood collection after which they will consume a whey protein-rich drink. A second blood collection will be performed 60 minutes after consumption of the drink. The primary outcome is the change in autophagic flux at 60 minutes post drink. Secondary outcomes include changes in blood glucose, autophagy-related proteins and mRNA, plasma hormones (e.g. insulin, C-peptide, adiponectin, GLP-1, GIP, ghrelin), cytokines, amino acids and lipids, protein synthesis, and correlation between molecular cell damage and autophagic flux. DISCUSSION This study will provide information about whether autophagy responds to nutrients in humans, and if nutritional strategies could be used to treat or prevent autophagy-related diseases such as Alzheimer's disease or cancer. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR), anzctr.org.au ACTRN12621001029886. Registered on 5 August 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Bensalem
- grid.430453.50000 0004 0565 2606Lysosomal Health in Ageing, Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia Australia ,grid.1010.00000 0004 1936 7304Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia Australia
| | - Leonie K. Heilbronn
- grid.1010.00000 0004 1936 7304Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia Australia ,grid.430453.50000 0004 0565 2606Obesity and Metabolism, Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia Australia
| | - Jemima R. Gore
- grid.430453.50000 0004 0565 2606Lysosomal Health in Ageing, Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia Australia
| | - Amy T. Hutchison
- grid.1010.00000 0004 1936 7304Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia Australia ,grid.430453.50000 0004 0565 2606Obesity and Metabolism, Nutrition, Diabetes & Gut Health, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia Australia
| | - Timothy J. Sargeant
- grid.430453.50000 0004 0565 2606Lysosomal Health in Ageing, Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia Australia ,grid.1010.00000 0004 1936 7304Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia Australia
| | - Célia Fourrier
- grid.430453.50000 0004 0565 2606Lysosomal Health in Ageing, Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia Australia ,grid.1010.00000 0004 1936 7304Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia Australia
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Palmer AK, Jensen MD. Metabolic changes in aging humans: current evidence and therapeutic strategies. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:158451. [PMID: 35968789 PMCID: PMC9374375 DOI: 10.1172/jci158451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging and metabolism are inextricably linked, and many age-related changes in body composition, including increased central adiposity and sarcopenia, have underpinnings in fundamental aging processes. These age-related changes are further exacerbated by a sedentary lifestyle and can be in part prevented by maintenance of activity with aging. Here we explore the age-related changes seen in individual metabolic tissues - adipose, muscle, and liver - as well as globally in older adults. We also discuss the available evidence for therapeutic interventions such as caloric restriction, resistance training, and senolytic and senomorphic drugs to maintain healthy metabolism with aging, focusing on data from human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael D. Jensen
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Fluitman KS, Davids M, Olofsson LE, Wijdeveld M, Tremaroli V, Keijser BJ, Visser M, Bäckhed F, Nieuwdorp M, IJzerman RG. Gut microbial characteristics in poor appetite and undernutrition: a cohort of older adults and microbiota transfer in germ-free mice. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2022; 13:2188-2201. [PMID: 35698917 PMCID: PMC9397553 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Older adults are particularly prone to the development of poor appetite and undernutrition. Possibly, this is partly due to the aged gut microbiota. We aimed to evaluate the gut microbiota in relation to both poor appetite and undernutrition in community-dwelling older adults. Furthermore, we studied the causal effects of the microbiota on body weight and body composition by transferring faecal microbiota from cohort participants into germ-free mice. METHODS First, we conducted a cross-sectional cohort study of 358 well-phenotyped Dutch community-dwelling older adults from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam. Data collection included body measurements, a faecal and blood sample, as well as extensive questionnaires on appetite, dietary intake, and nutritional status. Appetite was assessed by the Council of Nutrition Appetite Questionnaire (CNAQ) and undernutrition was defined by either a low body mass index (BMI) (BMI < 20 kg/m2 if <70 years or BMI < 22 kg/m2 if ≥70 years) or >5% body weight loss averaged over the last 2 years. Gut microbiota composition was determined with 16S rRNA sequencing. Next, we transferred faecal microbiota from 12 cohort participants with and without low BMI or recent weight loss into a total of 41 germ-free mice to study the potential causal effects of the gut microbiota on host BMI and body composition. RESULTS The mean age (range) of our cohort was 73 (65-93); 58.4% was male. Seventy-seven participants were undernourished and 21 participants had poor appetite (CNAQ < 28). A lower abundance of the genus Blautia was associated with undernutrition (log2 fold change = -0.57, Benjamini-Hochberg-adjusted P = 0.008), whereas higher abundances of taxa from Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae UCG-002, Parabacteroides merdae, and Dorea formicigenerans were associated with poor appetite. Furthermore, participants with poor appetite or undernutrition had reduced levels of faecal acetate (P = 0.006 and 0.026, respectively). Finally, there was a trend for the mice that received faecal microbiota from older adults with low BMI to weigh 1.26 g less after 3 weeks (P = 0.086) and have 6.13% more lean mass (in % body weight, P = 0.067) than the mice that received faecal microbiota from older adults without low BMI or recent weight loss. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates several associations of the gut microbiota with both poor appetite and undernutrition in older adults. Moreover, it is the first to explore a causal relation between the aged gut microbiota and body weight and body composition in the host. Possibly, microbiota-manipulating strategies will benefit older adults prone to undernutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina S. Fluitman
- Department of Internal MedicineAmsterdam University Medical Centers, location VUmcAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health Research InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Mark Davids
- Department of Vascular MedicineAmsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Louise E. Olofsson
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of MedicineUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Madelief Wijdeveld
- Department of Internal MedicineAmsterdam University Medical Centers, location VUmcAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Vascular MedicineAmsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Valentina Tremaroli
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of MedicineUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Bart J.F. Keijser
- Department of Microbiology and Systems BiologyTNO Healthy LivingZeistThe Netherlands
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Center for Dentistry AmsterdamUniversity of Amsterdam and VU UniversityAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Visser
- Amsterdam Public Health Research InstituteAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of ScienceVrije UniversiteitAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Fredrik Bäckhed
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of MedicineUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Department of Clinical PhysiologyRegion Västra Götaland, Sahlgrenska University HospitalGothenburgSweden
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Department of Internal MedicineAmsterdam University Medical Centers, location VUmcAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Vascular MedicineAmsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMCAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Richard G. IJzerman
- Department of Internal MedicineAmsterdam University Medical Centers, location VUmcAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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Comparative Effects of Co-Ingesting Whey Protein and Glucose Alone and Combined on Blood Glucose, Plasma Insulin and Glucagon Concentrations in Younger and Older Men. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153111. [PMID: 35956288 PMCID: PMC9370714 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The ingestion of dietary protein with, or before, carbohydrate may be a useful strategy to reduce postprandial hyperglycemia, but its effect in older people, who have an increased predisposition for type 2 diabetes, has not been clarified. Blood glucose, plasma insulin and glucagon concentrations were measured for 180 min following a drink containing either glucose (120 kcal), whey-protein (120 kcal), whey-protein plus glucose (240 kcal) or control (~2 kcal) in healthy younger (n = 10, 29 ± 2 years; 26.1 ± 0.4 kg/m2) and older men (n = 10, 78 ± 2 years; 27.3 ± 1.4 kg/m2). Mixed model analysis was used. In both age groups the co-ingestion of protein with glucose (i) markedly reduced the increase in blood glucose concentrations following glucose ingestion alone (p < 0.001) and (ii) had a synergistic effect on the increase in insulin concentrations (p = 0.002). Peak insulin concentrations after protein were unaffected by ageing, whereas insulin levels after glucose were lower in older than younger men (p < 0.05) and peak insulin concentrations were higher after glucose than protein in younger (p < 0.001) but not older men. Glucagon concentrations were unaffected by age. We conclude that the ability of whey-protein to reduce carbohydrate-induced postprandial hyperglycemia is retained in older men and that protein supplementation may be a useful strategy in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes in older people.
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Nouri M, Pourghassem Gargari B, Tajfar P, Tarighat-Esfanjani A. A systematic review of whey protein supplementation effects on human glycemic control: A mechanistic insight. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2022; 16:102540. [PMID: 35772356 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2022.102540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Some studies showed that dietary factors such as whey protein (WP) are effective on glycemic regulation. Due to the current controversy about WP effects and mechanisms of its action on glycemic control, we conducted this systematic review to shed light on the subject. METHODS Web of Science, Medline (Pubmed), and Scopus online databases were searched from 2012 up to February 2022 using the following keywords: "whey protein" and "glycemic control"/"glycemia"/"glucose"/"insulin". The search included original English articles, human clinical trials with WP supplementation and measurement of glucose or insulin as an outcome, studies on healthy individuals/patients with diabetes mellitus (DM)/impaired fasting glucose (IFG). RESULTS Title/abstract of 1991 studies were reviewed. After excluding studies due to inappropriate full title and duplication, and exercising inclusion criteria, 58 studies were reviewed in detail. Ample evidence showed that WP decreased postprandial glucose incremental area under the curve (iAUC) and increased iAUCs of insulin and incretin hormones. WP affects glycemic control mainly through stimulating insulin and incretins secretion, slowing gastric emptying, and appetite suppression. CONCLUSION Although most of the recent evidence showed beneficial effects of WP supplementation on glycemic response, further long-term clinical trials are required which assess the long-term impact of WP supplementation and its exact mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Nouri
- Student Research Committee, Student Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IR, Iran; Department of Nutrition Sciences, Varastegan Institute for Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Bahram Pourghassem Gargari
- Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IR, Iran.
| | - Pedram Tajfar
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, Varastegan Institute for Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Ali Tarighat-Esfanjani
- Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IR, Iran.
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- James Meixiong
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Cristina Ricco
- Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Chirag Vasavda
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Byron K. Ho
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Correspondence to: Byron K. Ho, MD, Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 601 N Caroline Street, JHOC 8072, Baltimore, MD 21287.
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12
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Song X, Wang H, Su C, Wang Z, Du W, Hu H, Huang F, Zhang J, Jia X, Jiang H, Ouyang Y, Li L, Bai J, Zhang X, Ding G, Zhang B. Trajectories of energy intake distribution and subsequent risk of hyperglycemia among Chinese adults: findings from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (1997-2018). Eur J Nutr 2022; 61:1417-1427. [PMID: 34837523 PMCID: PMC8921126 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02745-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Few studies have examined the secular trend of the energy intake distribution, and its effect on future risk of hyperglycemia. This study aims to describe trajectories of energy intake distribution over 12 years and relate them to subsequent risk of hyperglycemia over 9 years of follow-up. METHODS Our study used ten waves of data from the CHNS survey, a population-based longitudinal survey in China, ongoing since 1989. We examined a cohort of adult participants who were free from diabetes but had at least three waves of dietary data from 1997 to 2009. We assessed energy intake using three consecutive 24 h recalls. We used these data to identify trajectory groups of energy intake distribution by multi-trajectory model based on energy intake proportions of breakfast, lunch, and dinner. We followed up participants for hyperglycemia, diabetes, and impaired fasting glucose for 9 years from 2009 to 2018. Outcomes were ascertained with fasting glucose, serum HbA1c, and self-report of diabetes and/or glucose-lowering medication. We estimated relative risk (RR) for hyperglycemia, diabetes, and impaired fasting glucose by identified trajectory groups using multilevel mixed-effects modified Poisson regression with robust (sandwich) estimation of variance. Gender difference was additionally examined. RESULTS A total of 4417 participants were included. Four trajectory groups were identified, characterized and labeled by "Energy evenly distributed with steady trend group" (Group 1), "Dinner and lunch energy dominant with relatively steady trend group" (Group 2), "Dinner energy dominant with increasing trend and breakfast energy with declining trend group" (Group 3), and "breakfast and dinner energy dominant with increasing trend group" (Group 4). During 48,091 person-years, 1053 cases of incident hyperglycemia occurred, 537 cases of incident diabetes occurred, and 516 cases of impaired fasting glucose occurred. Compared with Group 1, Group 3 was associated with higher subsequent risk of incident hyperglycemia in 9 years of follow-up (RR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.02, 1.61). No association was found for incident diabetes and impaired fasting glucose. Among males, Group 3 was associated with higher risk of incident hyperglycemia in 9 years of follow-up (RR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.07, 1.94). No relationship was found in females. CONCLUSIONS Energy intake distribution characterized by over 40% of energy intake from dinner with a rising trend over years was associated with higher long-term risk of hyperglycemia in Chinese adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Song
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Huijun Wang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Chang Su
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Zhihong Wang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Wenwen Du
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Haojie Hu
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Feifei Huang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Jiguo Zhang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Xiaofang Jia
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Hongru Jiang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Yifei Ouyang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Li Li
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Jing Bai
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Xiaofan Zhang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Gangqiang Ding
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Beijing, 100050 China
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13
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Whey Protein Supplementation Improves the Glycemic Response and May Reduce Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Related Biomarkers in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13072451. [PMID: 34371959 PMCID: PMC8308637 DOI: 10.3390/nu13072451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) increases type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with insulin resistance. We hypothesized that a 35 g whey preload would improve insulin sensitivity and glucose handling while reducing biomarkers associated with NAFLD. Twenty-nine age-matched women (CON = 15, PCOS = 14) completed oral glycemic tolerance tests following baseline (Day 0) as well as an acute (Day 1) and short-term whey supplementation (Day 7). Whey had an interaction effect on glucose (p = 0.02) and insulin (p = 0.03), with glucose remaining stable and insulin increasing with whey supplementation. Insulin sensitivity (p < 0.01) improved with whey associated with increased glucagon secretion (p < 0.01). Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) remained unchanged, but “day” had an effect on the AST:ALT ratio (p = 0.04), whereas triglycerides and sex hormone binding globulin overall were greater in the PCOS group (p < 0.05). Total cholesterol decreased in PCOS (by 13%) and CON (by 8%) (NS). HepG2 cells treated with plasma from participants before and after whey decreased lipid accumulation in the PCOS group after whey (p < 0.05). Whey provided an insulinogenic and glycemic homeostatic effect in women with PCOS with the potential to combat NAFLD-consequences.
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14
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A Pilot Proteomic Study of Normal Human Tears: Leptin as a Potential Biomarker of Metabolic Disorders. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11125755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The concentrations of insulin, leptin, active ghrelin, C-peptide and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and their inter-day variations were examined in normal human tears. In addition, correlations between the concentrations of these metabolic proteins and ocular surface parameters were determined. Subjects with healthy ocular surfaces attended three visits, with 7-day intervals. Tear evaporation rate (TER) and non-invasive tear break-up time (NITBUT) were assessed, and a total of 2 µL tears were collected from all subjects. Tear fluid concentrations of insulin, leptin, active ghrelin, C-peptide and GIP were measured by multiplex bead analysis. Insulin was the most highly expressed metabolic protein, followed by leptin, C-peptide, active ghrelin and GIP. Of these, only active ghrelin had a significant inter-day variation (p < 0.05). There was no inter-day variation in the mean concentrations of the other metabolic proteins. Leptin had a strong intra-class reproducibility. No correlation was detected between tear metabolic protein concentrations and ocular surface parameters. This pilot study shows, for the first time, that active ghrelin and GIP are detectable in healthy tears. The strong intra-class reproducibility for leptin shows that it could be used as a potential tear fluid biomarker and, possibly, in determining the effects of metabolic disorders on the ocular surface.
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15
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Strasser B, Pesta D, Rittweger J, Burtscher J, Burtscher M. Nutrition for Older Athletes: Focus on Sex-Differences. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051409. [PMID: 33922108 PMCID: PMC8143537 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular physical exercise and a healthy diet are major determinants of a healthy lifespan. Although aging is associated with declining endurance performance and muscle function, these components can favorably be modified by regular physical activity and especially by exercise training at all ages in both sexes. In addition, age-related changes in body composition and metabolism, which affect even highly trained masters athletes, can in part be compensated for by higher exercise metabolic efficiency in active individuals. Accordingly, masters athletes are often considered as a role model for healthy aging and their physical capacities are an impressive example of what is possible in aging individuals. In the present review, we first discuss physiological changes, performance and trainability of older athletes with a focus on sex differences. Second, we describe the most important hormonal alterations occurring during aging pertaining regulation of appetite, glucose homeostasis and energy expenditure and the modulatory role of exercise training. The third part highlights nutritional aspects that may support health and physical performance for older athletes. Key nutrition-related concerns include the need for adequate energy and protein intake for preventing low bone and muscle mass and a higher demand for specific nutrients (e.g., vitamin D and probiotics) that may reduce the infection burden in masters athletes. Fourth, we present important research findings on the association between exercise, nutrition and the microbiota, which represents a rapidly developing field in sports nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Strasser
- Medical Faculty, Sigmund Freud Private University, A-1020 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-(0)1-798-40-98
| | - Dominik Pesta
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), D-51147 Cologne, Germany; (D.P.); (J.R.)
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), D-50931 Cologne, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Jörn Rittweger
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), D-51147 Cologne, Germany; (D.P.); (J.R.)
| | - Johannes Burtscher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
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16
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Chapman I, Oberoi A, Giezenaar C, Soenen S. Rational Use of Protein Supplements in the Elderly-Relevance of Gastrointestinal Mechanisms. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041227. [PMID: 33917734 PMCID: PMC8068133 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein supplements are increasingly used by older people to maintain nutrition and prevent or treat loss of muscle function. Daily protein requirements in older people are in the range of 1.2 gm/kg/day or higher. Many older adults do not consume this much protein and are likely to benefit from higher consumption. Protein supplements are probably best taken twice daily, if possible soon after exercise, in doses that achieve protein intakes of 30 gm or more per episode. It is probably not important to give these supplements between meals, as we have shown no suppressive effects of 30 gm whey drinks, and little if any suppression of 70 gm given to older subjects at varying time intervals from meals. Many gastrointestinal mechanisms controlling food intake change with age, but their contributions to changes in responses to protein are not yet well understood. There may be benefits in giving the supplement with rather than between meals, to achieve protein intakes above the effective anabolic threshold with lower supplement doses, and have favourable effects on food-induced blood glucose increases in older people with, or at risk of developing, type 2 diabetes mellitus; combined protein and glucose drinks lower blood glucose compared with glucose alone in older people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Chapman
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence (C.R.E.) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (I.C.); (A.O.)
| | - Avneet Oberoi
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence (C.R.E.) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; (I.C.); (A.O.)
| | - Caroline Giezenaar
- Riddett Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 9430, New Zealand;
| | - Stijn Soenen
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD 4226, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-07-55595-1390
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17
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Cox NJ, Bowyer RCE, Ni Lochlainn M, Wells PM, Roberts HC, Steves CJ. The composition of the gut microbiome differs among community dwelling older people with good and poor appetite. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2021; 12:368-377. [PMID: 33580637 PMCID: PMC8061352 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anorexia of ageing is common and important in the development of sarcopenia in older individuals. Links have been proposed between the gut microbiota and sarcopenia. Disordered gut function is also recognized in anorexia of ageing, but how this may relate to resident gut microbiota is unexplored. Understanding this relationship may provide a basis for novel interventions for anorexia of ageing and sarcopenia. This study explores compositional differences of the gut microbiota between community dwelling healthy older adults with good or poor appetite, and associated differences in sarcopenia. METHODS We assessed appetite by the Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire (SNAQ) in members of the TwinsUK cohort aged ≥65 years. Using a pool of 776 individuals with existing microbiome data estimated from 16S rRNA sequencing data, we identified 102 cases (SNAQ score < 14) (95% female, mean age 68 years) matched to controls (SNAQ > 14) on body mass index, gender, age, diet, calorie consumption, frailty, antibiotic use, socio-economic status, and technical variables to minimize confounding microbiota associations. Species abundance and diversity, compositional differences, and paired differences in taxa abundance were compared between cases and controls. Additionally, we compared case and controls for sarcopenia as measured by muscle mass (appendicular lean mass/height2 ) and strength (chair stand time in seconds). RESULTS Cases with poor appetite had reduced species richness and diversity of their gut microbiome (adjusted OBSERVED: beta = -0.2, P < 0.001; adjusted SHANNON: beta = -0.17, P = 0.0135), significant compositional differences (adjusted non-parametric multivariate analysis of variance, P = 0.0095), and significant differences in taxa abundance including reduction of genus Lachnospira (logFC = -1.015, q = 0.023). In all-female subgroup analysis, cases with poor appetite demonstrated reduction in muscle strength (11.03 s vs. 9.26 s, P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to observe differences in the composition of gut microbiota between healthy community dwelling older individuals with good and poor appetite. We found female individuals with reduced muscle strength had poor appetite compared with those with normal strength. These associations require further examination to understand causality and mechanisms of interaction, to inform potential strategies targeting the gut microbiota as a novel intervention for anorexia of ageing and sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J Cox
- Academic Geriatric Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Ruth C E Bowyer
- Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, Kings College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Mary Ni Lochlainn
- Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, Kings College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Philippa M Wells
- Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, Kings College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | - Helen C Roberts
- Academic Geriatric Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Applied Research Collaboration (ARC) Wessex, Southampton, UK
| | - Claire J Steves
- Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, Kings College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.,Department of Ageing and Health, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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18
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Understanding the appetite modulation pathways: The role of the FFA1 and FFA4 receptors. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 186:114503. [PMID: 33711286 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaconutrition is an area of current interest, especially concerning the advances in the pharmacology of nutrient-sensing receptors, as have been accomplished in the last 20 years. The family of free fatty acid (FFA) receptors is composed of four members, sequentially named as FFA1 to FFA4, which are activated by the short to long-chain fatty acids. The affinity of the FFA1 and FFA4 receptors for the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids prompted pre-clinical and clinical investigations regarding their involvement in metabolic diseases. The main studies have been focused on the receptors' expression analyses, the featuring of knockout mice, and the assessment of selective synthetic ligands. These clearly have indicated a relevant role for FFA1 and FFA4 in the peripheral and central circuits for the regulation of energetic metabolism. This review article aimed to discuss the relevance of the FFA1 and FFA4 receptors in appetite-related complications, mainly related to obesity, cancer cachexia, and anorexia in the elderly, emphasizing whether their pharmacological modulation might be useful for the management of these disorders.
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19
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Mohr AE, Minicucci O, Long D, Miller VJ, Keller A, Sheridan C, O’brien G, Ward E, Schuler B, Connelly S, Holst JJ, Astrup A, He F, Gentile CL, Arciero PJ. Resistant Starch Combined with Whey Protein Increases Postprandial Metabolism and Lowers Glucose and Insulin Responses in Healthy Adult Men. Foods 2021; 10:foods10030537. [PMID: 33807618 PMCID: PMC8000721 DOI: 10.3390/foods10030537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistant starch (RS) and/or protein consumption favorably influence energy metabolism, substrate utilization, and weight management. The current study administered four different versions of a pancake breakfast containing waxy maize or RS with and without whey protein (WP) and measured postprandial thermogenesis (TEM), fuel utilization, and circulating satiation and appetite factors for 180 min in a group of healthy, adult men. On four separate visits to the laboratory, eight participants were administered four different pancake breakfast meal challenges using a single-blind, randomized crossover design: (1) waxy maize starch (WMS) control; (2) WMS and WP (WMS + WP); (3) RS; or (4) RS and WP (RS + WP). TEM (kcals/180 min) was significantly greater (p < 0.05) in RS + WP (45.11; confidence interval (CI), 33.81–56.41) compared to WMS (25.61; CI, 14.31–36.91), RS (29.44; CI, 18.14–40.74), and WMS + WP (24.64; CI, 13.34–35.94), respectively. Fat oxidation was enhanced (p < 0.05) after RS + WP compared to RS at 60 min (+23.10%), WMS at 120 min (+27.49%), and WMS and WMS + WP at 180 min (+35.76%; +17.31%, respectively), and RER was decreased with RS + WP versus the other three meals (mean differences: ≥−0.021). Insulin concentrations were decreased (p < 0.05) following RS + WP compared to WMS, whereas both RS (−46.19%) and RS + WP (−53.05%) insulin area under the curve (AUC) were greatly reduced (p < 0.01) compared to WMS. While limited by sample size, meals containing both RS and WP increased postprandial thermogenesis and fat oxidation, and lowered insulin response compared to isocaloric meals without this combination. Therefore, RS + WP may favorably impact energy metabolism and thus weight control and body composition under chronic feeding conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex E. Mohr
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA; (A.E.M.); (O.M.); (D.L.J.); (V.J.M.); (A.K.); (C.S.); (G.O.); (E.W.); (B.S.); (F.H.)
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Olivia Minicucci
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA; (A.E.M.); (O.M.); (D.L.J.); (V.J.M.); (A.K.); (C.S.); (G.O.); (E.W.); (B.S.); (F.H.)
| | - Dale Long
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA; (A.E.M.); (O.M.); (D.L.J.); (V.J.M.); (A.K.); (C.S.); (G.O.); (E.W.); (B.S.); (F.H.)
| | - Vincent J. Miller
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA; (A.E.M.); (O.M.); (D.L.J.); (V.J.M.); (A.K.); (C.S.); (G.O.); (E.W.); (B.S.); (F.H.)
| | - Allison Keller
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA; (A.E.M.); (O.M.); (D.L.J.); (V.J.M.); (A.K.); (C.S.); (G.O.); (E.W.); (B.S.); (F.H.)
| | - Caitlin Sheridan
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA; (A.E.M.); (O.M.); (D.L.J.); (V.J.M.); (A.K.); (C.S.); (G.O.); (E.W.); (B.S.); (F.H.)
| | - Gabriel O’brien
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA; (A.E.M.); (O.M.); (D.L.J.); (V.J.M.); (A.K.); (C.S.); (G.O.); (E.W.); (B.S.); (F.H.)
| | - Emery Ward
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA; (A.E.M.); (O.M.); (D.L.J.); (V.J.M.); (A.K.); (C.S.); (G.O.); (E.W.); (B.S.); (F.H.)
| | - Brad Schuler
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA; (A.E.M.); (O.M.); (D.L.J.); (V.J.M.); (A.K.); (C.S.); (G.O.); (E.W.); (B.S.); (F.H.)
| | - Scott Connelly
- Scott Connelly Foundation, Corona Del Mar, Newport Beach, CA 92625, USA;
| | - Jens J. Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1017 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Arne Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, 1017 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Feng He
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA; (A.E.M.); (O.M.); (D.L.J.); (V.J.M.); (A.K.); (C.S.); (G.O.); (E.W.); (B.S.); (F.H.)
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Chico, CA 95929, USA
| | - Christopher L. Gentile
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
| | - Paul J. Arciero
- Human Nutrition and Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA; (A.E.M.); (O.M.); (D.L.J.); (V.J.M.); (A.K.); (C.S.); (G.O.); (E.W.); (B.S.); (F.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-518-580-5366; Fax: +1-518-580-8356
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20
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Klockars A, Levine AS, Head MA, Perez-Leighton CE, Kotz CM, Olszewski PK. Impact of Gut and Metabolic Hormones on Feeding Reward. Compr Physiol 2021; 11:1425-1447. [PMID: 33577129 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c190042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Ingestion of food activates a cascade of endocrine responses (thereby reflecting a contemporaneous feeding status) that include the release of hormones from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, such as cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagonlike peptide YY (PYY), peptide PP, and oleoylethanolamide, as well as suppression of ghrelin secretion. The pancreas and adipose tissue, on the other hand, release hormones that serve as a measure of the current metabolic state or the long-term energy stores, that is, insulin, leptin, and adiponectin. It is well known and intuitively understandable that these hormones target either directly (by crossing the blood-brain barrier) or indirectly (e.g., via vagal input) the "homeostatic" brainstem-hypothalamic pathways involved in the regulation of appetite. The current article focuses on yet another target of the metabolic and GI hormones that is critical in inducing changes in food intake, namely, the reward system. We discuss the physiological basis of this functional interaction, its importance in the control of appetite, and the impact that disruption of this crosstalk has on energy intake in select physiological and pathophysiological states. We conclude that metabolic and GI hormones have a capacity to strengthen or weaken a response of the reward system to a given food, and thus, they are fundamental in ensuring that feeding reward is plastic and dependent on the energy status of the organism. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1425-1447, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anica Klockars
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Allen S Levine
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mitchell A Head
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | | | - Catherine M Kotz
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Pawel K Olszewski
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand.,Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Oberoi A, Giezenaar C, Clames A, Bøhler K, Lange K, Horowitz M, Jones KL, Chapman I, Soenen S. Whey Protein Drink Ingestion before Breakfast Suppressed Energy Intake at Breakfast and Lunch, but Not during Dinner, and Was Less Suppressed in Healthy Older than Younger Men. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113318. [PMID: 33138061 PMCID: PMC7693940 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ageing is associated with changes in feeding behavior. We have reported that there is suppression of energy intake three hours after whey protein drink ingestion in young, but not older, men. This study aimed to determine these effects over a time period of 9 h. Fifteen younger (27 ± 1 years, 25.8 ± 0.7 kg/m2) and 15 older (75 ± 2 years, 26.6 ± 0.8 kg/m2) healthy men were studied on three occasions on which they received, in a randomized order, a 30 g/120 kcal, 70 g/280 kcal whey-protein, or control (~2 kcal) drink. Ad-libitum energy intake (sum of breakfast, lunch, and dinner) was suppressed in a protein load responsive fashion (P = 0.001). Suppression was minimal at breakfast, substantial at lunch (~-16%, P = 0.001), no longer present by dinner, and was less in older than younger men (-3 ± 4% vs. -8 ± 4%, P = 0.027). Cumulative protein intake was increased in the younger and older men (+20% and +42%, P < 0.001). Visual analogue scale ratings of fullness were higher and desire to eat and prospective food consumption were lower after protein vs. control, and these effects were smaller in older vs. younger men (interaction effect P < 0.05). These findings support the use of whey-protein drink supplements in older people who aim to increase their protein intake without decreasing their overall energy intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avneet Oberoi
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, South-Australia, Australia; (A.O.); (A.C.); (K.B.); (K.L.); (M.H.); (K.L.J.); (I.C.)
| | - Caroline Giezenaar
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 9430, New Zealand;
| | - Alina Clames
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, South-Australia, Australia; (A.O.); (A.C.); (K.B.); (K.L.); (M.H.); (K.L.J.); (I.C.)
| | - Kristine Bøhler
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, South-Australia, Australia; (A.O.); (A.C.); (K.B.); (K.L.); (M.H.); (K.L.J.); (I.C.)
| | - Kylie Lange
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, South-Australia, Australia; (A.O.); (A.C.); (K.B.); (K.L.); (M.H.); (K.L.J.); (I.C.)
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, South-Australia, Australia; (A.O.); (A.C.); (K.B.); (K.L.); (M.H.); (K.L.J.); (I.C.)
| | - Karen L. Jones
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, South-Australia, Australia; (A.O.); (A.C.); (K.B.); (K.L.); (M.H.); (K.L.J.); (I.C.)
| | - Ian Chapman
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, South-Australia, Australia; (A.O.); (A.C.); (K.B.); (K.L.); (M.H.); (K.L.J.); (I.C.)
| | - Stijn Soenen
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5000, South-Australia, Australia; (A.O.); (A.C.); (K.B.); (K.L.); (M.H.); (K.L.J.); (I.C.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences & Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast 4229, Queensland, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-487-333-418
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Oberoi A, Giezenaar C, Jensen C, Lange K, Hausken T, Jones KL, Horowitz M, Chapman I, Soenen S. Acute effects of whey protein on energy intake, appetite and gastric emptying in younger and older, obese men. Nutr Diabetes 2020; 10:37. [PMID: 33004790 PMCID: PMC7531014 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-020-00139-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is becoming more prevalent in older people. A management strategy in obese, young adults is to increase dietary protein relative to other macronutrients. It is not clear if this is effective in obese, older individuals. Obesity may be associated with diminished sensitivity to nutrients. We have reported that a 30-g whey protein drink slows gastric emptying more, and suppresses energy intake less, in older, than younger, non-obese men. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of a 30 g whey protein drink on energy intake, GE and glycaemia in obese, older and younger men. METHODS In randomized, double-blind order, 10 younger (age: 27 ± 2 years; BMI: 36 ± 2 kg/m²), and 10 older (72 ± 1 years; 33 ± 1 kg/m²), obese men were studied twice. After an overnight fast, subjects ingested a test drink containing 30 g whey protein (120 kcal) or control (2 kcal). Postprandial gastric emptying (antral area, 2D Ultrasound) and blood glucose concentrations were measured for 180 min. At t = 180 min subjects were given a buffet meal and ad libitum energy intake was assessed. RESULTS Older subjects ate non-significantly less (~20%) that the younger subjects (effect of age, P = 0.16). Whey protein had no effect on subsequent energy intake (kcal) compared to control in either the younger (decrease 3 ± 8%) or older (decrease 2 ± 8%) obese men (age effect P > 0.05, protein effect P = 0.46, age × protein interaction effect P = 0.84). Whey protein slowed gastric emptying, to a similar degree in both age groups (50% emptying time: control vs. protein young men: 255 ± 5 min vs. 40 ± 7 min; older men: 16 ± 5 min vs. 50 ± 8 min; protein effect P = 0.001, age effect P = 0.93, age × protein interaction effect P = 0.13). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that obesity may blunt/abolish the age-related effect of whey protein on suppression of energy intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avneet Oberoi
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, South-Australia, SA, Australia
| | | | - Caroline Jensen
- Centre for Nutrition, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kylie Lange
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, South-Australia, SA, Australia
| | - Trygve Hausken
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Karen L Jones
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, South-Australia, SA, Australia
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, South-Australia, SA, Australia
| | - Ian Chapman
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, South-Australia, SA, Australia
| | - Stijn Soenen
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, South-Australia, SA, Australia.
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
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Amigo-Benavent M, Power-Grant O, FitzGerald RJ, Jakeman P. The insulinotropic and incretin response to feeding a milk based protein matrix in healthy young women. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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The Effects of Cow-Milk Protein Supplementation in Elderly Population: Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092548. [PMID: 32842497 PMCID: PMC7551861 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. To review currently available evidence on the effect of cow-milk proteins supplementation (CPS) on health in the elderly. Methods. Five electronic databases (Pubmed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov) were searched for studies about CPS among older people. All types of publications were included, with the exception of systematic reviews, meta-analyses, opinion letters, editorials, case reports, conference abstracts and comments. An additional search in Google Scholar and a manual review of the reference lists were performed. Results. Overall, 103 studies were included. Several studies explored the role of CPS in the preservation or improvement of muscle mass among healthy subjects (40 studies) and pre-frail, frail or sarcopenic patients (14), with evidence of beneficial effects. Other studies assessed the effect of CPS on bones (12), cardiovascular disease (8), inflamm-aging (7), chronic pulmonary disease (4), neurocognitive function (4), and vaccines (2), with weak evidence of positive effects. Seven studies in the field of protein metabolism investigated the role of CPS as an important contributor to nutritional needs. Other investigational areas are considered in the last five studies. Conclusions. The beneficial effects of CPS in achieving aged-related nutritional goals, in preserving muscle mass and in recovering after hospitalization may be particularly relevant in the elderly.
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Zare F, Parvizi MM, Saki N, Jaladat AM. Applications of Ma'aljobon, a natural remedy from traditional Persian medicine, in dermatology: A journey from past to modernity. Dermatol Ther 2020; 33:e13931. [PMID: 32662602 DOI: 10.1111/dth.13931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Ma'aljobon, a handmade substance, is the liquid portion of coagulated milk after adding vinegar to the heated milk. In traditional Persian medicine (TPM) it has been known as a useful remedy for the treatment of some skin disorders. The aim of this study was to review the applications of Ma'aljobon for skin diseases according to the sages of TPM and modern medicine. Main TPM sources were reviewed with the keyword of "Ma'aljobon." Furthermore, electronic databases including Scopus, PubMed, SID, and Google Scholar were searched with the keyword "Whey protein" during 2000 to 2018. According to TPM sources, Ma'aljobon was used by Iranian sages as a safe and effective remedy to treat a wide range of skin diseases, such as pimples, and ulcers. Meantime, recent evidence has also shown the effectiveness of whey protein in treating some skin disorders such as atopic dermatitis. Gastrointestinal discomfort was the most adverse effect of Ma'aljobon mentioned in TPM sources. In conclusion, there were several applications for Ma'aljobon in treatment of dermatologic disease according to TPM, as well as modern medicine. These finding could be the basis of future clinical trials on the effects of Ma'aljobon in the treatment of skin problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Zare
- Department of History of Medicine, School of Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Parvizi
- Molecular Dermatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Nasrin Saki
- Molecular Dermatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amir Mohammad Jaladat
- Department of Traditional Persian Medicine, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Johnson KO, Shannon OM, Matu J, Holliday A, Ispoglou T, Deighton K. Differences in circulating appetite-related hormone concentrations between younger and older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aging Clin Exp Res 2020; 32:1233-1244. [PMID: 31432431 PMCID: PMC7316693 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-019-01292-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ageing is associated with reduced appetite and energy intakes. However, the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are not fully understood. This systematic review and meta-analysis quantified differences in circulating concentrations of appetite-related hormones between healthy older and younger adults. Six databases were searched through 12th June 2018 for studies that compared appetite-related hormone concentrations between older and younger adults. Data were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis and are presented as standardised mean difference (Hedges’ g) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Thirty-five studies were included involving 710 older adults (mean ± SD; age: 73 ± 5 years) and 713 younger adults (age: 28 ± 7 years). Compared with younger adults, older adults exhibited higher fasted and postprandial concentrations of the anorectic hormones cholecystokinin (Fasted: SMD 0.41 (95% CI 0.24, 0.57); p < 0.001. Postprandial: SMD 0.41 (0.20, 0.62); p < 0.001), leptin [Fasted: SMD 1.23 (0.15, 2.30); p = 0.025. Postprandial: SMD 0.62 (0.23, 1.01); p = 0.002] and insulin [Fasted: SMD 0.24 (− 0.02, 0.50); p = 0.073. Postprandial: SMD 0.16 (0.01, 0.32); p = 0.043]. Higher postprandial concentrations of peptide-YY were also observed in older adults compared with younger adults [SMD 0.31 (− 0.03, 0.65); p = 0.075]. Compared with younger adults, older adults had lower energy intakes [SMD − 0.98 (− 1.74, − 0.22); p = 0.011], and lower hunger perceptions in the fasted [SMD − 1.00 (− 1.54, − 0.46); p < 0.001] and postprandial states [SMD − 0.31, (− 0.64, 0.02); p = 0.064]. Higher circulating concentrations of insulin, leptin, cholecystokinin and peptide-YY accord with reduced appetite and energy intakes in healthy older adults. Interventions to reduce circulating levels of these hormones may be beneficial for combatting the anorexia of ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsie Olivia Johnson
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK
| | - Oliver Michael Shannon
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Jamie Matu
- School of Clinical and Applied Science, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS1 3HE, UK
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds University, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Adrian Holliday
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK
| | - Theocharis Ispoglou
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK
| | - Kevin Deighton
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, LS6 3QS, UK.
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Fairfax Hall, Leeds, LS6 3QQ, UK.
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Giezenaar C, Lange K, Hausken T, Jones KL, Horowitz M, Chapman I, Soenen S. Effects of Age on Acute Appetite-Related Responses to Whey-Protein Drinks, Including Energy Intake, Gastric Emptying, Blood Glucose, and Plasma Gut Hormone Concentrations-A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12041008. [PMID: 32268554 PMCID: PMC7231005 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein-rich supplements are used commonly to increase energy intake in undernourished older people. This study aimed to establish age effects on energy intake, appetite, gastric emptying, blood glucose, and gut hormones in response to protein-rich drinks. In a randomized double-blind, order, 13 older men (age: 75 ± 2 yrs, body mass index (BMI): 26 ± 1 kg/m2) and 13 younger (23 ± 1 yrs, 24 ± 1 kg/m2) men consumed (i) a control drink (~2 kcal) or drinks (450 mL) containing protein/fat/carbohydrate: (ii) 70 g/0 g/0 g (280 kcal/'P280'), (iii) 14 g/12.4 g/28 g (280 kcal/'M280'), (iv) 70 g/12.4 g/28 g (504 kcal/'M504'), on four separate days. Appetite (visual analog scales), gastric emptying (3D ultrasonography), blood glucose, plasma insulin, ghrelin, cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) concentrations (0-180 min), and ad-libitum energy intake (180-210 min) were determined. Older men, compared to younger men, had higher fasting glucose and CCK concentrations and lower fasting GLP-1 concentrations (all p < 0.05). Energy intake by P280 compared to control was less suppressed in older men (increase: 49 ± 42 kcal) than it was in younger men (suppression: 100 ± 54 kcal, p = 0.038). After the caloric drinks, the suppression of hunger and the desire to eat, and the stimulation of fullness was less (p < 0.05), and the stimulation of plasma GLP-1 was higher (p < 0.05) in older men compared to younger men. Gastric emptying, glucose, insulin, ghrelin, and CCK responses were similar between age groups. In conclusion, ageing reduces the responses of caloric drinks on hunger, the desire to eat, fullness, and energy intake, and protein-rich nutrition supplements may be an effective strategy to increase energy intake in undernourished older people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Giezenaar
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand;
| | - Kylie Lange
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence (C.R.E.) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, South-Australia 5000, Australia; (K.L.); (K.L.J.); (M.H.); (I.C.)
| | - Trygve Hausken
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway;
| | - Karen L. Jones
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence (C.R.E.) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, South-Australia 5000, Australia; (K.L.); (K.L.J.); (M.H.); (I.C.)
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence (C.R.E.) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, South-Australia 5000, Australia; (K.L.); (K.L.J.); (M.H.); (I.C.)
| | - Ian Chapman
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence (C.R.E.) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, South-Australia 5000, Australia; (K.L.); (K.L.J.); (M.H.); (I.C.)
| | - Stijn Soenen
- Adelaide Medical School and Centre of Research Excellence (C.R.E.) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, South-Australia 5000, Australia; (K.L.); (K.L.J.); (M.H.); (I.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-8313-3638
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Pham H, Marathe CS, Phillips LK, Trahair LG, Hatzinikolas S, Huynh L, Wu T, Nauck MA, Rayner CK, Horowitz M, Jones KL. Longitudinal Changes in Fasting and Glucose-Stimulated GLP-1 and GIP in Healthy Older Subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:6201-6206. [PMID: 31393567 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2019-01262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT It is not known whether glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) levels correlate within individuals, nor whether levels change with age. Previous studies have all been cross-sectional in design. OBJECTIVE To evaluate longitudinal changes in fasting and glucose-stimulated incretin hormone concentrations in healthy older subjects. PATIENTS AND DESIGN Forty-one healthy older subjects had measurements of plasma GLP-1 and GIP while fasting and after a 75-g oral glucose load on two occasions separated by 5.9 ± 0.1 years [mean age at the initial study: 71.2 ± 3.8 (SD) years]. Breath samples were collected to calculate the gastric 50% emptying time (T50). RESULTS For GLP-1, both fasting concentrations (P < 0.001) and area under the curve 0 to 120 minutes (P = 0.001) were decreased at followup. Fasting GIP was also lower (P = 0.03) at follow up, but there was no change in the area under the curve 0 to 120 minutes (P = 0.26). The gastric emptying T50 was slower at followup (P = 0.008). Neither the change in T50 nor the body mass index at the initial study was a determinant of the change in incretin responses. Between the two study days, fasting GIP (r = 0.72, P < 0.001) correlated well, but not fasting GLP-1 (r = 0.23, P = 0.18). However, both glucose-stimulated GLP-1 (r = 0.50, P = 0.002) and GIP (r = 0.60, P < 0.001) showed correlations between the initial and follow-up studies. CONCLUSIONS Fasting GIP and glucose-stimulated GLP-1 and GIP concentrations correlate within individuals over a follow-up period of ∼5.9 years. Aging is associated with reductions in fasting GLP-1 and GIP, and glucose-stimulated GLP-1, which may predispose to the development of glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung Pham
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Chinmay S Marathe
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Liza K Phillips
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Laurence G Trahair
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Seva Hatzinikolas
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lian Huynh
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Tongzhi Wu
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michael A Nauck
- Diabetes Center Bochum-Hattingen, St. Josef- Hospital, Bochum, Germany
| | - Christopher K Rayner
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michael Horowitz
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Karen L Jones
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Sha S, Liu X, Zhao R, Qing L, He Q, Sun L, Chen L. Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 analog liraglutide on the systemic inflammation in high-fat-diet-induced mice. Endocrine 2019; 66:494-502. [PMID: 31542859 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-019-02081-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Metabolic syndrome is a chronic-metabolic disease caused by a variety of factors, including high peripheral blood insulin levels and insulin resistance. It has been reported that GLP-1 could regulate insulin resistance. It is not known whether and how GLP-1 protects from fat-induced inflammation and immune changes. We investigated if GLP-1 alters the populations of fat-induced inflammation and immune cells and the related mechanism. METHODS We obtained obese C57BL/6J mice by feeding them high-fat food, then treated the obese mice with GLP-1+ high-fat diet (G + Hi), normal chow diet (Nor), or high-fat diet (Hi) (n = 20 for each group) for 8 weeks. The GLP-1 receptor-/- B6 group were fed with HFD for 8 weeks (GLP-1R KO + Hi). In vivo and in vitro experiments were conducted on mice immune cells to investigate the effects of GLP-1 on the changes of the immune components and functions in obesity. RESULTS We found that GLP-1 could efficiently change the CD4+ T subsets and level of cytokines in high-fat-induced mice by GLP-1 receptor. Further, these changes were correlated with a reduction in fat content and serum lipid level. Interestingly, GLP-1 could enhance the function of Tregs in vitro. CONCLUSION Our data showed that GLP-1 has an important role in shaping the CD4+ T population in high-fat-diet-induced mice by GLP-1 receptor, possibly providing a new target for the treatment of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Sha
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Province medicine& health, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Province medicine& health, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ruxing Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Province medicine& health, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Li Qing
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Province medicine& health, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qin He
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Province medicine& health, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Province medicine& health, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Province medicine& health, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Abdulla H, Bass JJ, Stokes T, Gorissen SHM, McGlory C, Phillips BE, Phillips SM, Smith K, Idris I, Atherton PJ. The effect of oral essential amino acids on incretin hormone production in youth and ageing. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2019; 2:e00085. [PMID: 31592446 PMCID: PMC6775449 DOI: 10.1002/edm2.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of substantive doses of essential amino acids (EAA) on incretin and insulin production, and the impact of age upon this effect, is ill-defined. METHODS A 15-g oral EAA drink was administered to young (N = 8; 26 ± 4.4 years) and older (N = 8; 69 ± 3.8 years) healthy volunteers. Another group of younger volunteers (N = 9; 21 ± 1.9 years) was given IV infusions to achieve equivalent plasma amino acids (AA) profiles. Plasma AA, insulin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) were quantified over 2 hours. RESULTS In younger recruits, EAA-induced rapid insulinaemia and aminoacidaemia with total amino acids(AA), EAA and branched chain amino acids (BCAA) matched between oral and IV groups. Insulin peaked at 39 ± 29 pmol L-1 at 30 minutes following oral feeding compared to 22 ± 9 pmol L-1 at 60 minutes following IV feeding (P: NS). EAA peaked at 3395 μmol L-1 at 45 minutes during IV infusion compared to 2892 μmol L-1 following oral intake (Feeding effect: P < 0.0001. Oral vs IV feeding: P: NS). There was an 11% greater increase in insulin levels in the 120 minutes duration of the study in response to oral EAA as opposed to IV EAA. GIP increased following oral EAA (452 pmol L-1 vs 232 pmol L-1, P < 0.05). Age did not impact insulin or incretins production. CONCLUSION Postprandial rises in EAA levels lead to rapid insulinaemia which is higher with oral compared with IV EAA, that is attributed more to GIP and unaffected by age. This finding supports EAA, on their own or as part of high-protein meal, as nutritive therapeutics in impaired glycaemia and ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitham Abdulla
- MRC‐ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR BRC, School of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
- Diabetes and Endocrinology CentreUniversity Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Heartlands HospitalBirminghamUK
| | - Joseph J. Bass
- MRC‐ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR BRC, School of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
- Department of Physical Education and Sport SciencesUniversity of LimerickLimerickUK
| | - Tanner Stokes
- Department of KinesiologyMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | | | - Chris McGlory
- Department of KinesiologyMcMaster UniversityHamiltonOntarioCanada
| | - Bethan E. Phillips
- MRC‐ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR BRC, School of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
| | | | - Kenneth Smith
- MRC‐ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR BRC, School of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
| | - Iskandar Idris
- MRC‐ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR BRC, School of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
- Department of Endocrinology and DiabetesUniversity Hospitals Derby and Burton NHS Foundation TrustDerbyUK
| | - Philip J. Atherton
- MRC‐ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR BRC, School of MedicineUniversity of NottinghamDerbyUK
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Gastrointestinal Sensing of Meal-Related Signals in Humans, and Dysregulations in Eating-Related Disorders. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061298. [PMID: 31181734 PMCID: PMC6627312 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract plays a critical role in sensing the arrival of a meal, including its volume as well as nutrient and non-nutrient contents. The presence of the meal in the stomach generates a mechanical distension signal, and, as gastric emptying progresses, nutrients increasingly interact with receptors on enteroendocrine cells, triggering the release of gut hormones, with lipid and protein being particularly potent. Collectively, these signals are transmitted to the brain to regulate appetite and energy intake, or in a feedback loop relayed back to the upper GI tract to further adjust GI functions, including gastric emptying. The research in this area to date has provided important insights into how sensing of intraluminal meal-related stimuli acutely regulates appetite and energy intake in humans. However, disturbances in the detection of these stimuli have been described in a number of eating-related disorders. This paper will review the GI sensing of meal-related stimuli and the relationship with appetite and energy intake, and examine changes in GI responses to luminal stimuli in obesity, functional dyspepsia and anorexia of ageing, as examples of eating-related disorders. A much better understanding of the mechanisms underlying these dysregulations is still required to assist in the development of effective management and treatment strategies in the future.
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Giezenaar C, Lange K, Hausken T, Jones KL, Horowitz M, Chapman I, Soenen S. Acute Effects of Substitution, and Addition, of Carbohydrates and Fat to Protein on Gastric Emptying, Blood Glucose, Gut Hormones, Appetite, and Energy Intake. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10101451. [PMID: 30301241 PMCID: PMC6213197 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Whey protein, when ingested on its own, load-dependently slows gastric emptying and stimulates gut hormone concentrations in healthy young men. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of substitution, and addition, of carbohydrate (dextrose) and fat (olive oil) to whey protein. In randomized, double-blind order, 13 healthy young men (age: 23 ± 1 years, body mass index: 24 ± 1 kg/m²) ingested a control drink (450 mL; ~2 kcal/'control') or iso-volumetric drinks containing protein/carbohydrate/fat: (i) 14 g/28 g/12.4 g (280 kcal/'M280'), (ii) 70 g/28 g/12.4 g (504kcal/'M504'), and (iii) 70 g/0 g/0 g (280 kcal/'P280'), on 4 separate study days. Gastric emptying (n = 11, 3D-ultrasonography), blood glucose, plasma insulin, ghrelin, cholecystokinin (CCK) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) concentrations (0⁻180 min), appetite (visual analogue scales), and ad-libitum buffet-meal energy intake (180⁻210 min) were determined. Substitution of protein with carbohydrate and fat was associated with faster gastric emptying (lower 50% emptying time (T50)), reduced suppression of ghrelin, and stimulation of GLP-1 (all P < 0.001); while the addition of carbohydrate and fat to protein did not affect gastric emptying or gut hormone responses significantly. Total energy intake (i.e., drink plus meal) was greater after all caloric drinks than control (P < 0.001). In conclusion, substitution of whey protein with dextrose and olive oil accelerated gastric emptying. Higher protein content of a mixed macronutrient drink increased gut hormone and insulin responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Giezenaar
- Adelaide Medical School and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia.
| | - Kylie Lange
- Adelaide Medical School and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia.
| | - Trygve Hausken
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Karen L Jones
- Adelaide Medical School and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia.
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Adelaide Medical School and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia.
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide 5000, Australia.
| | - Ian Chapman
- Adelaide Medical School and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia.
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide 5000, Australia.
| | - Stijn Soenen
- Adelaide Medical School and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence (CRE) in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia.
- Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide 5000, Australia.
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Giezenaar C, Luscombe-Marsh ND, Hutchison AT, Lange K, Hausken T, Jones KL, Horowitz M, Chapman I, Soenen S. Effect of gender on the acute effects of whey protein ingestion on energy intake, appetite, gastric emptying and gut hormone responses in healthy young adults. Nutr Diabetes 2018; 8:40. [PMID: 30006513 PMCID: PMC6045591 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-018-0048-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Protein supplements, usually drinks rich in whey protein, are used widely for weight loss purposes in overweight adults. Information comparing the effects of whey protein on appetite and energy intake in men and women is limited. The objective was to compare the acute effects of whey-protein intake on energy intake, appetite, gastric emptying and gut hormones in healthy young men and women. SUBJECTS/METHODS Gastric emptying (3D-ultrasonography), blood glucose and plasma insulin, glucagon, ghrelin, cholecystokinin (CCK), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) concentrations (0-180 min), appetite (visual analogue scales), and ad libitum energy intake from a buffet meal (180-210 min) were determined after ingestion of 30 g (120 kcal) or 70 g (280 kcal) whey protein, or a flavoured-water control drink (~2 kcal) in 8 healthy young men (25 ± 2 y, 72 ± 3 kg, 23 ± 1 kg/m2) and 8 women (23 ± 1 y, 64 ± 2 kg, 24 ± 0.4 kg/m2). RESULTS There was a protein-load effect on gastric emptying, blood glucose, plasma insulin, glucagon, ghrelin, CCK, GIP and GLP-1 concentrations, and perceptions of hunger, desire to eat and prospective food consumption (P < 0.05). Ad libitum energy intake (average decrease of 206 ± 39 kcal (15 ± 2%) for men and of 46 ± 54 kcal (0 ± 26%) for women for the mean of the intakes after the 30 and 70 g whey-protein loads) and hunger were suppressed more by whey-protein ingestion in men than women (P = 0.046). There was no difference in suppression of energy intake between the 30 and 70 g protein loads (P = 0.75, interaction effect P = 0.19). Consequently, total energy intake (protein drink plus buffet meal) increased more compared to control in women than men (P = 0.010). The drinks emptied more slowly, and plasma glucagon, CCK and GLP-1 increased less after the protein drinks, in women than men (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The acute effects of whey protein ingestion on appetite, energy intake, gastric emptying and gut hormone responses are influenced by gender in healthy young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Giezenaar
- Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Natalie D Luscombe-Marsh
- Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Amy T Hutchison
- Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Kylie Lange
- Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Trygve Hausken
- Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Karen L Jones
- Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Michael Horowitz
- Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ian Chapman
- Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Stijn Soenen
- Discipline of Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia (NHMRC) Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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