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Aguchem RN, Okagu IU, Okorigwe EM, Uzoechina JO, Nnemolisa SC, Ezeorba TPC. Role of CETP, PCSK-9, and CYP7-alpha in cholesterol metabolism: Potential targets for natural products in managing hypercholesterolemia. Life Sci 2024; 351:122823. [PMID: 38866219 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a leading cause of mortality worldwide, primarily affecting the heart and blood vessels, with atherosclerosis being a major contributing factor to their onset. Epidemiological and clinical studies have linked high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) emanating from distorted cholesterol homeostasis as its major predisposing factor. Cholesterol homeostasis, which involves maintaining the balance in body cholesterol level, is mediated by several proteins or receptors, transcription factors, and even genes, regulating cholesterol influx (through dietary intake or de novo synthesis) and efflux (by their conversion to bile acids). Previous knowledge about CVDs management has evolved around modulating these receptors' activities through synthetic small molecules/antibodies, with limited interest in natural products. The central roles of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), and cytochrome P450 family 7 subfamily A member 1 (CYP7A1), among other proteins or receptors, have fostered growing scientific interests in understanding more on their regulatory activities and potential as drug targets. We present up-to-date knowledge on the contributions of CETP, PCSK9, and CYP7A1 toward CVDs, highlighting the clinical successes and failures of small molecules/antibodies to modulate their activities. In recommendation for a new direction to improve cardiovascular health, we have presented recent findings on natural products (including functional food, plant extracts, phytochemicals, bioactive peptides, and therapeutic carbohydrates) that also modulate the activities of CETP, PCSK-9, and CYP7A1, and emphasized the need for more research efforts redirected toward unraveling more on natural products potentials even at clinical trial level for CVD management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Ngozi Aguchem
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu State 410001, Nigeria
| | - Innocent Uzochukwu Okagu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu State 410001, Nigeria
| | - Ekezie Matthew Okorigwe
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu State 410001, Nigeria; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 46556 Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Jude Obiorah Uzoechina
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu State 410001, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen University Town, Shenzhen, PR China
| | | | - Timothy Prince Chidike Ezeorba
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu State 410001, Nigeria; Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu State 410001, Nigeria; Department of Environmental Health and Risk Management, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
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2
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Lammi C. Plant bioactive peptides for cardiovascular disease prevention. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2023; 106:219-239. [PMID: 37722773 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of deaths in industrialized countries and a constantly growing cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide Hypercholesterolemia is one of the main risk factors for CVD progression that may be prevented by lifestyle changes, including diet. This chapter will discuss the role of peptides from plants (soybean, lupin, cowpea, hempseed, and rice bran) sources with pleotropic activity for the prevention of CVD. Overall, the bioactivity that will be mainly discussed it is the hypocholesterolemic one. The very diversified structures of the hypocholesterolemic peptides so far identified explains the reason why they exert their activity through different mechanisms of action that will be extensively described in this review. Doubtlessly, their potential use in nutritional application is desirable, however, only few of them have been tested in vivo. Therefore, more efforts need to be pursued for singling out good candidates for the development of functional foods or dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Lammi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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3
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Lammi C, Fassi EMA, Manenti M, Brambilla M, Conti M, Li J, Roda G, Camera M, Silvani A, Grazioso G. Computational Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Diimidazole Analogues Endowed with Dual PCSK9/HMG-CoAR-Inhibiting Activity. J Med Chem 2023. [PMID: 37261954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9) is responsible for the degradation of the hepatic low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), which regulates circulating cholesterol levels. Consequently, the PCSK9 inhibition is a valuable therapeutic approach for the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and cardiovascular diseases. In our studies, we discovered Rim13, a polyimidazole derivative reducing the protein-protein interaction between PCSK9 and LDLR with an IC50 of 1.6 μM. The computational design led to the optimization of the shape of the PCSK9/ligand complementarity, enabling the discovery of potent diimidazole derivatives. In fact, carrying out biological assays to fully characterize the cholesterol-lowering activity of the new analogues and using both biochemical and cellular techniques, compound Dim16 displayed improved PCSK9 inhibitory activity (IC50 0.9 nM). Interestingly, similar to other lupin-derived peptides and their synthetic analogues, some compounds in this series showed dual hypocholesterolemic activity since some of them complementarily inhibited the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Lammi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico M A Fassi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Manenti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Brambilla
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, via Parea 4, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Conti
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, via Parea 4, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Jianqiang Li
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Roda
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Camera
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, via Parea 4, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Silvani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 10, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Grazioso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via L. Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
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4
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Cheung B, Sikand G, Dineen EH, Malik S, Barseghian El-Farra A. Lipid-Lowering Nutraceuticals for an Integrative Approach to Dyslipidemia. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12103414. [PMID: 37240523 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12103414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidemia is a treatable risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease that can be addressed through lifestyle changes and/or lipid-lowering therapies. Adherence to statins can be a clinical challenge in some patients due to statin-associated muscle symptoms and other side effects. There is a growing interest in integrative cardiology and nutraceuticals in the management of dyslipidemia, as some patients desire or are actively seeking a more natural approach. These agents have been used in patients with and without established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. We provide an updated review of the evidence on many new and emerging nutraceuticals. We describe the mechanism of action, lipid-lowering effects, and side effects of many nutraceuticals, including red yeast rice, bergamot and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Cheung
- Susan Samueli Integrative Health Institute, 856 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
- Division of Cardiology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92521, USA
| | - Geeta Sikand
- Division of Cardiology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92521, USA
| | - Elizabeth H Dineen
- Susan Samueli Integrative Health Institute, 856 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
- Division of Cardiology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92521, USA
| | - Shaista Malik
- Susan Samueli Integrative Health Institute, 856 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
- Division of Cardiology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92521, USA
| | - Ailin Barseghian El-Farra
- Susan Samueli Integrative Health Institute, 856 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
- Division of Cardiology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92521, USA
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5
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Cruz-Chamorro I, Santos-Sánchez G, Álvarez-López AI, Pedroche J, Lardone PJ, Arnoldi A, Lammi C, Carrillo-Vico A. Pleiotropic biological effects of Lupinus spp. protein hydrolysates. Trends Food Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2023.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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6
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Fadimu GJ, Farahnaky A, Gill H, Olalere OA, Gan CY, Truong T. In-Silico Analysis and Antidiabetic Effect of α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Peptides from Lupin Protein Hydrolysate: Enzyme-Peptide Interaction Study Using Molecular Docking Approach. Foods 2022; 11:foods11213375. [PMID: 36359988 PMCID: PMC9656729 DOI: 10.3390/foods11213375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of natural ingredients for managing diabetes is becoming more popular in recent times due to the several adverse effects associated with synthetic antidiabetic medications. In this study, we investigated the in vitro antidiabetic potential (through inhibition of α-glucosidase (AG) and α-amylase (AA)) of hydrolysates from lupin proteins pretreated with ultrasound and hydrolyzed using alcalase (ACT) and flavourzyme (FCT). We further fractionated ACT and FCT into three molecular weight fractions. Unfractionated ACT and FCT showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher AG (IC50 value = 1.65 mg/mL and 1.91 mg/mL) and AA (IC50 value = 1.66 mg/mL and 1.98 mg/mL) inhibitory activities than their ultrafiltrated fractions, where lower IC50 values indicate higher inhibitory activities. Then, ACT and FCT were subjected to peptide sequencing using LC-MS-QTOF to identify the potential AG and AA inhibitors. Molecular docking was performed on peptides with the highest number of hotspots and PeptideRanker score to study their interactions with AG and AA enzymes. Among the peptides identified, SPRRF, FE, and RR were predicted to be the most active peptides against AG, while AA inhibitors were predicted to be RPR, PPGIP, and LRP. Overall, hydrolysates prepared from lupin proteins using alcalase and flavourzyme may be useful in formulating functional food for managing diabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gbemisola J. Fadimu
- School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Asgar Farahnaky
- School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Harsharn Gill
- School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Olusegun A. Olalere
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Center (ABrC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, University Innovation Incubator Building, SAINS@USM Campus, Bayan Baru 11900, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Chee-Yuen Gan
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Center (ABrC), Universiti Sains Malaysia, University Innovation Incubator Building, SAINS@USM Campus, Bayan Baru 11900, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Tuyen Truong
- School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
- School of Science, Engineering and Technology, RMIT Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-3-9925-7242
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7
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Zulkapli R, Yusof MYPM, Abd Muid S, Wang SM, Firus Khan AY, Nawawi H. A Systematic Review on Attenuation of PCSK9 in Relation to Atherogenesis Biomarkers Associated with Natural Products or Plant Bioactive Compounds in In Vitro Studies: A Critique on the Quality and Imprecision of Studies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12878. [PMID: 36232177 PMCID: PMC9566180 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A systematic review was performed to identify all the related publications describing PCSK9 and atherogenesis biomarkers attenuation associated with a natural product and plant bioactive compounds in in vitro studies. This review emphasized the imprecision and quality of the included research rather than the detailed reporting of the results. Literature searches were conducted in Scopus, PubMed, and Science Direct from 2003 until 2021, following the Cochrane handbook. The screening of titles, abstracts, and full papers was performed by two independent reviewers, followed by data extraction and validity. Study quality and validity were assessed using the Imprecision Tool, Model, and Marker Validity Assessment that has been developed for basic science studies. A total of 403 articles were identified and 31 of those that met the inclusion criteria were selected. 13 different atherogenesis biomarkers in relation to PCSK9 were found, and the most studied biomarkers are LDLR, SREBP, and HNF1α. In terms of quality, our review suggests that the basic science study in investigating atherogenesis biomarkers is deficient in terms of imprecision and validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahayu Zulkapli
- Institute of Pathology, Laboratory and Forensic Medicine (I-PPerForM), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh 47000, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh 47000, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh 47000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Yusmiaidil Putera Mohd Yusof
- Institute of Pathology, Laboratory and Forensic Medicine (I-PPerForM), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh 47000, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh 47000, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh 47000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Suhaila Abd Muid
- Institute of Pathology, Laboratory and Forensic Medicine (I-PPerForM), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh 47000, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh 47000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Seok Mui Wang
- Institute of Pathology, Laboratory and Forensic Medicine (I-PPerForM), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh 47000, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh 47000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Al’Aina Yuhainis Firus Khan
- Institute of Pathology, Laboratory and Forensic Medicine (I-PPerForM), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh 47000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hapizah Nawawi
- Institute of Pathology, Laboratory and Forensic Medicine (I-PPerForM), Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh 47000, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Sungai Buloh Campus, Jalan Hospital, Sungai Buloh 47000, Selangor, Malaysia
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8
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Okagu IU, Ezeorba TPC, Aham EC, Aguchem RN, Nechi RN. Recent findings on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of action of novel food-derived antihypertensive peptides. FOOD CHEMISTRY. MOLECULAR SCIENCES 2022; 4:100078. [PMID: 35415696 PMCID: PMC8991738 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2022.100078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension has remained a silent-killer. Novel peptides recently isolated from food proteins. Molecular mechanism of blood pressure-lowering: renin and ACE-inhibition, and beyond. Proposed molecular mechanisms for future research. Novel peptides are excellent candidates for nutraceutical development.
Hypertension impacts negatively on the quality of life of sufferers, and complications associated with uncontrolled hypertension are life-threatening. Hence, many research efforts are exploring the antihypertensive properties of bioactive peptides derived from food proteins using in vitro ACE-inhibitory assay, experimentally-induced and spontaneous hypertensive rats, normotensive and hypertensive human models. In this study, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of blood pressure-lowering properties of novel peptides reported in recent studies (2015-July 30, 2021) were discussed. In addition to common mechanisms such as the inhibition of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) and renin activities, recently recognized mechanisms through which bioactive peptides exert their antihypertensive properties including the induction of vasodilation via upregulation of cyclo-oxygenase (COX) and prostaglandin receptor and endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression and L-type Ca2+ channel blockade were presented. Similarly, emerging mechanisms of blood pressure-lowering by bioactive peptides such as modulation of inflammation (TNF-α, and other cytokines signaling), oxidative stress (Keap-1/Nrf2/ARE/HO-1 and related signaling pathways), PPAR-γ/caspase3/MAPK signaling pathways and inhibition of lipid accumulation were discussed. The review also highlighted factors that influence the antihypertensive properties of peptides such as method of hydrolysis (type and number of enzymes, and chemical used for hydrolysis, and microbial fermentation), and amino acid sequence and chain length of peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Innocent U Okagu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
| | | | - Emmanuel C Aham
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
| | - Rita N Aguchem
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
| | - Regina N Nechi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
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9
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Bioactive Peptides from Lupinus spp. Seed Proteins-State-of-the-Art and Perspectives. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12083766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, the search for food-suitable plant proteins is a great challenge. In addition to their sustainability and nutritional value, the focus is more and more on possible positive interactions with human health. To date, the presence of bioactive peptides encrypted in the structure of protein opens new perspectives, addressing the food industry’s request for new ingredients with technological properties and also the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical sectors based on multifunctional health applications. Lupinus is a sustainable genus of the legume family Fabaceae, and the lupin seed-derived bioactive peptides have demonstrated different effects including anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antioxidant, antibacterial, hypocholesterolemic, and antihypertensive activities. This review aims to discuss the current knowledge on lupin protein and their bioactive peptides, highlighting the documented health claims, but also the possibility of allergenicity and the work to be done for the development of new functional products.
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Santos-Sánchez G, Cruz-Chamorro I, Bollati C, Bartolomei M, Pedroche J, Millán F, Millán-Linares MDC, Capriotti AL, Cerrato A, Laganà A, Arnoldi A, Carrillo-Vico A, Lammi C. A Lupinus angustifolius protein hydrolysate exerts hypocholesterolemic effects in Western diet-fed ApoE -/- mice through the modulation of LDLR and PCSK9 pathways. Food Funct 2022; 13:4158-4170. [PMID: 35316320 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo03847h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lupin protein hydrolysates (LPHs) are gaining attention in the food and nutraceutical industries due to their several beneficial health effects. Recently, we have shown that LPH treatment reduces liver cholesterol and triglyceride levels in hypercholesterolemic mice. The aim of this study was to elucidate the effects of LPH treatment on the molecular mechanism underlying liver cholesterol metabolism in ApoE-/- mice fed the Western diet. After identifying the composition of the peptide within the LPH mixture and determining its ability to reduce HMGCoAR activity in vitro, its effect on the LDLR and PCSK9 pathways was measured in liver tissue from the same mice. Thus, the LPH reduced the protein levels of HMGCoAR and increased the phosphorylated inactive form of HMGCoAR and the pHMGCoAR/HMGCoAR ratio, which led to the deactivation of de novo cholesterol synthesis. Furthermore, the LPH decreased the protein levels of SREBP2, a key upstream transcription factor involved in the expression of HMGCoAR and LDLR. Consequently, LDLR protein levels decreased in the liver of LPH-treated animals. Interestingly, the LPH also increased the protein levels of pAMPK responsible for HMGCoAR phosphorylation. Furthermore, the LPH controlled the PSCK9 signal pathway by decreasing its transcription factor, the HNF1-α protein. Consequently, lower PSCK9 protein levels were found in the liver of LPH-treated mice. This is the first study elucidating the molecular mechanism at the basis of the hypocholesterolemic effects exerted by the LPH in an in vivo model. All these findings point out LPHs as a future lipid-lowering ingredient to develop new functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Santos-Sánchez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy. .,Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Seville, Spain. .,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS (Universidad de Sevilla, HUVR, Junta de Andalucía, CSIC), 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Ivan Cruz-Chamorro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy. .,Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Seville, Spain. .,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS (Universidad de Sevilla, HUVR, Junta de Andalucía, CSIC), 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Carlotta Bollati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Martina Bartolomei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Justo Pedroche
- Department of Food & Health, Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC, Ctra, Utrera Km 1, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Francisco Millán
- Department of Food & Health, Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC, Ctra, Utrera Km 1, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - María Del Carmen Millán-Linares
- Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Seville, Spain. .,Department of Food & Health, Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC, Ctra, Utrera Km 1, 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Anna Laura Capriotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Cerrato
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Aldo Laganà
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Arnoldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Antonio Carrillo-Vico
- Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Seville, Spain. .,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS (Universidad de Sevilla, HUVR, Junta de Andalucía, CSIC), 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - Carmen Lammi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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11
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Waiz M, Alvi SS, Khan MS. Potential dual inhibitors of PCSK-9 and HMG-R from natural sources in cardiovascular risk management. EXCLI JOURNAL 2022; 21:47-76. [PMID: 35221836 PMCID: PMC8859648 DOI: 10.17179/excli2021-4453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) stands amongst the leading causes of mortality worldwide and has attracted the attention of world's leading pharmaceutical companies in order to tackle such mortalities. The low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) is considered the most prominent biomarker for the assessment of ASCVD risk. Distinct inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMG-R), the chief hepatic cholesterogenic enzyme, are being used since last seven decades to manage hypercholesterolemia. On the other hand, discovery and the association of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type-9 (PCSK-9) with increased ASCVD risk have established PCSK-9 as a novel therapeutic target in cardiovascular medicine. PCSK-9 is well reckoned to facilitate the LDL-receptor (LDL-R) degradation and compromised LDL-C clearance leading to the arterial atherosclerotic plaque formation. The currently available HMG-R inhibitors (statins) and PCSK-9 inhibitors (siRNA, anti-sense oligonucleotides, and monoclonal antibodies) have shown great promises in achieving LDL-C lowering goals, however, their life long prescriptions have raised significant concerns. These deficits associated with the synthetic HMG-R and PCSK-9 inhibitors called for the discovery of alternative therapeutic candidates with potential dual HMG-R and PCSK-9 inhibitory activities from natural origins. Therefore, this report firstly describes the mechanistic insights into the cholesterol homeostasis through HMG-R, PCSK-9, and LDL-R functionality and then compiles the pharmacological effects of natural secondary metabolites with special emphasis on their dual HMG-R and PCSK-9 inhibitory action. In conclusion, various natural products exhibit atheroprotective effects via targeting HMG-R and PCSK-9 activities and lipoprotein metabolism, however, further clinical assessments are still warranted prior their approval for ASCVD risk management in hypercholesterolemic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Waiz
- IIRC-5, Clinical Biochemistry and Natural Product Research Lab, Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, U.P. 226026, India
| | - Sahir Sultan Alvi
- IIRC-5, Clinical Biochemistry and Natural Product Research Lab, Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, U.P. 226026, India
| | - M Salman Khan
- IIRC-5, Clinical Biochemistry and Natural Product Research Lab, Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, U.P. 226026, India
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Impact of Soy β-Conglycinin Peptides on PCSK9 Protein Expression in HepG2 Cells. Nutrients 2021; 14:nu14010193. [PMID: 35011066 PMCID: PMC8747205 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dyslipidaemias, particularly elevated plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, are major risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Besides pharmacological approaches, a nutritional strategy for CVD prevention has gained increasing attention. Among functional foods, the hypocholesterolemic properties of soy are driven by a stimulation of LDL-receptor (LDL-R) activity. Aim: To characterize the effect of two soy peptides, namely, β-conglycinin-derived YVVNPDNDEN and YVVNPDNNEN on the expression of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), one of the key-regulators of the LDL-R. Methods: PCSK9 promoter activity (luciferase assay), PCSK9 protein expression (WB) and secretion (ELISA), PCSK9 interaction with LDL-R (binding assay) and human HepG2 cells were the objects of this investigation. Results: Treatment with YVVNPDNNEN peptide has led to a rise in PCSK9 gene expression (90.8%) and transcriptional activity (86.4%), and to a decrement in PCSK9 intracellular and secreted protein (−42.9%) levels. YVVNPDNNEN peptide reduced the protein expression of transcriptional factor HNF1α. Most changes driven by YVVNPDNDEN peptide were not statistically significant. Neither peptide inhibited the PCSK9–LDLR interaction. Conclusions: Although sharing a common effect on LDL-R levels through the inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase activity, only the YVVNPDNNEN peptide has an additional mechanism via the downregulation of PCSK9 protein levels.
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da Silva JR, de Cerqueira e Silva MB, Philadelpho BO, de Souza VC, dos Santos JEM, Castilho MS, de Souza Ferreira E, Cilli EM. PyrGF and GSTLN peptides enhance pravastatin's inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Okagu IU, Ndefo JC, Aham EC, Obeme-Nmom JI, Agboinghale PE, Aguchem RN, Nechi RN, Lammi C. Lupin-Derived Bioactive Peptides: Intestinal Transport, Bioavailability and Health Benefits. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093266. [PMID: 34579144 PMCID: PMC8469740 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a renewed interest on the reliance of food-based bioactive compounds as sources of nutritive factors and health-beneficial chemical compounds. Among these food components, several proteins from foods have been shown to promote health and wellness as seen in proteins such as α/γ-conglutins from the seeds of Lupinus species (Lupin), a genus of leguminous plant that are widely used in traditional medicine for treating chronic diseases. Lupin-derived peptides (LDPs) are increasingly being explored and they have been shown to possess multifunctional health improving properties. This paper discusses the intestinal transport, bioavailability and biological activities of LDPs, focusing on molecular mechanisms of action as reported in in vitro, cell culture, animal and human studies. The potentials of several LDPs to demonstrate multitarget mechanism of regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, chemo- and osteoprotective properties, and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities position LDPs as good candidates for nutraceutical development for the prevention and management of medical conditions whose etiology are multifactorial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Innocent U. Okagu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria; (I.U.O.); (E.C.A.); (R.N.A.)
| | - Joseph C. Ndefo
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
- Correspondence: (J.C.N.); (C.L.)
| | - Emmanuel C. Aham
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria; (I.U.O.); (E.C.A.); (R.N.A.)
| | - Joy I. Obeme-Nmom
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Pure and Applied Sciences, Landmark University, PMB 1001, Omu-Aran 251101, Nigeria;
| | | | - Rita N. Aguchem
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria; (I.U.O.); (E.C.A.); (R.N.A.)
| | - Regina N. Nechi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria;
| | - Carmen Lammi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Correspondence: (J.C.N.); (C.L.)
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Insights into pharmacological mechanisms of polydatin in targeting risk factors-mediated atherosclerosis. Life Sci 2020; 254:117756. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Naturally Occurring PCSK9 Inhibitors. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051440. [PMID: 32429343 PMCID: PMC7284437 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic, epidemiological and pharmacological data have led to the conclusion that antagonizing or inhibiting Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) reduces cardiovascular events. This clinical outcome is mainly related to the pivotal role of PCSK9 in controlling low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. The absence of oral and affordable anti-PCSK9 medications has limited the beneficial effects of this new therapeutic option. A possible breakthrough in this field may come from the discovery of new naturally occurring PCSK9 inhibitors as a starting point for the development of oral, small molecules, to be used in combination with statins in order to increase the percentage of patients reaching their LDL-cholesterol target levels. In the present review, we have summarized the current knowledge on natural compounds or extracts that have shown an inhibitory effect on PCSK9, either in experimental or clinical settings. When available, the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles of the listed compounds are described.
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